NeuronsAssociated withEpitheliumNasal cavityNicotinic AcetylchoRegenerationNeurogenesisNerveSynapticProgenitorPerceptionBulbGlial cellsTissueOlfactionSensoryDysfunctionCellsMoleculesTissuesStem cellZebrafishOdorantVERTEBRATESGlandsRespiratoryProteinsSystem2002Spinal cordImpairmentTastePrimaryVirusesFoundFunctionDifferentlyGrowArea
Neurons25
- They are also known as olfactory Schwann cells, because they ensheath the non-myelinated axons of olfactory neurons in a similar way to which Schwann cells ensheath non-myelinated peripheral neurons. (wikipedia.org)
- Olfactory glia that express the antimicrobial enzyme lysozyme (LYZ) are thought to play an important role in immunoprotection in the mucosa, where neurons are directly exposed to the external environment. (wikipedia.org)
- During development, primitive olfactory neurons extend their axons from the olfactory placode, through the mesenchyme, towards the telencephalic vesicle. (wikipedia.org)
- The mammalian olfactory system is unusual in that it has the ability to continuously regenerate its neurons during adulthood. (wikipedia.org)
- New olfactory receptor neurons must project their axons through the central nervous system to an olfactory bulb in order to be functional. (wikipedia.org)
- Olfactory receptor neurons have an average lifespan of 6-8 weeks and therefore must be replaced by cells differentiated from the stem cells that are within a layer at the nearby epithelium's base. (wikipedia.org)
- OECs are thought to be in part responsible for the neurogenesis of primary olfactory neurons through the processes of fasciculation, cell sorting, and axonal targeting. (wikipedia.org)
- As humans age, the number of olfactory neurons steadily decreases. (medscape.com)
- In addition to the olfactory neurons, the epithelium is composed of supporting cells, Bowman glands and ducts unique to the olfactory epithelium, and basal cells that allow for the regeneration of the epithelium, including the olfactory sensory neurons. (medscape.com)
- It is formed by the axons of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS which project from the olfactory epithelium (in the nasal epithelium) to the OLFACTORY BULB. (lookformedical.com)
- Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins (RECEPTORS, ODORANT) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. (lookformedical.com)
- These neurons send their DENDRITES to the surface of the epithelium with the odorant receptors residing in the apical non-motile cilia. (lookformedical.com)
- The ability to detect scents or odors, such as the function of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS. (lookformedical.com)
- A ubiquitous, cytoplasmic protein found in mature OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS of all VERTEBRATES. (lookformedical.com)
- Proteins, usually projecting from the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons, that specifically bind odorant molecules and trigger responses in the neurons. (lookformedical.com)
- The enveloping cells of olfactory glia (OEC) are located at the back of the nasal cavity and surround the receptor neurons that allow us to smell and convert those signals in the brain. (ortocanis.com)
- Combined with behavioural and genetic studies, they were then able to identify three receptors, with the help of which the chemosensory neurons are able to recognize the smell and taste of polyamines. (maxplanckneuroscience.org)
- The taste neurons then evaluate the quality of the identified polyamines with the help of the IR76b receptor and a bitter receptor. (maxplanckneuroscience.org)
- They are related to receptors that control synaptic activities of neurons. (maxplanckneuroscience.org)
- Astrocytes are abundant cell types in the vertebrate central nervous system and can act as neural stem cells in specialized niches where they constitutively generate new neurons. (frontiersin.org)
- How do neurons regenerate and repair themselves after injury? (uic.edu)
- Genes that allow neurons to connect with each other to form functional neural circuits are highly conserved between C. elegans and humans. (uic.edu)
- During development of the C. elegans nervous system, axons of many neurons, including the anterior ventral microtubule (AVM) axons, are guided to the ventral nerve cord by the UNC-6 (netrin) attractant recognized by its receptor UNC-40 (DCC). (uic.edu)
- Neurons that arise in the adult nervous system originate from neural stem cells and neural progenitor cells. (elifesciences.org)
- Neural stem cells can also give rise to neural progenitor cells, which proliferate rapidly during their short lives and then 'differentiate' into neurons or glia. (elifesciences.org)
Associated with1
- This ability is associated with olfactory ensheathing glia. (wikipedia.org)
Epithelium3
- In the peripheral nervous system OECs are dispersed within the olfactory epithelium and the olfactory nerve. (wikipedia.org)
- Olfaction requires orthonasal or retronasal airflow to transport odor-bearing particles up to the olfactory epithelium located at the apex of the nasal cavity. (nih.gov)
- Sensory cells that specialize in transducing olfactory and gustatory stimuli are renewed throughout life and can regenerate after injury unlike their counterparts in the mammalian retina and auditory epithelium. (mysciencework.com)
Nasal cavity2
- To stimulate the olfactory receptors, airborne molecules must pass through the nasal cavity with relatively turbulent air currents and contact the receptors. (medscape.com)
- It also captures the odor bearing particles and transmits them to the olfactory recesses, that are in the superior portion of the nasal cavity, just medial to the superior turbinates. (nih.gov)
Nicotinic Acetylcho1
- Studies in developing rodents indicate that nicotine is a neuroteratogen that disrupts brain development by stimulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that control neural cell replication and differentiation. (nature.com)
Regeneration6
- The growth and regeneration of olfactory axons can be attributable to OECs, as they form the fascicles through which axons grow from the peripheral nervous system into the central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
- Studies dating back to the 1990s have begun researching the olfactory system of mammals, rats in particular, to gain a greater understanding of axonal regeneration and neurogenesis, and the possible implementation of these cells at the site of the spinal cord injury. (wikipedia.org)
- Single-cell transcriptome analysis of the regenerating retina in adult zebrafish reveals molecular control steps during Müller glia stem cell activation, progressive differentiation, and neural regeneration. (elifesciences.org)
- Professor Franklin says the procedure could be used in conjunction with pharmacological treatments to promote nerve fibre regeneration and bioengineering to replace damaged neural networks. (ortocanis.com)
- Professor Goeffrey Raisman, Chair of Neural Regeneration at the University of London, who discovered olfactory enveloping glia cells in 1985, says: "This is not a cure for spinal cord injuries in humans, which may still be a long way off. (ortocanis.com)
- Dr. Chang asks these questions mainly in the context of nematode C. elegans with an overarching goal of establishing basic principles underlying development and regeneration of neural circuits that can be applicable to other model organisms. (uic.edu)
Neurogenesis3
- Lentivirus-mediated overexpression of GATA3 significantly increased the number of GFAP/SOX2 double positive astrocytes and expression of pro-neural factor ASCL1, but failed to induce neurogenesis, suggesting that GATA3 is required for enhancing the neurogenic potential of primary human astrocytes and is not sufficient to induce neurogenesis alone. (frontiersin.org)
- GATA3 promotes neural progenitor state but not neurogenesis. (frontiersin.org)
- In the 1990's, newer imaging techniques revealed neurogenesis in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb, specific areas of the brain where new cells are generated. (jeffreydachmd.com)
Nerve14
- Olfactory axons invade the basal lamina of the glia limitans and the olfactory bulb to create the olfactory nerve and glomerular layers. (wikipedia.org)
- A fraction of the epithelial migrating precursors give rise to olfactory ensheathing glia that inhabit the olfactory nerve and glomerular layers. (wikipedia.org)
- Head anatomy with olfactory nerve. (medscape.com)
- Olfactory nerve. (lookformedical.com)
- The olfactory nerve conveys the sense of smell. (lookformedical.com)
- Traumatic injuries to the OLFACTORY NERVE. (lookformedical.com)
- Ovoid body resting on the CRIBRIFORM PLATE of the ethmoid bone where the OLFACTORY NERVE terminates. (lookformedical.com)
- The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose DENDRITES the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. (lookformedical.com)
- The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the VOMERONASAL ORGAN via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here. (lookformedical.com)
- Diseases of the first cranial (olfactory) nerve, which usually feature anosmia or other alterations in the sense of smell and taste. (lookformedical.com)
- Set of nerve fibers conducting impulses from olfactory receptors to the cerebral cortex. (lookformedical.com)
- The only part of the body where nerve fibers continue to grow in adults is in the olfactory system. (ortocanis.com)
- The researchers claim that the transplanted cells regenerated nerve fibers throughout the damaged region of the spinal cord. (ortocanis.com)
- The saliva ensures taste molecules are in solution, enabling them to remain in continual contact with the taste receptor nerve located within each taste bud. (healthyfood.com)
Synaptic4
- Unlike the peripheral nervous system, the central nervous system is unable to regenerate damaged axons, so its synaptic connections are lost forever. (wikipedia.org)
- Memory is stored in the brain by means of neural connections (circuits) and so is based on synaptic weights - relative strengths of synapses. (natural-universe.net)
- Neural circuits, the basis of what goes on in the brain such as learning or plasticity, are set up by modification of synaptic strengths. (natural-universe.net)
- Astrocytes bear multiple vital functions such as maintaining the ion homeostasis, contributing to the blood-brain barrier, restoring synaptic integrity, regulating immune response, and acting as neural stem cells ( Kettenmann and Ransom, 2012 ). (frontiersin.org)
Progenitor4
- However, little is known on the mechanisms that promote the neural progenitor state after injuries in humans. (frontiersin.org)
- Consequently, neural stem and progenitor cells have usually been studied retrospectively, based on their ability to form colonies in laboratory cell cultures. (elifesciences.org)
- A region of the brain called the subventricular zone contains both neural stem cells and neural progenitor cells, and is one of only two regions of the brain where neural stem cells are found in adult mammals. (elifesciences.org)
- maturin, neural progenitor diff. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Perception2
- The brain combines gustatory, olfactory, and somatosensory information to create our perception of flavor. (mysciencework.com)
- to be sure the wine comes into contact with all the receptors for the maximum perception of the taste. (healthyfood.com)
Bulb3
- In the central nervous system, OECs are found within the outer two layers of the olfactory bulb. (wikipedia.org)
- Axonal growth is guided by the glial composition and cytoarchitecture of the olfactory bulb in addition to the presence of OECs. (wikipedia.org)
- Their unmyelinated AXONS synapse in the OLFACTORY BULB of the BRAIN. (lookformedical.com)
Glial cells1
- Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), also known as olfactory ensheathing glia or olfactory ensheathing glial cells, are a type of macroglia (radial glia) found in the nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
Tissue5
- Since the seventies, numerous investigations have focused on trying to restore lost function by replacement of injured brain structures with homologous allogeneic embryonic neural tissue. (org.es)
- Each of these tissue precursors could regenerate their cognate tissue upon injection into respective mouse models, with relevance to regenerative medicine. (stanford.edu)
- In recent years, it has been an active research area to replace neural tissue loss through transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) for the treatment of AD [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Unlike some other tissues, it has not been possible to identify or purify neural stem cells directly from the tissue. (elifesciences.org)
- Brain tissue is post-mytotic, which means it does not regenerate. (thehealthyskeptic.org)
Olfaction1
- Odorants can also be perceived by entering the nose posteriorly through the nasopharynx to reach the olfactory receptor via retronasal olfaction. (medscape.com)
Sensory1
- They also form on bundles of olfactory sensory neuron axons in a manner distinct from myelination. (wikipedia.org)
Dysfunction3
- It may result in various olfactory dysfunction including a complete loss of smell. (lookformedical.com)
- Anecdotal evidence suggests that olfactory dysfunction is also one of the earlier symptoms of COVID-19, but objective measures suppor. (mysciencework.com)
- One of the core features of AD is the dysfunction or loss of the neural cells in hippocampus resulting in the functional impairment. (biomedcentral.com)
Cells26
- Within the olfactory system they phagocytose axonal debris and dead cells. (wikipedia.org)
- The sense of smell is mediated through stimulation of the olfactory receptor cells by volatile chemicals. (medscape.com)
- Foreign scientists of the lining of the nose of animals are called olfactory enveloping glia (OEC) cells. (ortocanis.com)
- The animals received a transplant of olfactory cells. (ortocanis.com)
- By directing AAV transduction through the regulated expression of its receptor, the approach provides precise control over which cells express the AAV-vectored transgene. (nature.com)
- In addition to our interests in developmental and stem cell biology, we also interested in discovering the entry receptors and target cells of deadly biosafety level 4 viruses, together with our collaborators. (stanford.edu)
- Under the microscope they observed which taste and olfactory cells became active when the flies perceived the polyamines. (maxplanckneuroscience.org)
- The purpose of this study was to investigate the potentiating effect of ICA on the proliferation of rat hippocampal neural stem cells, and explore the possible mechanism involved. (biomedcentral.com)
- Primary neural stem cells were prepared from the hippocampus of newly born SD rats, and cells were cultured in special stem cell culture medium. (biomedcentral.com)
- Neural stem cells were confirmed by immunofluorescence detection of nestin, NSE and GFAP expression. (biomedcentral.com)
- The effect of ICA on the growth and proliferation of the neural stem cells was evaluated by 5-ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine (EdU) labeling of proliferating cells, and photomicrographic images of the cultured neural stem cells. (biomedcentral.com)
- Further, the mechanism of ICA-induced cell proliferation of neural stem cells was investigated by analyzing the gene and protein expression of cell cycle related genes cyclin D1 and p21. (biomedcentral.com)
- The present study showed that icariin promotes the growth and proliferation of neural stem cells from rat hippocampus in a dose-dependent manner. (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition, it was found that icariin-induced effect on neural stem cells is associated with increased mRNA and protein expression of cell cycle genes cyclin D1 and p21. (biomedcentral.com)
- NSCs can be cultured in vitro as neurospheres that are composed of neural stems cells and progenitors. (biomedcentral.com)
- In this regard, the growth and proliferation of the neural stem cells in vitro are critical as the number of cells available for transplantation is essential to achieve beneficial effect in replacing injury or loss of the neuronal cells. (biomedcentral.com)
- Exploring the effect of pharmacological manipulation, such as usage of traditional medicine, on the growth and proliferation of neural stem cells is thus valuable towards the development of the stem cells therapies of the neurodegenerative disorders. (biomedcentral.com)
- We have on average 9000 taste receptor cells in our mouth. (healthyfood.com)
- As we age the cells take a little longer to regenerate. (healthyfood.com)
- If oxygen is not present, cells must transform pyruvate to regenerate NAD+ in order to continue making ATP. (psychosocialsomatic.com)
- Neurosphere formation is commonly used as a surrogate for neural stem cell (NSC) function but the relationship between neurosphere-initiating cells (NICs) and NSCs remains unclear. (elifesciences.org)
- Neural stem cells have long lives, much of which they spend in a quiescent state. (elifesciences.org)
- However, the exact relationship between neural stem cells and neurosphere-forming cells has been uncertain. (elifesciences.org)
- have used a technique called flow cytometry to identify and isolate neural stem cells and neurosphere-forming cells directly from the subventricular zone. (elifesciences.org)
- The neural stem cells, which Mich, Signer et al. (elifesciences.org)
- Unlike other parts of the body which regenerate new cells, the brain is unable to replace lost or damaged brain cells. (jeffreydachmd.com)
Molecules1
- The molecules that guide neuronal connectivity and regenerate nerves in C. elegans are similar to those that used in human. (uic.edu)
Tissues3
- In neonates, this area is a dense neural sheet, but, in children and adults, the respiratory and olfactory tissues interdigitate. (medscape.com)
- Polyamines, for example, are needed in greater quantities whenever tissues develop, grow or regenerate. (maxplanckneuroscience.org)
- Fetal brain regions and peripheral tissues were examined for nAChR subtypes, other neurotransmitter receptors, and indices of cell signaling and cell damage. (nature.com)
Stem cell1
- This study evidently demonstrates the potentiating effect of ICA on neural stem cell growth and proliferation, which might be mediated through regulation of cell cycle gene and protein expression promoting cell cycle progression. (biomedcentral.com)
Zebrafish1
- Gata3 was previously found to be a mechanism that zebrafish brain uses to injury-dependent induction of neural progenitors. (frontiersin.org)
Odorant2
- The large number of different odorant receptors appears to arise from several gene families or subfamilies rather than from DNA rearrangement. (lookformedical.com)
- This information is particularly valuable in the olfactory system as the neural representation of an odorant changes with concentration. (mysciencework.com)
VERTEBRATES1
- In Drosophila and vertebrates, netrin signaling is inhibited by slit-induced Robo receptor binding to netrin receptor DCC. (uic.edu)
Glands1
- and the associated olfactory glands. (lookformedical.com)
Respiratory1
- nasal vestibule, respiratory region, and olfactory region. (nih.gov)
Proteins2
- G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest superfamily of cell-surface signaling proteins. (shengsci.com)
- The three receptors that enable the recognition of polyamines belong to a class of proteins that is very old, in evolutionary terms. (maxplanckneuroscience.org)
System3
- Multiple studies have shown that OECs may assist in treating spinal cord injury (SCI) due to their regenerate properties in the peripheral nervous system and their presence in the central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
- Here we describe a model system, SELective Expression and Controlled Transduction In Vivo (SELECTIV), that enables efficient and specific expression of transgenes by coupling adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors with Cre-inducible overexpression of the multi-serotype AAV receptor, AAVR. (nature.com)
- In 2004, Linda Buck and Richard Axel received a Nobel Prize for mapping the entire genetic structure of the human olfactory system. (healthyfood.com)
20021
- [ 3 ] A 2002 study showed that the prevalence of objective olfactory impairment in adults older than 53 years is 24.5% and grows more prevalent with age, reaching 62.5 % in those aged 80-97 years. (medscape.com)
Spinal cord1
- Transplantation of OECs into the spinal cord has become a possible therapy for spinal cord damage and other neural diseases in animal models. (wikipedia.org)
Impairment1
- Extrapolating from these values, there are currently 14 million older adults with some degree of olfactory impairment. (medscape.com)
Taste3
- We have previously shown that humans can taste maltooligosaccharides (MOS) and that their detection is independent of the canonical sweet taste receptor. (mysciencework.com)
- We have taste receptors located within the taste buds in our mouths. (healthyfood.com)
- Because we now know there are taste receptors all over our mouths and receptors may perceive more than one taste, we may be able to perceive bitter on the sides of our tongue or on the oesophagus or cheeks. (healthyfood.com)
Primary1
- It is a specialized pseudostratified neuroepithelium containing the primary olfactory receptors. (medscape.com)
Viruses1
- Players compete to build enzymes, hormones and receptors and fend off attacking Viruses! (rna-mediated.com)
Found1
- After acute injury in muscle of both mouse and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (used as alternative in vivo model) this study found that RACK1 accumulated in regenerating fibers while it declined with the progression of repair process. (sdbonline.org)
Function2
- This study demonstrated that the Receptor for Activated C-Kinase 1 (RACK1) is important in SC function. (sdbonline.org)
- The scale has five classification levels, ranging from complete loss of neural function in the affected area to completely normal. (nascic.org)
Differently1
- briefly, we are all wired with dissimilarity for which each neural pathway is connected differently to process the same information that we all can receive. (myelberteveryonelearnsbetterembracingrevolutionaryteaching.com)
Grow1
- OECs are also known to support and guide olfactory axons, grow through glial scars, and secrete many neurotrophic factors. (wikipedia.org)
Area1
- The olfactory neuroepithelium is located at the upper area of each nasal chamber adjacent to the cribriform plate, superior nasal septum, and superior-lateral nasal wall. (medscape.com)