Olfactory sensory neurons the odorant receptor. Medical search. Frequent questions

The ORNs are located in the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity. (wikipedia.org)
The cell bodies of the ORNs are distributed among all three of the stratified layers of the olfactory epithelium. (wikipedia.org)
An odorant will dissolve into the mucus of the olfactory epithelium and then bind to an OR. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to the olfactory neurons, the epithelium is composed of supporting cells, Bowman glands and ducts unique to the olfactory epithelium, and basal cells that allow for the regeneration of the epithelium, including the olfactory sensory neurons. (medscape.com)
Laser-ablation mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the OSN injury and behavioral dysfunction was associated with significant Cd bioaccumulation within the olfactory sensory epithelium. (cdc.gov)
The olfactory epithelium has a thin layer of mucus covering its surface. (psychologic.science)
In this activation process, an odorant molecule will dissolve into the mucous membrane of the olfactory epithelium and subsequently bind to an olfactory receptor. (psychologic.science)
These are special nerve cells attached to the olfactory epithelium . (wikipedia.org)
Olfactory epithelium and neurons. (wikipedia.org)
An odor molecule dissolves into the mucus of the olfactory epithelium and then binds to an OR. (wikipedia.org)
The T2Rs are a family of approximately 30 different G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are selectively expressed in the tongue and palate epithelium. (nutrition-nutritionists.com)
In the olfactory epithelium, odour molecules bind to olfactory receptors which are expressed in olfactory sensory neurons in the nose [3]. (clinmedjournals.org)
It is formed by the axons of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS which project from the olfactory epithelium (in the nasal epithelium) to the OLFACTORY BULB. (lookformedical.com)
Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins (RECEPTORS, ODORANT) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. (lookformedical.com)
These neurons send their DENDRITES to the surface of the epithelium with the odorant receptors residing in the apical non-motile cilia. (lookformedical.com)
Non-PEGylated and PEGylated zinc nanoparticles were tested by electroolfactogram with isolated rat olfactory epithelium and odorant responses evoked by the mixture of ethyl butyrate, eugenol, and (+) and (-) carvone. (nist.gov)
It further indicated that, in the olfactory epithelium, neurons that detect the same odorant are dispersed and those that detect different odorants are interspersed. (tatulo.pl)
The first question we asked was how odorant receptors (ORs) are organized in the olfactory epithelium of the nose. (tatulo.pl)
Olfactory epithelium is present in the lines of the nasal cavity. (securefamily.in)
Millions of sensory neurons are found in a thin strip of tissue called the olfactory epithelium near the back of the nose, where the smell is first detected. (ieltsachieve.com)
Odorant molecules migrate through the nasal passages' superior nasal concha and land on the epithelium. (ieltsachieve.com)
Within the nasal cavity, the turbinates or nasal conchae serve to direct the inspired air toward the olfactory epithelium in the upper posterior region. (medscape.com)
The olfactory epithelium consists of 3 cell types: basal, supporting, and olfactory receptor cells. (medscape.com)
As previously mentioned, the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) sends fibers to the olfactory epithelium to detect caustic chemicals, such as ammonia. (medscape.com)

Each olfactory receptor cell expresses only one type of olfactory receptor (OR), but many separate olfactory receptor cells express ORs which bind the same set of odors. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to detecting odors, olfactory sensory neurons also serve as mechanical sensors, thus the nose transmits both odor information and nasal breathing signal into the brain. (upenn.edu)
An olfactory cilia pattern in the mammalian nose ensures high sensitivity to odors. (upenn.edu)
In vertebrates, odors are sensed by olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) in the nose, each of which expresses one out of ~1000 odorant receptors. (harvard.edu)
We used these mice to make an exciting discovery about how odors are coded in the olfactory bulb. (harvard.edu)
2004). Olfactory receptors on different OSNs can detect new odors from background environmental odors. (psychologic.science)
That being said, there are many separate OSNs that express olfactory receptors, which bind to the same set of odors. (psychologic.science)
Individual odors are characterized by patterns of activated neurons in an olfactory region. (psychologic.science)
The timing of behavioral responses to odors shows that odor discrimination must take place before the activity pattern in the olfactory bulb has fully developed. (science20.com)
The receptors AgOR1 and AgOR2, as well as the binding protein AgOBP1, have been implicated in the recognition of human host odors. (ijbs.com)
While female Anopheles rely on their sense of smell to find a blood host in addition to sugar providing plants and appropriate oviposition sites [ 1 ], the nectar feeding male mosquitoes mainly use their olfactory system to locate host plant odors [ 2 , 3 ]. (ijbs.com)
Sensory input from conspecific odors guides decisions for organisms throughout the animal kingdom [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The ability to detect scents or odors, such as the function of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS. (lookformedical.com)
However, blue light simulates in genetically modified larvae the smell of an odorant, e.g., banana, marzipan or glue -- odors which are all present in rotting fruit and attractive to fruit fly larvae. (sciencedaily.com)
Check out the lab's latest paper in Cell, led by Tatsuya and David, which demonstrates that olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) - the cells in the nose responsible for detecting smells - use regulated gene expression to flexibly make predictions about which odors are present in the environment and to dynamically adapt their odor responses (paper here , also for those of you on twitter, see tweet thread here ). (harvard.edu)
These signals, which are not detected consciously as odors by the olfactory system, mediate human autonomic, psychological, and endocrine responses. (medscape.com)

In addition, since olfaction is often used as a sensory gateway to study higher brain function such as decision making, our tools are likely to have broader use in neuroscience. (harvard.edu)
Odorants can also be perceived by entering the nose posteriorly through the nasopharynx to reach the olfactory receptor via retronasal olfaction. (medscape.com)
The results demonstrate a direct link between phenotpypic variation in human olfaction and olfactory receptor gene polymorphisms. (blogspot.com)
An olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) is a component within the olfactory system used to detect airborne chemicals that are inhaled, which gives rise to the sense of olfaction or smell. (psychologic.science)
Olfaction, the sense of smell, is a versatile and sensitive mechanism for detecting and discriminating thousands of volatile odorants. (biomedcentral.com)
The critical role of olfaction in mediating the sea lamprey life cycle is evident by a well-developed olfactory system. (biomedcentral.com)
We suggest that the sea lamprey is a broadly useful organism with which to study vertebrate olfaction because of its simple but well-developed olfactory organ, the dominant role of olfaction in guiding behaviors during reproduction, and the direct implications for vertebrate pest management. (biomedcentral.com)
These results indicate that ZnPEG400 is capable of maintaining the olfactory enhancement function of zinc nanoparticles with physiologically consistent stability over 300 days, providing a potential for future applications in olfaction, detection, and medicine. (nist.gov)
Among the various protein involved with insect olfaction, odorant binding protein (OBPs), chemosensory protein (CSPs), odorant receptors (ORs), ionotropic receptors (IRs), as well as the sensory neuron membrane protein (SNMPs)3,10,11, ORs play a central function in the activation of OSNs. (bioxorio.com)
The fact that 5% of human DNA is dedicated to olfaction, despite the fact that there are significantly fewer active odor receptor genes in humans, highlights the significance of our sense of smell. (ieltsachieve.com)
According to Leslie Vosshall, an expert in olfaction, the receptors are like locks, and the odor molecules that pass by are the means to unlock these locks. (ieltsachieve.com)

Many tiny hair-like non-motile cilia protrude from the olfactory receptor cell's dendrites. (wikipedia.org)
The dendrites extend to the olfactory epithelial surface and each ends in a dendritic knob from which around 20 to 35 cilia protrude. (wikipedia.org)
The cilia have a length of up to 100 micrometres and with the cilia from other dendrites form a meshwork in the olfactory mucus. (wikipedia.org)
The surface of the cilia is covered with olfactory receptors, a type of G protein-coupled receptor. (wikipedia.org)
This concept implies that olfactory receptor proteins are located in sensory cilia and in the axons. (jneurosci.org)
in the cilia recognizing odorous molecules from the environment and in the axons recognizing molecular cues in the olfactory bulb. (jneurosci.org)
There are many cilia that project into this mucus layer from the olfactory sensory neuron's dendrites. (psychologic.science)
The surface of these hair-like cilia is blanketed with olfactory receptors. (psychologic.science)
[1] The surface of these cilia is covered with olfactory receptors, a kind of protein . (wikipedia.org)
Proteins, usually projecting from the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons, that specifically bind odorant molecules and trigger responses in the neurons. (lookformedical.com)
The receptor cells are actually bipolar neurons, each possessing a thin dendritic rod that contains specialized cilia extending from the olfactory vesicle and a long central process that forms the fila olfactoria. (medscape.com)

Olfactory receptors are supposed to act not only as molecular sensors for odorants but also as cell recognition molecules guiding the axons of olfactory neurons to their appropriate glomerulus in the olfactory bulb. (jneurosci.org)
To stimulate the olfactory receptors, airborne molecules must pass through the nasal cavity with relatively turbulent air currents and contact the receptors. (medscape.com)
These conclusions are based on the assumption that each olfactory receptor can bind to a single odorant molecule-or a small number of related molecules. (blogspot.com)
Closely related olfactory receptors molecules tend to bind similar odorants. (blogspot.com)
This means the receptor is indirectly activated when ions enter an ion channel, which is done by the secondary messenger, G protein molecules. (psychologic.science)
Molecules of cAMP cause ion channels within the cell membrane to open, which ultimately results in depolarization of the neuron and the generation of an action potential, due to an influx of sodium and calcium and an efflux of chloride ions. (psychologic.science)
The basis of the sense of smell is that different groups of scent molecules bind to different receptor cells and so fire different groups of neurons. (wikipedia.org)
Olfactory sensory neurons are covered with molecular networks that detect specific odorant molecules in the nose. (securefamily.in)
Proteins known as receptors, which bind odor molecules, are present at the tips of epithelial cells. (ieltsachieve.com)
Each receptor can be activated by a variety of odor molecules, and each odor molecule can activate a variety of receptor types (dogs having around twice as many as humans). (ieltsachieve.com)
However, the intensity of the forces that connect odor molecules to receptors can vary significantly, making certain contacts better "fits" than others. (ieltsachieve.com)
We are able to sense a wide variety of smells due to the complexity of receptors and how they interact with odor molecules. (ieltsachieve.com)
A complex brain code that humans might recognize as the smell of a rose or newly cut grass is actually created by a mixture of several odor molecules operating on a number of receptors. (ieltsachieve.com)
Activation occurs when odiferous molecules come in contact with specialized processes known as the olfactory vesicles. (medscape.com)

The axons of olfactory receptor cells which express the same OR converge to form glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. (wikipedia.org)
On serial sections through the olfactory bulb of mOR37-transgenic mouse lines, double-labeling experiments demonstrated that distinct immunoreactive glomeruli corresponded to glomeruli that were targeted by neurons expressing a particular member of the mOR37 receptor subfamily. (jneurosci.org)
All sensory axons expressing a particular receptor then converge on ~2 glomeruli in each hemisphere of the olfactory bulb. (harvard.edu)
Progress in understanding the circuitry and information processing in the olfactory system has been hampered, in part, due to imperfect control of odor stimuli and the difficulty in stimulating arbitrary combinations of glomeruli at will. (harvard.edu)
A further complicating factor is the poorly understood topography of sensory inputs to the olfactory bulb - neighboring glomeruli can often be functionally dissimilar. (harvard.edu)
Therefore, we generated transgenic mouse lines that express a light-activated ion channel channelrhodopsin (ChR2) specifically in olfactory sensory neurons, rendering the input layer of the olfactory bulb (glomeruli) optically excitable. (harvard.edu)
The axons of these OSNs that express the same olfactory receptors come together to form glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. (psychologic.science)
The first brain area to receive these signals is the olfactory bulb, where the sensory neurons end in small structures called glomeruli. (science20.com)
Olfactory cues trigger complex patterns of activity both in the olfactory sensory neurons and in the glomeruli within the brain. (science20.com)
Alternatively, the earliest-activated glomeruli within the olfactory bulb, which are not necessarily the most strongly activated overall, might contribute preferentially to the coding of odorant identity. (science20.com)
The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose DENDRITES the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. (lookformedical.com)
In the bulb, the axons of olfactory sensory neurons synapse in about 2,000 spherical structures, called glomeruli. (tatulo.pl)
The glomerular layer is the most superficial layer, consisting of mitral cell dendritic arborizations (glomeruli), olfactory nerve fibers, and periglomerular cells. (medscape.com)

By means of immunohistochemistry and double-labeling studies using transgenic mouse lines as well as Western blot analyses, it was demonstrated that the newly generated antibodies specifically recognized the receptor proteins. (jneurosci.org)
To scrutinize the hypothesis that olfactory receptor proteins may also be present in the axonal processes and the nerve terminals, serial sections through the olfactory bulb were probed with the antibodies. (jneurosci.org)
These data indicate that olfactory receptor (OR) proteins are indeed present in the axonal processes and nerve terminals of olfactory sensory neurons, thus supporting the notion that ORs may participate in the molecular processes underlying the fasciculation and targeting of olfactory axons. (jneurosci.org)
The question whether OR proteins are indeed present in the axons and nerve terminals of OSNs is thus of fundamental importance toward an understanding of the functional wiring in the olfactory system. (jneurosci.org)
In this study, antibodies were generated against unique epitopes of distinct OR types and used in immunohistochemical experiments to visualize the receptor proteins in whole-mount preparations and tissue sections of the olfactory system. (jneurosci.org)
Odor-detection in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae involves large families of diverse proteins, including multiple odorant binding proteins (AgOBPs) and olfactory receptors (AgORs). (ijbs.com)
In this study, we have explored the expression of these olfactory proteins, as well as the ubiquitous odorant receptor heteromerization partner AgOR7, in the thirteen flagellomeres (segments) of female and male antenna. (ijbs.com)
Within a sensillum, ORNs are accompanied by several support cells, which secrete odorant binding proteins (OBPs) into the sensillum lymph [ 6 , 7 ]. (ijbs.com)
Each olfactory division contains several types of sensory cell identified by the receptors and other proteins they express, the connections they make in the olfactory part of the brain, and the chemical stimuli to which they respond. (nutrition-nutritionists.com)
They are similar to the four known olfactory receptor gene classes, these genes encode seven-transmembrane proteins, and are characterized by monogenic transcription and a punctate expression pattern in the sensory neuroepithelium. (nutrition-nutritionists.com)
This makes it possible to reassess the diversity status of distinct receptor proteins in different human individuals. (biomedcentral.com)
The experiment shows that it is possible by inserting photo activated proteins into neurons photo stimulation can produce an olfactory behavior in these larvae , whereas genetically unchanged larvae generally avoid light. (sciencedaily.com)
The researchers now plan to use the same principle to undertake further studies on adult Drosophila, equipping them with photo-activated proteins to cause targeted isolated cerebral neurons to react. (sciencedaily.com)
The proteins in the cell membrane function as pumps, receptors and transporters and regulate which substances find their way into and out of the cell. (lu.se)

Rodents primarily use olfactory cues to guide their behaviors, e.g., locating food, communicating with conspecifics, and avoiding danger. (upenn.edu)
A particularly critical task of the olfactory system is to discriminate among related chemical cues. (plos.org)
Mice use olfactory cues to avoid potential mates that are infected with parasites', whereas nematode wormsdevelop aversions to odours given off by harmful bacteria, thereby avoiding toxic food, However, although such olfactory-based aversion behaviours have been documented, no olfactory subsystem that is dedicated to the assessment of health status or disease has been identified in mammals. (nutrition-nutritionists.com)
Here, we provide a broad review of the chemical cues and pheromones used by the sea lamprey during reproduction, including overviews of the sea lamprey olfactory system, chemical cues and pheromones, and potential applications to population management. (biomedcentral.com)

Until recently it was believed that the olfactory system of most mammals was of 2 types: a main olfactory system that detects environmental odours, for instance those emitted by food or predators, and an accessory (vomeronasal) olfactory system that detects pheromones - intraspecies chemical signals that elicit a stereotyped behavioural or hormonal change. (nutrition-nutritionists.com)
Indeed, the main and accessory olfactory systems each respond to both general odours and pheromones. (nutrition-nutritionists.com)
They make use of seven transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors to identify odorants and pheromones. (nutrition-nutritionists.com)
Non-volatile odorants, including many pheromones and other odorants that drive innate responses, are primarily detected by sensory neurons in the vomeronasal organ. (monahanlab.com)
Man moths efficiently recognize conspecific sex pheromones because of their highly accurate and particular olfactory system. (bioxorio.com)
In Lepidoptera, the indicators in response to sex pheromones are recognized through particularly tuned receptors and prepared in dedicated regions of the antennal lobes (AL)1,2,3,4. (bioxorio.com)

Odor sensing starts with olfactory sensory neurons in the nose, which carry the information to the olfactory bulb and subsequently to several cortical and subcortical regions. (upenn.edu)
These chemosensory GPCRs are expressed in highly specialized cells, the olfactory sensory neurons of the nose. (aspetjournals.org)
Odor perception in mammals begins when olfactory sensory neurons in the animal's nose detect an odor molecule and then transmit that information to the brain. (science20.com)
Increasing evidence highlights the importance of sniffing behavior in olfactory coding after the olfactory receptor sheet within the nose is exposed to an odor molecule (odorant). (science20.com)
The authors simultaneously used a natural behavioral response and optical imaging to measure responses of neurons in the olfactory bulb, where odor signals sent from the nose are processed. (science20.com)
Olfactory and non-sensory epithelia in the nose tend to be located in the path of olfactory and respiratory airflow, respectively. (silverchair.com)
A paper by Riviere et al in Nature May 2009 ) describes the identification of a chemosensory neuron in the rodent nose that responds to stimuli associated with cell damage, disease and inflammation, These results should help us to understand how animals identify pathogens or assess the health status of potential partners. (nutrition-nutritionists.com)
This diversity of sensory cells in the nose has given rise to the concept of olfactory subsystems, each dedicated to a particular chemosensory role. (nutrition-nutritionists.com)
The sensory neurons in the nose are the first in this neural code. (ieltsachieve.com)

The sense of smell is mediated through stimulation of the olfactory receptor cells by volatile chemicals. (medscape.com)
It's quite likely that many people reading this blog can't smell isovaleric acid at low concentrations because they don't have one of the olfactory receptors for that ligand [ A Sense of Smell: Olfactory Receptors ]. (blogspot.com)
Humans have multifaceted olfactory bulbs and orbitofrontal cortices, which provide them with more sensitive and dynamic abilities for the sense of smell. (clinmedjournals.org)
Humans have multifaceted olfactory bulbs and orbitofrontal cortices, which provide them with more sensitive and dynamic abilities for the sense of smell [1], and as such humans could detect at least 1 trillion different smells [2]. (clinmedjournals.org)
The olfactory nerve conveys the sense of smell. (lookformedical.com)
Diseases of the first cranial (olfactory) nerve, which usually feature anosmia or other alterations in the sense of smell and taste. (lookformedical.com)

In vertebrates, ORNs are bipolar neurons with dendrites facing the external surface of the cribriform plate with axons that pass through the cribriform foramina with terminal end at olfactory bulbs. (wikipedia.org)
However, aside from several exceptions, the olfactory biology of vertebrates remains poorly understood. (biomedcentral.com)
While much of our understanding of chemical communication is based upon research on insects, the olfactory biology and ecology of some vertebrates is increasingly understood. (biomedcentral.com)
A ubiquitous, cytoplasmic protein found in mature OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS of all VERTEBRATES. (lookformedical.com)

The olfactory neuroepithelium is located at the upper area of each nasal chamber adjacent to the cribriform plate, superior nasal septum, and superior-lateral nasal wall. (medscape.com)
The more kinds of active receptors present in the sensory neurons of the nasal cavity, the greater the capacity to detect low concentrations of odorant. (blogspot.com)
These neurons are arranged with dendrites positioned in the inferior space of the nasal cavity and an axon that projects through the cribriform plate to the olfactory nerve, and subsequently the olfactory bulb. (psychologic.science)
That portion of the nasal mucosa containing the sensory nerve endings for SMELL, located at the dome of each NASAL CAVITY. (lookformedical.com)
Nasal stem cells continuously release new olfactory receptor cells to detect smells. (securefamily.in)

The olfactory system is closely connected with other brain regions that are involved in cognition and emotion, which may underlie strong associations between smell deficits and neuropsychiatric disorders. (upenn.edu)
Notes: Commented by Wall CM and Zhao H (2015) Sensory Biology: Novel Peripheral Organization for Better Smell. (upenn.edu)
Therefore, olfactory bulb circuits process the incoming information and send out smell information coded both in the average activity of output cells as well as the precise timing of their spikes. (harvard.edu)
Smell is the only sensory system with a back up, which throughout most of adult life forms new sensory neurons that express specific odor receptors. (scitechdaily.com)
The smell is first processed by the olfactory system . (wikipedia.org)
[4] Inside the olfactory region of the brain, the firing of neurons produces the perceived smell. (wikipedia.org)
It can be argued that electrical stimulation of the olfactory receptors may reproduce smell sensations, as electric stimulation produces taste sensations [6] in a practice known as electrogustometry [7]. (clinmedjournals.org)
It may result in various olfactory dysfunction including a complete loss of smell. (lookformedical.com)
A sensory system consists of sensory neurons (including the sensory receptor cells), neural pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception.Commonly recognized sensory systems are those for vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell, and balance. (mukemmellokma.com)
The thalamus, a structure that acts as a relay station for all of the sensory data entering the brain, receives information about smell as well. (ieltsachieve.com)
The smell receptors detect odorants and send information on to parts of the cerebral cortex. (lu.se)

OSNs are classified as bipolar neurons due to having two processes that emerge from the cell body. (psychologic.science)

After identifying sister cells in this way, we examined their responses to dozens of odorants. (harvard.edu)
Cadmium exposures inhibited behavioral responses towards L-cysteine and conspecific odorants, with effects persisting following the depuration. (cdc.gov)
responses to limonene and to localize and identify the olfactory sensory neurons responsible for detecting citrus. (mpg.de)
We show that these opposing responses are driven via engagement of distinct odorant-directed signal transduction pathways within AWC. (plos.org)
Measurements of neural responses confirm that very little processing takes place in these neurons. (science20.com)
These results led the authors to conclude that odorant identity is likely to be encoded by the sequence of responses in the olfactory bulb (rather than the pattern of peak activation or later temporal features). (science20.com)
Mueller et al were able to confer human bitter taste responses on mice by introduction of human taste receptors. (nutrition-nutritionists.com)
Responses of olfactory sensory neurons to odorants are intensely enhanced with the addition of small endogenous and engineered zinc nanoparticles, as shown by physiological experiments. (nist.gov)
Moreover, some odorants are innately attractive or aversive, and can even induce stereotyped behaviors or physiological responses. (monahanlab.com)
Like olfactory receptors, vomeronasal receptors are located in large gene clusters dispersed throughout the gene, but little is known how these genes are regulated and how receptor choice is coupled to mechanisms that induce innate responses. (monahanlab.com)

Salmon OR array analysis indicated that Cd preferentially impacted expression of OST and OR markers for ciliated olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) relative to microvillus OSNs, suggesting a differential sensitivity of these two major OSN populations. (cdc.gov)
In Lepidoptera, sex pheromone parts are usually recognized in sensilla trichodea, which represent nearly all sensory hairs around the man antenna and home the dendrites of 2C3 olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs)5,6. (bioxorio.com)
It has long been thought that OSNs (each of which expresses only one of the ~1000 possible odorant receptors (ORs) encoded in the genome) faithfully send information to the brain about OR-odor interactions. (harvard.edu)

Mice use ~1000 odorant receptor types in the main olfactory system to probe chemical space. (harvard.edu)
Mice have about 1000 genes for olfactory receptors and this single gene family accounts for about 4% of all the genes in the mouse genome. (blogspot.com)
Each mitral cell is contacted by at least 1000 olfactory nerve fibers. (medscape.com)

Identifying specific afferent neurons will help in understanding their physiology. (jove.com)
We describe a method of retrograde labeling to identify afferent neurons, and study the voltage-gated ion channels in these neurons using patch clamp electrophysiology and immunocytochemistry. (jove.com)
Cutaneous receptors are at the ends of afferent neurons. (mukemmellokma.com)
Sensory neurons, also known as afferent neurons, are neurons in the nervous system, that convert a specific type of stimulus, via their receptors, into action potentials or graded potentials. (mukemmellokma.com)
Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. (lookformedical.com)

This preference is controlled by one single odorant receptor. (mpg.de)
We were quite surprised that by silencing just this single odorant receptor, flies could no longer localize their preferred egg-laying substrate. (mpg.de)
Each odor-detecting neuron (referred to as olfactory sensory neuron from here on), chooses a single odorant receptor gene from a fairly large number of options that are split into class I (fish-like) and class II (terrestrial-specific) odorant receptors. (titech.ac.jp)

In vivo calcium imaging of the flies' brains stimulated with citrus enabled the researchers to identify the corresponding odorant receptor. (mpg.de)

The continuous turnover and new supply of these neurons are unique to the olfactory system. (medscape.com)

Following heterologous expression in the empty neuron system of Drosophila melanogaster , we show by single sensillum recordings that CpomOR19 and SlitOR19 show similar affinity to several substituted indanes. (frontiersin.org)
Odor stimulation induces cAMP production in Drosophila melanogaster olfactory sensory neurons via a process requiring a functional odorant receptor complex. (silverchair.com)
The olfactory neurons of the only one millimeter sized genetically modified Drosophila larvae are all capable of producing the protein that is activated by light. (sciencedaily.com)

Our stimulations were majorly at the middle concha where olfactory local field potentials are easily acquired [9], while few were at the superior and inferior conchae, based on the results from epithelial biopsies on spread of olfactory mucosa [10,11]. (clinmedjournals.org)
The specialized olfactory epithelial cells characterize the only group of neurons capable of regeneration. (medscape.com)
These specialized epithelial cells give rise to the olfactory vesicles containing kinocilia, which serve as sites of stimulus transduction. (medscape.com)

The computations performed by a neural system such as the olfactory bulb are constrained by its architecture. (harvard.edu)
In neonates, this area is a dense neural sheet, but, in children and adults, the respiratory and olfactory tissues interdigitate. (medscape.com)
New research from Yale University sheds light on sensory neural development and possible new ways to identify mechanisms that can repair damage to the central nervous system. (scitechdaily.com)
The findings shed light on all sensory neural development and perhaps ways to identify mechanisms that can repair damage to the central nervous system, which generally lacks the ability to replace damaged parts. (scitechdaily.com)
And once you can map the genes, that is, determine the neurons that they're expressed in, you can couple that with genetic alterations in animals to study what happens when you turn a gene on or turn it off, and in that way you can learn more about the roles of individual neurons in the neural circuit. (tatulo.pl)

We reasoned that direct glomerular activation (bypassing smells) might overcome these limitations and enable more detailed studies of functional circuitry in the olfactory bulb and its projection areas. (harvard.edu)
Since each receptor is presumably capable of binding a specific odorant, it seems very likely that mice can detect a large number of different smells. (blogspot.com)
The team found, for instance, that the 1,200 different types of odor receptors do more than just detect smells in the environment, but they also act as a sort of molecular glue, expressed late in maturation, that locks axons into proper targets in the brain. (scitechdaily.com)
The varying strength of these intermolecular interactions gives rise to variability in activating neurons and results in the detection of unique smells (Bieri et al. (psychologic.science)
The piriform cortex is a group of neurons right behind the olfactory bulb that functions to recognize smells. (ieltsachieve.com)

Humans have between 10 and 20 million olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). (wikipedia.org)
As a model, we investigate the olfactory and taste systems , which have a simple cellular logic that is conserved from flies to humans. (umu.se)
As humans age, the number of olfactory neurons steadily decreases. (medscape.com)
Humans have about 800 olfactory receptor genes but half of them are pseudogenes. (blogspot.com)
Olfactory sensory neurons are transduction cells that total about six million in humans (Moran et al. (psychologic.science)
These results portray a case of unusually high genetic diversity, and suggest that individual humans have a highly personalized inventory of functional olfactory receptors, a conclusion that might apply to other receptor multigene families. (biomedcentral.com)
Olfactory receptors come in roughly 450 different varieties in humans. (ieltsachieve.com)

Although mechanisms operating at the level of single sensory neuron types or sensilla in the periphery have also been implicated in this process [ 14 - 21 ], the contributions of sensory neurons to mediating odorant discrimination and olfactory behavioral plasticity are not fully understood. (plos.org)
Insects detect and discriminate volatile odorants by means of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) located in sensory structures called olfactory sensilla. (ijbs.com)
In A. gambiae , the majority of olfactory sensilla populate the antennae [ 4 ], whereas much lower numbers are located on the other two olfactory appendages, the maxillary palps and the proboscis [ 5 ]. (ijbs.com)
The receptors useful activity was carefully connected with pheromone-sensitive neuronal function from one sensilla recordings. (bioxorio.com)

Odorant receptors (ORs) interface animals with airborne chemical signals. (frontiersin.org)
This suggests that olfactory systems have evolved rapidly to enable perception of relevant odor signals. (frontiersin.org)
Vincis R , Lagier S, Van De Ville D, Rodriguez I , Carleton A . Sensory-Evoked Intrinsic Imaging Signals in the Olfactory Bulb Are Independent of Neurovascular Coupling. (neurotree.org)
The mammalian auditory midbrain, shown above, is part of the ascending auditory pathway, responsible for relaying sensory signals from the ear into the primary auditory cortex deep in the brain. (nih.gov)
Once an odorant binds to the receptor, the olfactory receptors trigger a series of signals to the cells interiors that ultimately results in the opening and closing of ion channels. (clinmedjournals.org)
This depolarization causes the olfactory cells to release tiny packets of chemical signals called neurotransmitters, which initiate a nerve impulse. (clinmedjournals.org)
Perception of these chemical signals may be olfactory or by contact. (lookformedical.com)
With the help of sound and light signals, children are able to communicate with the different sensory organs. (lu.se)
Images that appear on the retina are registered as nerve signals and it sends the impulses on via the optic nerve to the visual cortex, in the cerebral cortex's occipital lobe, which then gives rise to a sensory impression. (lu.se)
In the brain office you can experience how the brain reacts to sensory impressions, how the impulses are processed, how the impressions affect the outgoing signals and how the body reacts. (lu.se)

Within each glomerulus, sensory axons make synapses on several postsynaptic targets including the primary dendrites of one to two dozen mitral/tufted (M/T) cells, which are the output cells of the bulb. (harvard.edu)
In this study, we could easily identify sister cells because they responded to light shone on the same spatial location on the surface of the olfactory bulb. (harvard.edu)
Ackels T , von der Weid B, Rodriguez I , Spehr M . Physiological characterization of formyl peptide receptor expressing cells in the mouse vomeronasal organ. (neurotree.org)
Mitral cells innervate the following brain areas: the medial amygdala, anterior olfactory nucleus, entorhinal cortex, olfactory tubercle, and piriform cortex. (psychologic.science)
The olfactory reception (OR) cells are neurons (nerve cells). (wikipedia.org)
In these stem cells, called neuroblasts, oskar is required together with the ancient animal transcription factor Creb to regulate long-term (but not short-term) olfactory memory. (bvsalud.org)
Altogether, the results demonstrate that both sexes express the two olfactory receptor types as well as the binding protein AgOBP1 but there is a significant sexual dimorphism concerning the number and distribution of these cells. (ijbs.com)
The opening of the ion channels increases the concentration of positive ions inside olfactory cells. (clinmedjournals.org)
Tactile receptors range in complexity from free nerve endings to specialized sensory complexes complete with accessory cells and supporting structures. (mukemmellokma.com)
question because taste-receptor cells get replaced every 5-20 days. (mukemmellokma.com)
Olfactory neurons are kept healthy by supplying these cells with glucose and regulating salt balance. (securefamily.in)
The sensory taste cells are specialised cells on the tongue, taste buds, which can distinguish between five tastes: sour, sweet, salty, umami and bitter. (lu.se)
This area (only a few centimeters wide) contains more than 100 million olfactory receptor cells. (medscape.com)
Basal cells are stem cells that give rise to the olfactory receptor cells (seen in the image below). (medscape.com)
In no other location in the mature nervous system do less differentiated stem cells replace neurons. (medscape.com)
Supporting cells are scattered among the receptor cells and have numerous microvilli and secretory granules, which empty their contents onto the mucosal surface. (medscape.com)
The small, unmyelinated axons of the olfactory receptor cells form the fine fibers of the first cranial nerve and travel centrally toward the ipsilateral olfactory bulb to make contact with the second-order neurons. (medscape.com)
Mitral cells are second-order neurons contacted by the olfactory nerve fibers at the glomerular layer of the bulb. (medscape.com)
Pyramidal mitral cells are the largest neurons in the bulb and are located in a narrow band between the external and internal plexiform layers. (medscape.com)
Long dendritic processes of the neurons reach the more superficial layers and inhibit mitral cells and tufted cells. (medscape.com)

Each OSN singly expresses only one type of olfactory receptor, which is a phenomenon that has been called the "one neuron, one receptor" rule. (psychologic.science)
Mammalian genomes encode hundreds of olfactory receptors, allowing us to sense many diverse odorants, but each olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of receptor, which is determined by the stochastic and monoallelic choice of a single olfactory receptor gene for expression. (monahanlab.com)

The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the VOMERONASAL ORGAN via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here. (lookformedical.com)

Each receptor can bind to a variety of odorants with differing affinities. (psychologic.science)

bulbs are consistent with earlier studies in nonhuman primates and rodents that demonstrated that intranasally instilled solid UFP translocate along axons of the olfactory nerve into the CNS. (cdc.gov)

This singular receptor controls olfactory neuron identity by determining the set of odorants that each olfactory neuron can recognize and by determining the set of downstream connection it will make in the olfactory bulb. (monahanlab.com)

We conclude from our study that the CNS can be targeted by airborne solid ultrafine particles and that the most likely mechanism is from deposits on the olfactory mucosa of the nasopha- ryngeal region of the respiratory tract and subsequent translocation via the olfactory nerve. (cdc.gov)
20% of the UFP deposited on the olfactory mucosa of the rat can be translocated to the olfactory bulb. (cdc.gov)

G Protein-coupled odorant receptors underlie mechanosensitivity in mammalian olfactory sensory neurons. (upenn.edu)
Conserved residues control activation of mammalian G Protein-coupled odorant receptors. (upenn.edu)
The mammalian olfactory system recognizes diverse chemical stimuli conveying information about such things as food quality, the genetic identity or sexual status of potential mates, and even stress. (nutrition-nutritionists.com)
The newly described formyl peptide receptor-related genes and vomeronasal sensory neurons, are found in multiple mammalian species. (nutrition-nutritionists.com)
Junji Hirota at Tokyo Tech and team focused on discovering a long-range enhancer for a large gene cluster, finding an evolutionary conserved sequence motif in mammalian evolution, and elucidating enhancer-dependent allelic preference or exclusion mechanism for odor-detecting receptor genes. (titech.ac.jp)

A novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors: a molecular basis for odor recognition. (wikipedia.org)

Cadmium exposure differentially alters odorant-driven behaviors and expression of olfactory receptors in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). (cdc.gov)
Mechanism by which J element determines expression of olfactory receptor genes. (titech.ac.jp)

An olfactory receptor neuron (ORN), also called an olfactory sensory neuron (OSN), is a sensory neuron within the olfactory system. (wikipedia.org)
Contrast-manipulation experiments support our conclusion that C2/C3 neurons are part of the distance-evaluation system. (nature.com)
Afferent sensory neurons signal sensory information from the periphery to the central nervous system. (jove.com)
The human sense organs contain receptors that relay information through sensory neurons to the appropriate places within the nervous system. (mukemmellokma.com)
In response to stimuli the sensory receptor fires off a nerve fibre which goes to the central nervous system. (mukemmellokma.com)
The receptors are located primarily in the limbic system of the brain. (mukemmellokma.com)
The discoveries on the organization of the olfactory system that were cited by the Nobel Foundation were made over a period of ten years, during which I was a faculty member at Harvard. (tatulo.pl)
So Richard Axel had begun a collaboration with Eric Kandel, studying neurons in the sea snail, using molecular biology to study genes involved in the nervous system. (tatulo.pl)
How does the olfactory system recognize so many different odorant compounds, and what makes some odorants special, with innate valence or meaning? (monahanlab.com)
Charles Wysocki, a scientist at the Monell Chemical Senses Center, claims that our ability to appreciate the meals and beverages we consume relies on our olfactory system. (ieltsachieve.com)
Predictions in the olfactory system - new paper by Tatsuya and David! (harvard.edu)
We are super excited about this work, in no small part because it revises basic ideas about how the olfactory system works. (harvard.edu)
The olfactory system represents one of the oldest sensory modalities in the phylogenetic history of mammals. (medscape.com)
As a chemical sensor, the olfactory system detects food and influences social and sexual behavior. (medscape.com)

Mammals use surprisingly sophisticated sensory processing mechanisms to achieve this task. (silverchair.com)
Tsai, L. and Barnea, G. A critical period defined by axon-targeting mechanisms in the murine olfactory bulb. (barnealab.com)

The effect of this negative feedback response inhibits the neuron from further activation when another odor molecule is introduced. (wikipedia.org)
The olfactory bulb, a structure at the base of the forebrain, transfers the electrical signal from the sensory neurons to other brain regions for further processing once an odor molecule connects to a receptor. (ieltsachieve.com)

We are interested in how the brain perceives and responds to sensory stimuli in health and disease. (upenn.edu)
These categories are based on the nature of the stimuli that each receptor class transduces. (mukemmellokma.com)
The stimuli that each receptor type conveys a distinct sensory modality to integrate into a canal or sac the! (mukemmellokma.com)

These receptors are present on dendrites of olfactory sensory neurons found in the main olfactory or vomeronasal sensory epithelia, and are involved in the odorant, trace amineassociated receptor and vomeronasal type 1 receptor superfamilies. (nutrition-nutritionists.com)
Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites . (lookformedical.com)

Assens A, Dal Col J, Njoku A, Dietschi Q, Kan C, Feinstein P , Carleton A , Rodriguez I . Alteration of Nrp1 signaling at different stages of olfactory neuron maturation promotes glomerular shifts along distinct axes in the olfactory bulb. (neurotree.org)
Tatti R , Bhaukaurally K, Gschwend O , Seal RP , Edwards RH , Rodriguez I , Carleton A . A population of glomerular glutamatergic neurons controls sensory information transfer in the mouse olfactory bulb. (neurotree.org)
Reference: "Odorant receptors regulate the final glomerular coalescence of olfactory sensory neuron axons" by Diego J. Rodriguez-Gil, Dianna L. Bartel, Austin W. Jaspers, Arie S. Mobley, Fumiaki Imamura and Charles A. Greer, 20 April 2015, PNAS . (scitechdaily.com)

We have recently applied the NanoString digital platform to study expression of mouse odorant receptor genes, which form with 1,200 members the largest gene family in the mouse genome. (biomedcentral.com)
Gene-wise statistical analyses of gene expression data, for which the significance relative to a fold change threshold is important, give reproducible and reliable results on NanoString data of mouse odorant receptor genes. (biomedcentral.com)

Responsiveness of G protein-coupled odorant receptors is partially attributed to the activation mechanism. (upenn.edu)
Odorant receptors (ORs) belong to a large gene family of rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). (aspetjournals.org)
These olfactory receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor, which means the receptors are inherently metabotropic. (psychologic.science)

Chemoreceptor Sensory receptor List of distinct cell types in the adult human body Berkowicz, D. A. (wikipedia.org)
The valence of individual chemicals is largely determined by the responding sensory neuron type, such that distinct subsets of chemosensory neurons drive either attraction or avoidance to different chemicals [ 25 , 26 ]. (plos.org)
This may suggest gender-specific differences in the ability to detect distinct odorants, specifically human host-derived volatiles. (ijbs.com)
Each receptor type conveys a distinct sensory modality to integrate into a single perceptual frame eventually. (mukemmellokma.com)
The olfactory bulb is a highly organized structure composed of several distinct layers and synaptic specializations. (medscape.com)

Gschwend O , Abraham NM, Lagier S, Begnaud F, Rodriguez I , Carleton A . Neuronal pattern separation in the olfactory bulb improves odor discrimination learning. (neurotree.org)
Perhaps not surprisingly, I was interested in searching for genes encoding neuronal cell surface receptors. (tatulo.pl)

To this end, we focused on the complete inventory of human olfactory receptor coding regions as a model for personal receptor repertoires. (biomedcentral.com)

von der Weid B, Rossier D, Lindup M, Tuberosa J, Widmer A, Col JD, Kan C, Carleton A , Rodriguez I . Large-scale transcriptional profiling of chemosensory neurons identifies receptor-ligand pairs in vivo. (neurotree.org)
We try to answer these questions by combining mouse genetics with molecular and genomic analysis of olfactory neurons in vivo. (monahanlab.com)

Compounds that activated these particular sensory neurons induced oviposition. (mpg.de)

Activated olfactory receptors then activate intracellular G protein, guanine nucleotide-binding protein (GNAL), adenylate cyclase, and the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). (psychologic.science)
We find that while medium-chain alcohols inhibit the AWC olfactory neurons to drive attraction, these alcohols instead activate AWC to promote avoidance when presented in the background of a second AWC-sensed odorant. (plos.org)
The enhancer is chosen based on the category, and class I sensory neurons activate one enhancer allele of the J element (green or red circle). (titech.ac.jp)
On the other hand, class II sensory neurons activate other class II enhancers (white circle, H element is yellow or blue). (titech.ac.jp)
The research team can activate single receptor neurons out of 28 olfactory neurons in the larvae for this sensory perception. (sciencedaily.com)

Our finding demonstrates that functional characterization of ORs leads to the discovery of novel semiochemicals that have not yet been found through chemical analysis of odorants from insects and their associated host plants. (frontiersin.org)
They are incapable of producing a full-length functional receptor protein. (blogspot.com)
He further posited that neurons function as information processing units, using electrical impulses to communicate within functional networks. (nih.gov)
A widely accepted working hypothesis is that allelic variants of OR genes may harbor different functional characteristics and hence, may generate different odorant sensitivity phenotypes in different members of the human population [ 16 - 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cell-surface receptors are often characterized by several haplotypic alleles in the population, sometimes with different functional properties. (biomedcentral.com)

Each chemosensory neuron type in C . elegans expresses multiple chemoreceptors that are likely tuned to different odorants, a subset of which can be behaviorally discriminated [ 27 , 28 ]. (plos.org)

Person ORs function in tandem using a common member, called Orco (OR co-receptor), most likely by developing heterodimeric structures. (bioxorio.com)
Collective name for a group of external MECHANORECEPTORS and chemoreceptors manifesting as sensory structures in ARTHROPODS. (lookformedical.com)

Olfactory receptors are the largest gene family. (psychologic.science)

It is a modulator of the olfactory SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY. (lookformedical.com)
This process is called sensory transduction. (mukemmellokma.com)

Set of nerve fibers conducting impulses from olfactory receptors to the cerebral cortex. (lookformedical.com)
Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. (lookformedical.com)
The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, separated at the midline by the crista galli, contains multiple small foramina through which the olfactory nerve fibers, or fila olfactoria, traverse. (medscape.com)

Location of vomeronasasl receptor genes in the mouse genome. (monahanlab.com)

Their unmyelinated AXONS synapse in the OLFACTORY BULB of the BRAIN. (lookformedical.com)
There were also indications that the olfactory bulb of the brain was targeted. (cdc.gov)

In summary, low-level Cd exposures associated with polluted waterways can induce differential and persistent olfactory dysfunction in juvenile coho salmon. (cdc.gov)

It is a specialized pseudostratified neuroepithelium containing the primary olfactory receptors. (medscape.com)

Anatomy47

Organisms20

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs53

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Psychiatry and Psychology5

Phenomena and Processes30

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science4

Health Care1

Epithelium24

Odors16

Olfaction11

Cilia11

Molecules14

Glomeruli13

Proteins14

Cues4

Pheromones6

Nose9

Sense of sm6

Vertebrates4

Nasal5

Smell11

Bipolar neurons1

Responses10

OSNs3

10003

Afferent neurons5

Single odorant receptor3

Identify the corresp1

Unique to the olfactory1

Drosophila3

Epithelial3

Neural5

Smells5

Humans7

Sensilla4

Signals10

Cells20

Expresses only one type2

Vomeronasal organ1

Bind1

Axons of the olfactory1

Make in the olfactory1

Mucosa2

Mammalian5

Encode1

Expression of olfactory2

System14

Mechanisms2

Molecule2

Stimuli3

Dendrites2

Glomerular3

Mouse odorant2

Protein-coupled3

Distinct5

Neuronal2

Human olfactory1

Vivo2

Compounds1

Activate5

Functional5

Different odorants1

Structures2

Gene family1

Transduction2

Nerve Fibers3

Genes in the mouse genome1

BULB of the BRAIN2

Persistent olfactory1

Neuroepithelium1