Olfactory receptor neurons to odorants. Medical search. Frequent questions

Each olfactory receptor cell expresses only one type of olfactory receptor (OR), but many separate olfactory receptor cells express ORs which bind the same set of odors. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to detecting odors, olfactory sensory neurons also serve as mechanical sensors, thus the nose transmits both odor information and nasal breathing signal into the brain. (upenn.edu)
An olfactory cilia pattern in the mammalian nose ensures high sensitivity to odors. (upenn.edu)
However, blue light simulates in genetically modified larvae the smell of an odorant, e.g., banana, marzipan or glue -- odors which are all present in rotting fruit and attractive to fruit fly larvae. (sciencedaily.com)
Therefore, they suggested that DEET scrambles the messages in an insect's neurons about the odors surrounding them, making them less effectively attracted to their target. (cosmeticsandtoiletries.com)
The chemical alone barely triggered the neurons, but when the researchers combined it with 10 different odors, they saw that DEET sometimes inhibited neuron activity, sometimes enhanced it and sometimes had no effect at all. (cosmeticsandtoiletries.com)
2004). Olfactory receptors on different OSNs can detect new odors from background environmental odors. (psychologic.science)
That being said, there are many separate OSNs that express olfactory receptors, which bind to the same set of odors. (psychologic.science)
Individual odors are characterized by patterns of activated neurons in an olfactory region. (psychologic.science)
However, projection neurons respond differently to odors than sensory neurons, despite the fact that they appear to have one-to-one connectivity. (ox.ac.uk)
The ability to detect scents or odors, such as the function of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS. (lookformedical.com)
In vertebrates, odors are sensed by olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) in the nose, each of which expresses one out of ~1000 odorant receptors. (harvard.edu)
We used these mice to make an exciting discovery about how odors are coded in the olfactory bulb. (harvard.edu)
Combinatorial receptor codes for odors. (hiauthors.com)
Some odors selectively activate or inhibit a single olfactory neuron, while others can stimulate a group of neurons," Mutlu said. (neurosciencenews.com)
The researchers tested several odors in C. elegans and discovered that only certain scents dynamically regulate fat mobilization by interacting with specific olfactory neurons through specific receptors. (neurosciencenews.com)
Specificity of olfactory perception integrates diverse environmental odors and olfactory neurons expressing different receptors. (neurosciencenews.com)
Here, we report that specific but not all olfactory neurons actively regulate fat metabolism without affecting eating behaviors in Caenorhabditis elegans, and identified specific odors that reduce fat mobilization via inhibiting these neurons. (neurosciencenews.com)
Although insects have proven to be valuable models for exploring the function, organization, and development of the olfactory system, the receptor molecules that bind odors have not been identified in any insect. (edu.au)
These signals, which are not detected consciously as odors by the olfactory system, mediate human autonomic, psychological, and endocrine responses. (medscape.com)

The effect of this negative feedback response inhibits the neuron from further activation when another odor molecule is introduced. (wikipedia.org)
Odor sensing starts with olfactory sensory neurons in the nose, which carry the information to the olfactory bulb and subsequently to several cortical and subcortical regions. (upenn.edu)
Here, we use two animal models and several techniques (two-photon imaging of CBF and neuronal calcium dynamics, intracellular and extracellular recordings, local pharmacology) to analyze the relationship between neuronal activity and local CBF during odor stimulation in the rodent olfactory bulb. (jneurosci.org)
Application of glutamate receptor antagonists or tetrodotoxin directly into single rat olfactory glomeruli blocked postsynaptic responses but did not affect the local odor-evoked CBF increases. (jneurosci.org)
Superfusion of glutamate receptor antagonists blocked odor-evoked postsynaptic calcium signals and CBF responses. (jneurosci.org)
Physicochemical vs. vibrational descriptors for prediction of odor receptor responses. (fu-berlin.de)
Yamagata N, Schmuker M, Szyszka P, Mizunami M and Menzel R (2009) Differential odor processing in two olfactory pathways in the honeybee. (fu-berlin.de)
Cang J, Isaacson JS (2003) In vivo whole-cell recording of odor-evoked synaptic transmission in the rat olfactory bulb. (yale.edu)
The researchers suggest that DEET functions as a modulator of the odor-gated ion channel formed by the insect odorant receptor complex. (cosmeticsandtoiletries.com)
The functional insect odorant receptor complex consists of the common co-receptor (ORCO) and one or more variable odorant receptor subunits that confer odor selectivity. (cosmeticsandtoiletries.com)
This modulation depends on the specific odorant receptor and the concentration and identity of the odor ligand. (cosmeticsandtoiletries.com)
EOG recordings were made from dissected rat olfactory receptor neurons under control conditions (in the presence of extra cellular fluid -ECF) and experimental conditions (in the presence of PNC and Zn and Cu).The metal nano particles were integrated with the odorants of interest and were delivered onto the odor receptors. (auburn.edu)
An odor molecule dissolves into the mucus of the olfactory epithelium and then binds to an OR. (wikipedia.org)
A novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors: a molecular basis for odor recognition. (wikipedia.org)
In the fly antennal lobe projection neurons receive odor information from olfactory sensory neurons and transmit it to higher brain centers. (ox.ac.uk)
Olfactory sensitivity and odor structure-activity relationships for aliphatic carboxylic acids in CD-1 mice. (cmdm.tw)
This suggests that olfactory systems have evolved rapidly to enable perception of relevant odor signals. (frontiersin.org)
Progress in understanding the circuitry and information processing in the olfactory system has been hampered, in part, due to imperfect control of odor stimuli and the difficulty in stimulating arbitrary combinations of glomeruli at will. (harvard.edu)
While you odor one thing caustic like ammonia, receptor cells pick up odorants while trigeminal nerve fibers account for the sharp sting that makes you instantly recoil. (sunmoonfest.com)
Odor stimulation induces cAMP production in Drosophila melanogaster olfactory sensory neurons via a process requiring a functional odorant receptor complex. (silverchair.com)

The ORNs are located in the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity. (wikipedia.org)
The cell bodies of the ORNs are distributed among all three of the stratified layers of the olfactory epithelium. (wikipedia.org)
An odorant will dissolve into the mucus of the olfactory epithelium and then bind to an OR. (wikipedia.org)
These results extend the characterization of our olfactory epithelium-olfactory bulb organotypic culture system and suggest that olfactory epithelium passes through an immature stage in the week following explanation and culturing. (auburn.edu)
In addition to the olfactory neurons, the epithelium is composed of supporting cells, Bowman glands and ducts unique to the olfactory epithelium, and basal cells that allow for the regeneration of the epithelium, including the olfactory sensory neurons. (medscape.com)
The olfactory epithelium has a thin layer of mucus covering its surface. (psychologic.science)
In this activation process, an odorant molecule will dissolve into the mucous membrane of the olfactory epithelium and subsequently bind to an olfactory receptor. (psychologic.science)
These are special nerve cells attached to the olfactory epithelium . (wikipedia.org)
Olfactory epithelium and neurons. (wikipedia.org)
It's no surprise to see it in the olfactory epithelium in the snout, but notice that it's also in the axial skeleton (vertebral column), probably in cartilage cells that will soon become bone. (blogspot.com)
It is formed by the axons of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS which project from the olfactory epithelium (in the nasal epithelium) to the OLFACTORY BULB. (lookformedical.com)
Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins (RECEPTORS, ODORANT) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. (lookformedical.com)
These neurons send their DENDRITES to the surface of the epithelium with the odorant receptors residing in the apical non-motile cilia. (lookformedical.com)
Laser-ablation mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the OSN injury and behavioral dysfunction was associated with significant Cd bioaccumulation within the olfactory sensory epithelium. (cdc.gov)
Whereas receptor cells reply to olfactory stimuli and consequences within the perception of smell, trigeminal nerve fibers in the olfactory epithelium reply to pain. (sunmoonfest.com)
Supporting cells present construction to the olfactory epithelium and help insulate receptor cells. (sunmoonfest.com)
Within the nasal cavity, the turbinates or nasal conchae serve to direct the inspired air toward the olfactory epithelium in the upper posterior region. (medscape.com)
The olfactory epithelium consists of 3 cell types: basal, supporting, and olfactory receptor cells. (medscape.com)
As previously mentioned, the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) sends fibers to the olfactory epithelium to detect caustic chemicals, such as ammonia. (medscape.com)

The olfactory neurons of the only one millimeter sized genetically modified Drosophila larvae are all capable of producing the protein that is activated by light. (sciencedaily.com)
The researchers now plan to use the same principle to undertake further studies on adult Drosophila, equipping them with photo-activated proteins to cause targeted isolated cerebral neurons to react. (sciencedaily.com)
Single-cell transcriptomic profiling of Drosophila olfactory receptor neurons. (elifesciences.org)
A ) Schematic of the Drosophila olfactory system. (elifesciences.org)
The researchers recorded the electrical activity of four olfactory neurons in the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster , which is also affected by DEET. (cosmeticsandtoiletries.com)
Following heterologous expression in the empty neuron system of Drosophila melanogaster , we show by single sensillum recordings that CpomOR19 and SlitOR19 show similar affinity to several substituted indanes. (frontiersin.org)
Like the majority of Drosophila neurons, ORNs are cholinergic [17]. (healthanddietblog.info)
We have developed a novel search algorithm, used it to search the Drosophila genomic sequence database, and identified a large multigene family encoding seven transmembrane domain proteins that are expressed in olfactory organs. (edu.au)

Humans have between 10 and 20 million olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). (wikipedia.org)
In vertebrates, ORNs are bipolar neurons with dendrites facing the external surface of the cribriform plate with axons that pass through the cribriform foramina with terminal end at olfactory bulbs. (wikipedia.org)
Three types of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are portrayed in three different colors (green, magenta, and blue) and their cell bodies are housed in the antennae and maxillary palps. (elifesciences.org)
Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are specifically tuned to these enantiomeric pheromones. (scienceopen.com)
Properties of unitary afferent synapses Afferent insight towards the antennal lobe originates from olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). (healthanddietblog.info)
Each ORN expresses one (or sometimes) two odorant receptor genes, and all of the ORNs that exhibit the same gene task towards the same glomerulus [6] (Body 2). (healthanddietblog.info)
An increase in sensitiv-ity of octenol olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) was correlated with an increase in odorant receptor gene (Or) expression and octenol-mediated attractive behavior from day 1 to day 6 post-emergence. (dissem.in)
We show that expression is restricted to subsets of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) for a number of these genes. (edu.au)
Some of the genes are not expressed in a mutant of the Acj6 POU-domain transcription factor, a mutant in which a subset of ORNs show abnormal odorant specificities. (edu.au)

The axons of olfactory receptor cells which express the same OR converge to form glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. (wikipedia.org)
We conclude that activation of postsynaptic glutamate receptors and rises in dendritic calcium are major steps for neurovascular coupling in olfactory bulb glomeruli. (jneurosci.org)
The axons of these OSNs that express the same olfactory receptors come together to form glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. (psychologic.science)
The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose DENDRITES the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. (lookformedical.com)
All sensory axons expressing a particular receptor then converge on ~2 glomeruli in each hemisphere of the olfactory bulb. (harvard.edu)
A further complicating factor is the poorly understood topography of sensory inputs to the olfactory bulb - neighboring glomeruli can often be functionally dissimilar. (harvard.edu)
Therefore, we generated transgenic mouse lines that express a light-activated ion channel channelrhodopsin (ChR2) specifically in olfactory sensory neurons, rendering the input layer of the olfactory bulb (glomeruli) optically excitable. (harvard.edu)
Like the light bulb, it really is split into an stereotyped and orderly selection of neuropil compartments known as glomeruli, where each glomerulus corresponds for an odorant receptor in the periphery [6]. (healthanddietblog.info)
The glomerular layer is the most superficial layer, consisting of mitral cell dendritic arborizations (glomeruli), olfactory nerve fibers, and periglomerular cells. (medscape.com)

An olfactory receptor neuron (ORN), also called an olfactory sensory neuron (OSN), is a sensory neuron within the olfactory system. (wikipedia.org)
An olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) is a component within the olfactory system used to detect airborne chemicals that are inhaled, which gives rise to the sense of olfaction or smell. (psychologic.science)
The olfactory sensory neuron is equipped with a rapid negative feedback mechanism upon depolarization. (psychologic.science)

Many tiny hair-like non-motile cilia protrude from the olfactory receptor cell's dendrites. (wikipedia.org)
The dendrites extend to the olfactory epithelial surface and each ends in a dendritic knob from which around 20 to 35 cilia protrude. (wikipedia.org)
The cilia have a length of up to 100 micrometres and with the cilia from other dendrites form a meshwork in the olfactory mucus. (wikipedia.org)
The surface of the cilia is covered with olfactory receptors, a type of G protein-coupled receptor. (wikipedia.org)
Turnock-Jones JJ, Jennings CA, Robbins MJ, Cluderay JE, Cilia J, Reid JL, Taylor A , Jones DN, Emson PC , Southam E. Increased expression of the NR2A NMDA receptor subunit in the prefrontal cortex of rats reared in isolation. (neurotree.org)
There are many cilia that project into this mucus layer from the olfactory sensory neuron's dendrites. (psychologic.science)
The surface of these hair-like cilia is blanketed with olfactory receptors. (psychologic.science)
[1] The surface of these cilia is covered with olfactory receptors, a kind of protein . (wikipedia.org)
Proteins, usually projecting from the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons, that specifically bind odorant molecules and trigger responses in the neurons. (lookformedical.com)
The receptor cells are actually bipolar neurons, each possessing a thin dendritic rod that contains specialized cilia extending from the olfactory vesicle and a long central process that forms the fila olfactoria. (medscape.com)

2007) now describe the existence of excitatory neurons within the antennal lobe that may account for some of these unexplained differences. (ox.ac.uk)
The antennal lobe may be the insect analog from the IMP4 antibody vertebrate olfactory light bulb. (healthanddietblog.info)
Fortunately, the answer is yes, at least for the principal neurons of the antennal lobe. (healthanddietblog.info)

It is estimated that there are 1,000 different genes that code for olfactory receptors. (psychologic.science)
We have recently applied the NanoString digital platform to study expression of mouse odorant receptor genes, which form with 1,200 members the largest gene family in the mouse genome. (biomedcentral.com)
Gene-wise statistical analyses of gene expression data, for which the significance relative to a fold change threshold is important, give reproducible and reliable results on NanoString data of mouse odorant receptor genes. (biomedcentral.com)
Each one of these neurons expresses a single OR gene out of the complete repertoire of genes. (aspetjournals.org)
For example, one of the intervals of interest is loaded with olfactory receptor (OR) genes. (blogspot.com)

The experiment shows that it is possible by inserting photo activated proteins into neurons photo stimulation can produce an olfactory behavior in these larvae , whereas genetically unchanged larvae generally avoid light. (sciencedaily.com)
Odorant binding proteins (OBPs) are small proteins secreted by auxiliary cells surrounding olfactory receptor neurons in the antennae of insects. (frontiersin.org)
In addition to G proteins involvement in the enhancement, modulation and inhibition of Odorant signals, there is evidence that metals like zinc enhances odorant induced response of Rat OE are exposed to crystalline metallic nanoparticles which are found in proteon nucleating centers (PNC) and metallic Zinc nanoparticles (artificial PNC). (auburn.edu)
The proteins in the cell membrane function as pumps, receptors and transporters and regulate which substances find their way into and out of the cell. (lu.se)

A ubiquitous, cytoplasmic protein found in mature OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS of all VERTEBRATES. (lookformedical.com)

OSNs are classified as bipolar neurons due to having two processes that emerge from the cell body. (psychologic.science)

They are now screening chemical libraries for such molecules to find one that shuts down the mosquito's olfactory system, and they reportedly have some leads. (cosmeticsandtoiletries.com)
To stimulate the olfactory receptors, airborne molecules must pass through the nasal cavity with relatively turbulent air currents and contact the receptors. (medscape.com)
This means the receptor is indirectly activated when ions enter an ion channel, which is done by the secondary messenger, G protein molecules. (psychologic.science)
Molecules of cAMP cause ion channels within the cell membrane to open, which ultimately results in depolarization of the neuron and the generation of an action potential, due to an influx of sodium and calcium and an efflux of chloride ions. (psychologic.science)
The basis of the sense of smell is that different groups of scent molecules bind to different receptor cells and so fire different groups of neurons. (wikipedia.org)
ORs have a distinctive expression pattern, with only one expressed per neuron in the tissue lining the nose, where they each are sensitive to particular aspects of molecules the animal inhales, and hopes to smell. (blogspot.com)
Activation occurs when odiferous molecules come in contact with specialized processes known as the olfactory vesicles. (medscape.com)

The continuous turnover and new supply of these neurons are unique to the olfactory system. (medscape.com)

Chen WR, Xiong W, Shepherd GM (2000) Analysis of relations between NMDA receptors and GABA release at olfactory bulb reciprocal synapses. (yale.edu)
There they make nicotinic synapses with projection neurons (PNs), which send axons to raised brain locations [17]. (healthanddietblog.info)

The sense of smell is mediated through stimulation of the olfactory receptor cells by volatile chemicals. (medscape.com)

Each ORN type expresses a unique olfactory receptor or a unique combination of receptors and sends its axons to a stereotyped glomerulus. (elifesciences.org)
Their unmyelinated AXONS synapse in the OLFACTORY BULB of the BRAIN. (lookformedical.com)
Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). (lookformedical.com)
The small, unmyelinated axons of the olfactory receptor cells form the fine fibers of the first cranial nerve and travel centrally toward the ipsilateral olfactory bulb to make contact with the second-order neurons. (medscape.com)
The granule cell layer contains multiple small, round neurons that lack axons. (medscape.com)

Thin electrodes can detect the signal of the light-activated neurons. (sciencedaily.com)
Conceptually similar to our recent discovery that opsins expressed in thermosensory neurons allow flies to sense small increases in temperature in the comfortable range, we propose to test that an opsin acts in olfactory receptor neurons to detect minute concentrations of an aversive odorant through an amplification cascade. (grantome.com)
The laboratory worm has three pairs of olfactory neurons that detect a variety of airborne scents. (neurosciencenews.com)
The smell receptors detect odorants and send information on to parts of the cerebral cortex. (lu.se)

Schmuker M, de Bruyne M, Hähnel M and Schneider, G (2007): Predicting olfactory receptor neuron responses from odorant structure, Chemistry Central Journal, 1:11. (fu-berlin.de)
The rapidly isolated rat OE with intracellular microinjections Gas/olf antibodies inhibited current responses elicited by odorants. (auburn.edu)
Predicting olfactory receptor neuron responses from odorant structure. (cmdm.tw)
After identifying sister cells in this way, we examined their responses to dozens of odorants. (harvard.edu)
Cadmium exposures inhibited behavioral responses towards L-cysteine and conspecific odorants, with effects persisting following the depuration. (cdc.gov)

Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. (lookformedical.com)

Antic S, Major G, Zecevic D (1999) Fast optical recordings of membrane potential changes from dendrites of pyramidal neurons. (yale.edu)
These neurons are arranged with dendrites positioned in the inferior space of the nasal cavity and an axon that projects through the cribriform plate to the olfactory nerve, and subsequently the olfactory bulb. (psychologic.science)
Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites . (lookformedical.com)
Olfactory receptor cells are neurons with knob-shaped suggestions known as dendrites. (sunmoonfest.com)
Olfactory hairs that bind with odorants cowl the dendrites. (sunmoonfest.com)
In addition, 5'AMP odorant binding sites on the dendrites of the olfactory receptor neurons in the sensilla of the spiny lobster are distributed along the entire dendritic region that is exposed to odorants. (hiauthors.com)

This area (only a few centimeters wide) contains more than 100 million olfactory receptor cells. (medscape.com)

The specialized olfactory epithelial cells characterize the only group of neurons capable of regeneration. (medscape.com)

DFG Priority Programme SPP1392: 'Integrative Analysis of Olfaction' (first funding period), subproject ' Testing olfactory bulb chemotopy and deorphanizing olfactory receptors by combining in vivo functional imaging and virtual screening ' in collaboration with Hartwig Spors (MPI for Biophysics, Frankfurt/Main). (fu-berlin.de)
Antic S, Wuskell JP, Loew L, Zecevic D (2000) Functional profile of the giant metacerebral neuron of Helix aspersa: temporal and spatial dynamics of electrical activity in situ. (yale.edu)
Our finding demonstrates that functional characterization of ORs leads to the discovery of novel semiochemicals that have not yet been found through chemical analysis of odorants from insects and their associated host plants. (frontiersin.org)
We reasoned that direct glomerular activation (bypassing smells) might overcome these limitations and enable more detailed studies of functional circuitry in the olfactory bulb and its projection areas. (harvard.edu)
Eventually, the purpose of each one of these scholarly studies is to elucidate the functional consequences of the synaptic properties for olfactory processing. (healthanddietblog.info)

Each OSN singly expresses only one type of olfactory receptor, which is a phenomenon that has been called the "one neuron, one receptor" rule. (psychologic.science)

Mucus secreted by the olfactory gland coats the epithelium's floor and helps dissolve odorants. (sunmoonfest.com)

G Protein-coupled odorant receptors underlie mechanosensitivity in mammalian olfactory sensory neurons. (upenn.edu)
Responsiveness of G protein-coupled odorant receptors is partially attributed to the activation mechanism. (upenn.edu)
Conserved residues control activation of mammalian G Protein-coupled odorant receptors. (upenn.edu)
These olfactory receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor, which means the receptors are inherently metabotropic. (psychologic.science)
Odorant receptors (ORs) belong to a large gene family of rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). (aspetjournals.org)

conclude that for this species at least, dim red light is sufficient to cause olfactory receptor neurons in the antennae of males to become hypersensitive to components of the female sex pheromone, ultimately promoting reproductive behaviors in the adults moths. (frontiersin.org)
J. The open reading frames of three odorant receptors were cloned from cDNlibrary made from the antennae of female Anopheles gambiae. (hsp70inhibitor.com)
In A Natural Polymorphism Alters Odour and DEET Sensitivity in an Insect Odorant Receptor , an article appearing in the Sept., 21, 2011, edition of Nature , the researchers suggest that the compound interferes with smell-sensing neurons in insect antennae. (cosmeticsandtoiletries.com)

However, the strange morphology of insect neurons means that the soma is also a rather passive witness to electrical events. (healthanddietblog.info)
Therefore, unraveling highly sensitive receptors for gustation and olfaction in insects has important potential for developing new strategies for interfering with the recognition and attraction of humans by insect disease vectors. (grantome.com)

Odorants can also be perceived by entering the nose posteriorly through the nasopharynx to reach the olfactory receptor via retronasal olfaction. (medscape.com)
Olfactory perception in C. elegans is simpler than in larger organisms, such as humans, which helps researchers like Mutlu and her colleagues to study how olfaction regulates bodily processes. (neurosciencenews.com)

Each receptor can bind to a variety of odorants with differing affinities. (psychologic.science)

The murine family has a well developed sense of smell and is widely used in the field of olfactory research. (auburn.edu)
The odorants that give rise to the sense of smell are found by olfactory receptors, which are conveyed in the cell membranes of neurons. (starhealth.in)
Dysfunction of the sense of smell could be a result of issues with the receptors, the nerve or the cerebral cortex regions (the insula, orbitofrontal cortex, and hippocampal region) that integrate those signals. (starhealth.in)
The olfactory nerve conveys the sense of smell. (lookformedical.com)
Diseases of the first cranial (olfactory) nerve, which usually feature anosmia or other alterations in the sense of smell and taste. (lookformedical.com)

Foretinib solubility Downstream signaling activities were also analyzed following activation of the receptors with putative OR ligands in lepidopteran cells that were either transfected with one or more of the cloned ORs or also co transfected with the promiscuous individual G 16 protein, which mediates downstream signaling by activating the phospholipase C pathway. (hsp70inhibitor.com)

Long dendritic processes of the neurons reach the more superficial layers and inhibit mitral cells and tufted cells. (medscape.com)

July 13, 2023 Averting our eyes from things that scare us may be due to a specific cluster of neurons in a visual region of the brain, according to new research. (sciencedaily.com)
She showed that this cluster of neurons can turn off pain when activated, and when it is suppressed, mice become highly sensitive to ordinary gentle touch. (scitechdaily.com)

The olfactory neuroepithelium is located at the upper area of each nasal chamber adjacent to the cribriform plate, superior nasal septum, and superior-lateral nasal wall. (medscape.com)
An individual can perceive and respond to those odours due to the olfactory nerve, which is activated by smell receptors on the nasal passage surface and transmits signals to the cerebral cortex of the brain. (starhealth.in)

Antic S, Zecevic D (1995) Optical signals from neurons with internally applied voltage-sensitive dyes. (yale.edu)
Odorant receptors (ORs) interface animals with airborne chemical signals. (frontiersin.org)
Perception of these chemical signals may be olfactory or by contact. (lookformedical.com)
Working with the laboratory worm C. elegans, Mutlu and her colleagues conducted a broad screen to investigate whether neurons can actively send signals that, without affecting feeding habits, could alter lipid metabolism. (neurosciencenews.com)
Furthermore, we discovered that FLP-1 neuropeptide released from this olfactory neural circuit signals through peripheral NPR-4/neuropeptide receptor, SGK-1/serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase, and specific isoforms of DAF-16/FOXO transcription factor to regulate fat storage. (neurosciencenews.com)

Our results show differing age-related roles for the peripheral receptors for octenol and higher order neural processing in the behavior of female mosquitoes. (dissem.in)
As a chemical sensor, the olfactory system detects food and influences social and sexual behavior. (medscape.com)

The study also involved with Gai-Protein Inhibition of olfactory signal transduction. (auburn.edu)
It is a modulator of the olfactory SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY. (lookformedical.com)

These specialized epithelial cells give rise to the olfactory vesicles containing kinocilia, which serve as sites of stimulus transduction. (medscape.com)

The difference in affinities causes differences in activation patterns resulting in unique odorant profiles. (wikipedia.org)
There, she worked on tracing the connection patterns of olfactory receptor neurons in the lab of Richard Axel, who later won the Nobel Prize for his discoveries of odorant receptors and how the olfactory system is organized. (scitechdaily.com)
This identification was made routine by an instrument we developed that could project arbitrary patterns of light on the olfactory bulb. (harvard.edu)
In the next section, we'll be taught more about olfactory receptors and odorant patterns. (sunmoonfest.com)

My aim is to identify the odorant receptors that are important for the ecology of these insects and which can be targeted for environmentally safe and efficient pest control. (lu.se)

The olfactory system is closely connected with other brain regions that are involved in cognition and emotion, which may underlie strong associations between smell deficits and neuropsychiatric disorders. (upenn.edu)
Using this approach in mice, she identified neurons that become active in response to pain, but so many neurons across the brain were activated that it didn't offer much useful information. (scitechdaily.com)
Mitral cells innervate the following brain areas: the medial amygdala, anterior olfactory nucleus, entorhinal cortex, olfactory tubercle, and piriform cortex. (psychologic.science)
[4] Inside the olfactory region of the brain, the firing of neurons produces the perceived smell. (wikipedia.org)
The olfactory bulb also receives massive feedback projections from higher brain areas, which allow "top-down" control of sensory coding. (harvard.edu)
Somatic whole-cell recordings neurons because their neurites are very small, and because movements of the brain make it hard to hold a sharp microelectrode in such a tiny neurite. (healthanddietblog.info)
The room offers opportunities to touch, listen, see and experience the complexity and function of the brain and neurons. (lu.se)

Set of nerve fibers conducting impulses from olfactory receptors to the cerebral cortex. (lookformedical.com)
Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. (lookformedical.com)
The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, separated at the midline by the crista galli, contains multiple small foramina through which the olfactory nerve fibers, or fila olfactoria, traverse. (medscape.com)
Mitral cells are second-order neurons contacted by the olfactory nerve fibers at the glomerular layer of the bulb. (medscape.com)
Each mitral cell is contacted by at least 1000 olfactory nerve fibers. (medscape.com)

The whole-cell voltage clamp recordings of odorant-stimulated olfactory neurons indicate that endogenous Gi protein negatively regulates odorant-evoked intracellular signaling. (auburn.edu)

Activated olfactory receptors then activate intracellular G protein, guanine nucleotide-binding protein (GNAL), adenylate cyclase, and the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). (psychologic.science)

Neurotransmitter Receptors in the Basal Ganglia Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience . (neurotree.org)
Basal stem cells create new olfactory receptors using cell division. (sunmoonfest.com)
Basal cells are stem cells that give rise to the olfactory receptor cells (seen in the image below). (medscape.com)
The olfactory bulb lies inferior to the basal frontal lobe. (medscape.com)

Hyposmia, or reduced olfactory sensitivity, is often linked to neurological diseases, especially Alzheimer's, Parkinson 's and stroke. (starhealth.in)
Salmon OR array analysis indicated that Cd preferentially impacted expression of OST and OR markers for ciliated olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) relative to microvillus OSNs, suggesting a differential sensitivity of these two major OSN populations. (cdc.gov)

Although TBI is amongst the most common causes of olfactory dysfunction the relationship between injury severity and olfactory problems has not yet been investigated with validated and standardized methods in the first days following the TBI. (crnacs.com)
It may result in various olfactory dysfunction including a complete loss of smell. (lookformedical.com)
In summary, low-level Cd exposures associated with polluted waterways can induce differential and persistent olfactory dysfunction in juvenile coho salmon. (cdc.gov)
Fracture of the cribriform plate in traumatic settings can disrupt these fine fibers and lead to olfactory dysfunction. (medscape.com)

The olfactory nerve, also referred to as cranial nerve one or the first cranial nerve, is in charge of controlling the detection and identification of odours. (starhealth.in)

While at Duke, she invented a technique called CANE (capturing activated neural ensembles), which can identify networks of neurons that are activated by a particular stimulus. (scitechdaily.com)
In neonates, this area is a dense neural sheet, but, in children and adults, the respiratory and olfactory tissues interdigitate. (medscape.com)
The computations performed by a neural system such as the olfactory bulb are constrained by its architecture. (harvard.edu)
Optogenetically inhibiting or activating an olfactory neural circuit in C. elegans promoted the loss or gain of fat storage. (neurosciencenews.com)
They also determined that the neurons act through a selective neural circuit and a neuroendocrine pathway to directly regulate fat metabolism. (neurosciencenews.com)
Optogenetic activation or inhibition of the responsible olfactory neural circuit promotes the loss or gain of fat storage, respectively. (neurosciencenews.com)

This was for two reasons: (1) mice have a thin olfactory nerve layer compared to rats and this will favor drug access to the glomerular layer, and (2) transgenic G-CaMP2 mice express the fluorescent calcium sensor protein G-CaMP2 in mitral cells. (jneurosci.org)
Carlson GC, Shipley MT, Keller A (2000) Long-lasting depolarizations in mitral cells of the rat olfactory bulb. (yale.edu)
Chen WR, Shepherd GM (1997) Membrane and synaptic properties of mitral cells in slices of rat olfactory bulb. (yale.edu)
Olfactory sensory neurons are transduction cells that total about six million in humans (Moran et al. (psychologic.science)
The olfactory reception (OR) cells are neurons (nerve cells). (wikipedia.org)
These chemosensory GPCRs are expressed in highly specialized cells, the olfactory sensory neurons of the nose. (aspetjournals.org)
In these stem cells, called neuroblasts, oskar is required together with the ancient animal transcription factor Creb to regulate long-term (but not short-term) olfactory memory. (bvsalud.org)
In this study, we could easily identify sister cells because they responded to light shone on the same spatial location on the surface of the olfactory bulb. (harvard.edu)
Therefore, olfactory bulb circuits process the incoming information and send out smell information coded both in the average activity of output cells as well as the precise timing of their spikes. (harvard.edu)
In no other location in the mature nervous system do less differentiated stem cells replace neurons. (medscape.com)
Supporting cells are scattered among the receptor cells and have numerous microvilli and secretory granules, which empty their contents onto the mucosal surface. (medscape.com)
Pyramidal mitral cells are the largest neurons in the bulb and are located in a narrow band between the external and internal plexiform layers. (medscape.com)

The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the VOMERONASAL ORGAN via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here. (lookformedical.com)

Chemicals that dissolve in water or fats are often intense odorants. (sunmoonfest.com)

The few implications of ribonucleotides to playing an active part in what I will refer to as the extracellular side if the receptor neurons in the mucosa has largely been overlooked probably due to two factors: (1. (hiauthors.com)

The olfactory receptor neuron has a fast working negative feedback response upon depolarization. (wikipedia.org)
Inactivation of C2 or the closely related C3 neurons with highly specific intersectional driver lines consistently reproduced hyperactive climbing whereas strong or weak artificial depolarization of C2/C3 neurons strongly or mildly decreased climbing frequency. (nature.com)

Ovoid body resting on the CRIBRIFORM PLATE of the ethmoid bone where the OLFACTORY NERVE terminates. (lookformedical.com)

Häusler C, Nawrot M P and Schmuker M (2011): A spiking neuron classiﬁer network with a deep architecture inspired by the olfactory system of the honeybee. (fu-berlin.de)
According the article, DEET has been previously reported to either affect an insect's gustatory receptors to act as a chemorepellent or to affect an insect's olfactory system. (cosmeticsandtoiletries.com)
The smell is first processed by the olfactory system . (wikipedia.org)
This is due to an alteration in the entire olfactory (smelling) system and not just a decline in function. (starhealth.in)
Mice use ~1000 odorant receptor types in the main olfactory system to probe chemical space. (harvard.edu)
Contrast-manipulation experiments support our conclusion that C2/C3 neurons are part of the distance-evaluation system. (nature.com)
The olfactory system represents one of the oldest sensory modalities in the phylogenetic history of mammals. (medscape.com)

The research team can activate single receptor neurons out of 28 olfactory neurons in the larvae for this sensory perception. (sciencedaily.com)
Study links olfactory perception to fat storage. (neurosciencenews.com)
Olfactory perception is complex and highly regulated, explained Mutlu. (neurosciencenews.com)

Rodents primarily use olfactory cues to guide their behaviors, e.g., locating food, communicating with conspecifics, and avoiding danger. (upenn.edu)
Cadmium exposure differentially alters odorant-driven behaviors and expression of olfactory receptors in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). (cdc.gov)

Olfactory receptors are the largest gene family. (psychologic.science)

His interests and those of his research groups have included exploring the mechanisms of ion permeation and selectivity in ion channels, the relationship between the molecular structure and the physiological function of channels, such as those of the inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor glycine channel and the olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated channel, and investigating the factors that determine their ion permeation, selectivity and conductance. (edu.au)

Olfactory neurons relay the information to interneurons that interpret the information to command other neurons and peripheral tissues," Mutlu said. (neurosciencenews.com)

Since each glomerulus receives input from a single type of odorant receptor, each point on the surface of the olfactory bulb has a specific chemical response spectrum. (harvard.edu)

It advances when there is a signal elevated point between the olfactory receptors and the olfactory cortex. (starhealth.in)

Olfactory and non-sensory epithelia in the nose tend to be located in the path of olfactory and respiratory airflow, respectively. (silverchair.com)

Anatomy28

Organisms23

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs42

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment8

Psychiatry and Psychology7

Phenomena and Processes28

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science2

Health Care1

Odors20

Odor20

Epithelium19

Drosophila8

ORNs9

Glomeruli9

Sensory Neuron3

Cilia10

Antennal lobe3

Genes5

Proteins4

Vertebrates1

Bipolar neurons1

Molecules7

Unique to the olfactory1

Synapses2

Stimulation1

Axons5

Detect4

Responses5

Afferent1

Dendrites6

Million olfactory1

Group of neurons1

Functional5

Expresses1

Mucus1

Protein-coupled5

Antennae3

Insect2

Olfaction2

Bind1

Sense of sm5

Ligands1

Dendritic1

Cluster of neurons2

Nasal2

Signals5

Behavior2

Signal transduction2

Epithelial1

Patterns4

Insects1

Brain7

Nerve Fibers5

Regulates1

Intracellular G-protein1

Basal4

Sensitivity2

Dysfunction4

Cranial nerve1

Neural6

Cells12

Projection1

Dissolve1

Mucosa1

Depolarization2

Cribriform plate1

System7

Perception3

Behaviors2

Largest gene family1

Mechanisms1

Interneurons1

Glomerulus1

Cortex1

Nose1