AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and Occupations
Olivary NucleusHarmalinePurkinje CellsNeuronsCerebellumCerebellar CortexMice, Neurologic MutantsAction PotentialsNeural PathwaysNeurons, AfferentMotor NeuronsDopaminergic NeuronsGABAergic NeuronsPatch-Clamp TechniquesElectrophysiologyHippocampusSynapsesGanglia, SpinalAxonsCells, CulturedSynaptic TransmissionDendritesSensory Receptor CellsOlfactory Receptor NeuronsElectric StimulationNerve Tissue ProteinsCholinergic NeuronsSpinal CordCerebral Cortexgamma-Aminobutyric AcidMembrane PotentialsOlivopontocerebellar AtrophiesCerebellar AtaxiaSpinocerebellar DegenerationsStriatonigral DegenerationDysarthriaBasal Ganglia DiseasesMultiple System Atrophy
NucleusCerebellarPurkinjeMedialHypertrophic olivary degenerationInferior colliculusMotor neuronsSingle neuronBrainstemSpiral ganglionGABAergicDegenerationMedullaCerebellumGlutamatergicSensoryCochlear nerveInhibitionNucleiSynapsesMorphologicalPathwayNeuroscienceVestibularExtracellularlyBehaviorInhibitoryVariabilityGlialSpontaneousSuperiorDenselyDendriticOscillationsAction potentialsMembraneProteinsCircuitsActivityOrganizationJunctionsReceptorProcessesAdultFunctional
Nucleus21
  • The inferior olivary nucleus (ION), is a structure found in the medulla oblongata underneath the superior olivary nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The inferior olivary nucleus (ION) has a distinct laminar structure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Primary olivary nucleus (PO) - This is the major laminar structure, and its distinct folds can be seen clearly. (wikipedia.org)
  • Medial accessory olivary nucleus (MAO) - This nucleus is between the PO and the pyramids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Climbing fibers from the MAO synapse with the vermis, the flocculus, and the cerebellar hemispheres Dorsal accessory olivary nucleus (DAO) - This nucleus also is a curved lamina. (wikipedia.org)
  • Patient studies revealed the connection between the inferior olivary nucleus (ION) and the cerebellum. (wikipedia.org)
  • The inferior olivary nucleus (ION) expresses key enzymes involved in steroidogenesis required for neuroprotection and maintenance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because the inferior olivary nucleus (ION) is tightly associated with the cerebellum, lesions in either the IO or the cerebellum results in degeneration in the other. (wikipedia.org)
  • There is little known about damage to the inferior olivary nucleus (IO) independent from the cerebellum. (wikipedia.org)
  • Measurement schemes using dead brain tissue as well as extracellular recordings from neurons in the inferior colliculus, an auditory brain nucleus of an anesthetized gerbil, were used to characterize noise performance and amplification efficacy of the proposed micropipette neural amplifier. (hindawi.com)
  • We have previously shown both individual differences in the size and folding pattern of the principal nucleus (IOpr) in humans as well as in the expression of different proteins in IOpr neurons. (mcmaster.ca)
  • Structural study of inferior olivary nucleus of the cat: morphological correlates of electrotonic coupling. (ucm.es)
  • Neurons were recorded from the most dorsal and caudal nuclei of the PNC, the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) and the posterior pretectal nucleus (PPN). (figshare.com)
  • T. belangeri of the Scandentia contained ChAT+ neurons within the nucleus of the trapezoid body as well as the superior olivary nuclear complex, which has not been described in any mammal studied to date. (wits.ac.za)
  • In the mustached bat's central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC), many neurons display facilitatory or inhibitory responses when presented with two tones of distinctly different frequencies. (omeka.net)
  • Metabotropic glutamate and GABA receptors modulate cellular excitability and glutamatergic transmission in chicken cochlear nucleus angularis neurons. (omeka.net)
  • Neurons in the avian cochlear nucleus angularis (NA) receive glutamatergic input from the auditory nerve, and GABAergic input from the superior olivary nucleus. (omeka.net)
  • Fibers pass anteriorly between the inferior olivary nucleus and pyramid and exit the medulla as the hypoglossal nerve between the pyramid and olive. (radiopaedia.org)
  • The Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (BAEP) is a complex response to externalstimulation that represents the neural electrophysiological activity of the auditory system at the level of the brainstem, mapping the synapses of the auditory pathways from the cochlear nerve, cochlear nucleus, superior olivary brainstem complex to the inferior colliculus-midbrain 1,2 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Thus, the dendritic morphology and spatial arrangement of IO neurons governs how synchronized activity emerges in this nucleus. (herseninstituut.nl)
  • The results of these experiments support our parallel-processing model of the ICC by linking the ITD sensitivity of type V and I units to putative inputs from the medial superior olive and lateral superior olive and by showing that most type O units lack a systematic sensitivity to binaural temporal information presumably because their dominant ascending inputs arise from weakly binaural neurons in the dorsal cochlear nucleus. (johnshopkins.edu)
Cerebellar7
  • Inferior olivary cells projecting as climbing fibres to the forelimb area of the cerebellar C3 zone were investigated with respect to their cutaneous and muscle afferent input in barbiturate-anaesthetized cats. (lu.se)
  • article{01cb4e2a-19ed-4f9a-9eb0-1d28587102d7, abstract = {{Inferior olivary cells projecting as climbing fibres to the forelimb area of the cerebellar C3 zone were investigated with respect to their cutaneous and muscle afferent input in barbiturate-anaesthetized cats. (lu.se)
  • The importance of this brain area is underlined by the fact that more than half the neurons in the vertebrate brain are cerebellar granule cells. (mpg.de)
  • Three coupled 2D lattices dealing with the main cellular groups in this neuronal circuit are used to model the dynamics of the excitatory feedforward loop linking the inferior olive (IO) neurons to the cerebellar nuclei (CN) via collateral axons that also proceed to terminate as climbing fiber afferents to Purkinje cells (PC). (ucm.es)
  • Distribution of glutamate decarboxylase-positive neurons in the rat cerebellar nuclei. (ucm.es)
  • Cerebellar nuclei: the olivary connection. (ucm.es)
  • Therefore, cerebellar maladaptation to any form of olivary damage may be the critical pathophysiology in producing oculopalatal tremor. (biomedcentral.com)
Purkinje2
Medial6
  • Spontaneous electrical activity in neonate rats of either sex was analyzed through a ventral craniotomy in mechanically ventilated pups to carry out patch clamp and multi-electrode electrophysiology recordings in the medial region of the superior olivary complex (SOC) between birth (postnatal day 0, P0) and P12. (frontiersin.org)
  • The results of patch clamp recordings demonstrate for the first time that olivary and periolivary neurons in the medial region of the SOC fire bursts of action potentials. (frontiersin.org)
  • Taken together, the results of this study provide a framework to use injectable and volatile anesthetics for future studies to obtain functional information on the activity of medial superior olivary neurons in vivo . (frontiersin.org)
  • Functionally, the nuclei can be divided dorsally and ventrally, and into medial and lateral components to achieve a musculotopic organization of the motor neurons within. (radiopaedia.org)
  • 1. Coincidence-detection of excitatory synaptic potentials has long been considered to be the mechanism by which medial superior olivary (MSO) neurons compute interaural time differences. (nyu.edu)
  • This separates the medial motor neurons from the lateral sensory neurons. (wikidoc.org)
Hypertrophic olivary degeneration4
  • To date, the only known disorder which specifically targets the ION is an extremely rare form of degeneration called hypertrophic olivary degeneration (HOD). (wikipedia.org)
  • As in adult Alexander disease, our patient did not have hypertrophic olivary degeneration during 10 years of follow-up. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our patient and published Alexander disease cases illustrate that oculopalatal tremor can occur in the absence of hypertrophic olivary degeneration. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Both IO were directly, though partially, damaged, but there was no hypertrophic olivary degeneration, despite the development of oculopalatal tremor and right upper extremity myorhythmia. (biomedcentral.com)
Inferior colliculus1
Motor neurons1
  • The nuclei contain large motor neurons and myelinated fibers of the hypoglossal nerve, innervating the intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles , excluding palatoglossus 1,2 which is innervated by the vagus nerve . (radiopaedia.org)
Single neuron3
  • One way to record action potentials is to use high-impedance extracellular electrodes that are advanced into brain tissue and placed directly next to a single neuron, allowing for the extracellular recording of action potentials through the electrode [ 2 - 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Choosing electrodes with suitable impedances makes the amplifier design appropriate for recording local field potential, which results from the activity of small neural networks, or appropriate for recording activity from a single neuron extracellularly. (hindawi.com)
  • Shown above is a single neuron innervating a single glomerulus from a 50-year-old human subject, with a distinctive "comet" shape comprised of a very rich periglomerular nerve arborization. (nih.gov)
Brainstem1
  • In this work the impact of two widely used anesthetics on the electrical activity of auditory brainstem neurons was studied during postnatal development. (frontiersin.org)
Spiral ganglion2
  • The neurons of the spiral ganglion are the first of 4 order neurons between the cochlea and the cerebrum. (medscape.com)
  • For decades, we have presumed the death of hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons are the main cause of hearing loss and difficulties understanding speech in noise, but new findings suggest synapse loss may be the key contributor. (omeka.net)
GABAergic1
  • The present review will discuss why this new hypothesis is especially attractive to describe the pathophysiology of the autistic brain in light of recent progress made in understanding the generation, migration, and differentiation of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the cortex. (neurotransmitter.net)
Degeneration2
  • It describes the degeneration of neurons in specific areas of the brain: the cerebellum, pons, and inferior olives. (medscape.com)
  • Hypertrophic degeneration of the inferior olive is a recognized pathological correlate of these lesions and hypothesized to cause tremorogenic olivary hypersynchrony. (biomedcentral.com)
Medulla1
  • The olives are swellings in the medulla containing underlying inferior olivary nuclei (containing various nuclei and afferent fibers). (wikidoc.org)
Cerebellum5
Glutamatergic1
  • Neurons of the ION are glutamatergic and receive inhibitory input via GABA receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Sensory2
  • Neurons in various sensory systems show some level of spontaneous firing in the absence of sensory stimuli. (omeka.net)
  • sensory neurons in the nasal mucosa of mice. (erksignal.com)
Cochlear nerve1
  • The longer central processes of the bipolar cochlear neurons unite to form the cochlear nerve trunk. (medscape.com)
Inhibition1
  • Nearly all neurons (89%) exhibited stimulus-evoked synaptic inhibition. (nyu.edu)
Nuclei3
  • The information from these nuclei is sent to the superior olivary complex , the contralateral superior olivary complex . (anatomy.app)
  • That the raphe nuclei do not degenerate after global brain ischemia was noted by C. David Marsden in a discussion of the histologic findings of three of his human cases of posthypoxic myoclonus (page 117 of reference 10) and led him to question the hypothesis that posthypoxic myoclonus was due to a loss of serotonin neurons. (qxmd.com)
  • Later, Kent applied immunocytochemical methods for key neurotransmitters, including glutamate, GABA, and glycine, to define more fully the synaptic organization and connections of the cochlear nuclei and superior olivary complex. (aro.org)
Synapses3
Morphological1
  • In this work we collect a large number of individual IO neuron morphologies visualized using different labeling techniques and present a thorough examination of their morphological properties and spatial arrangement within the olivary neuropil. (herseninstituut.nl)
Pathway2
  • The syndrome of oculopalatal tremor is a known consequence of lesions in the dentate-olivary pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Oculopalatal tremor is a distinct ocular and palatal oscillation that is often found as a late consequence of a lesion within the dentato-olivary pathway [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Neuroscience1
  • Action potential is the unit of information processing in neurons, and as a result many neuroscience research projects involve recordings of action potentials or action potential sequences from single neurons or neural networks. (hindawi.com)
Vestibular1
  • Illustration showing that almost all neurons in the vestibular and acoustic ganglia are derived from the otocyst as placodal neurons. (medscape.com)
Extracellularly2
  • Glass micropipettes are widely used to record neural activity from single neurons or clusters of neurons extracellularly in live animals. (hindawi.com)
  • CA1 pyramidal neurons increase their firing (recorded extracellularly) in response to ionophoresed Glu within their apical dendritic fields or in the cell body layer (Dudar 1974 PMID#4437726). (yale.edu)
Behavior3
  • Bursting behavior of the FitzHugh- Nagumo neuron model subject to quasi-monochromatic noise. (ucm.es)
  • Here are 5 myths Tennenbaum discusses that suggests substantially more complexity than we discuss on page 144 where we simplify neuron behavior as 'The neurons fire in digital-like pulses, either on or off, nothing in between. (zoundsproductions.com)
  • These are complex oscillations of the electrical potential of their membranes, which are too weak to trigger spikes, but which modify the spiking behavior of the neuron and can be communicated to other neurons without spikes. (zoundsproductions.com)
Inhibitory2
  • Inhibitory feedback from the CN-lattice fosters decoupling of units in a vicinity of a given IO neuron. (ucm.es)
  • 5. The stimulus level-dependent inhibitory potentials influenced the probability that an MSO neuron would fire an AP, as well as the precise timing. (nyu.edu)
Variability2
  • There was individual variability in the density of neurons as well as in the expression of the calcium-binding protein calretinin. (mcmaster.ca)
  • The continuous variability of these oscillations, and their propagation from neuron to neuron, contradicts the notion that the brain operates like a digital system. (zoundsproductions.com)
Glial3
  • No. It has been established, that in addition to the neurons, the glial cells (astrocytes) in the brain play an active role in perception, memory, learning and control of concious activity. (zoundsproductions.com)
  • Glial cells outnumber neurons in the brain by a ratio of about 3:2. (zoundsproductions.com)
  • The totality of these cells is sometimes referred to as a "second brain," although the glial cells are so intimately connected to neurons metabolically and electrically that one can hardly separate the two. (zoundsproductions.com)
Spontaneous1
  • No topographical segregation between spontaneously active cells (indicated by asterisks) and neurons without spontaneous activity (filled circles) was observed within the PNC. (figshare.com)
Superior2
  • The superior olivary complex, found in the brain's stem, is the first part of the brain that takes in sound from our ears. (spin.com)
  • The superior olivary complex is responsible for detecting the time difference between the sound reaches the ear, so it helps to localize where the sound is coming from. (anatomy.app)
Densely2
  • All three prosimians presented a central compact division of catecholaminergic locus coeruleus (A6c) surrounded by a shell of less densely packed (A6d) tyrosine hydroxylase immunopositive neurons. (wits.ac.za)
  • Combined with an examination of cell body density distributions and dendritic orientation of adjacent IO neurons, our results suggest that the IO network may be organized into groups of densely coupled neurons interspersed with areas of weaker coupling. (herseninstituut.nl)
Dendritic1
  • Furthermore, we find that IO neuron dendritic trees are often directionally oriented. (herseninstituut.nl)
Oscillations2
Action potentials1
  • Neurons in the brain communicate via action potentials, which are small and fast changes in the voltage of the cell membrane [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Membrane1
  • During periods of inactivity, the cell membrane of a neuron is typically hyperpolarized to about −60 mV (cell's interior environment negative). (hindawi.com)
Proteins2
  • As Laura explained: "This is possible because the brains of these fish are small, less than 1 mm cubed, and because we can express fluorescent proteins in their brains that light up when neurons are active. (mpg.de)
  • This protein and neuron-specific CDK5 activator CDK5R1/p39NCK5A both share limited similarity to cyclins, and thus may define a distinct family of cyclin-dependent kinase activating proteins. (nih.gov)
Circuits1
  • The human brain is "hard-wired": from a certain age onward the "circuits" formed by the neurons and their interconnections remain fixed. (zoundsproductions.com)
Activity2
  • However, despite being the most numerous neuron type in the vertebrate brain, it has been very difficult to record the activity of the cells. (mpg.de)
  • The brain activity underlying cognition is based entirely on the interactions between neurons. (zoundsproductions.com)
Organization1
  • The analysis was focused on the functional organization of convergence between cutaneous and muscle afferents onto single olivary neurons. (lu.se)
Junctions1
Receptor3
  • There are two distinct GABAα receptor populations that are spatially organized within each neuron present in the ION. (wikipedia.org)
  • The GABAα receptor make-up varies based on where the receptor localizes on the ION neuron. (wikipedia.org)
  • It remains to be determined whether the physiologic responsiveness of serotonin neurons is altered by global brain ischemia and whether changes in serotonin release or serotonin receptor properties are associated with posthypoxic myoclonus. (qxmd.com)
Processes1
  • No. In the hippocampus in particular - a cortical region identified as essential to learning and memory as well as emotional processes - new neurons are constantly being born (neurogenesis). (zoundsproductions.com)
Adult1
Functional2
  • Overall, the data support the hypothesis that in some, but not all, humans there are functional changes in IOpr neurons and ultimately cell death. (mcmaster.ca)
  • He further posited that neurons function as information processing units, using electrical impulses to communicate within functional networks. (nih.gov)