In the locust, olfactory information is sent from peripheral olfactory organs to the antennal lobe (AL) and is then carried as the oscillatory output of a synchronized population of projection neurons (PNs) ( Wehr and Laurent, 1996 ) to two higher olfactory centers. (jneurosci.org)
Using a variety of imaging techniques, the team traced connections made by neurons in the reniform body and discovered that it contains a number of distinct, interacting subsections. (eurekalert.org)
The antennal lobe is a sphere-shaped deutocerebral neuropil in the brain that receives input from the olfactory sensory neurons in the antennae and mouthparts. (wikipedia.org)
In insects, the olfactory pathway starts at the antennae (though in some insects like Drosophila there are olfactory sensory neurons in other parts of the body) from where the sensory neurons carry the information about the odorant molecules impinging on the antenna to the antennal lobe. (wikipedia.org)
Each olfactory sensory neuron expresses a single odorant receptor type and targets the same glomeruli as other olfactory sensory neurons expressing that receptor type, such that each glomeruli houses all or the majority of sensory neurons of a given receptor type. (wikipedia.org)
Projection neurons, which generally receive information from a single glomerulus, project to higher brain centers such as the mushroom body and the lateral horn. (wikipedia.org)
We characterized an olfactory-processing pathway, comprised of inhibitory projection neurons (iPNs) that target the LH exclusively, at morphological, functional and behavioral levels. (elifesciences.org)
In most insects with olfactory glomeruli, each side of the brain possesses a mushroom body equipped with calyces supplied by olfactory projection neurons. (elsevierpure.com)
For instance, in the human brain, odour information is detected by sensory neurons in the nose and transmitted to a first processing center, the olfactory bulb of the brain. (researchpod.org)
Silva B, Mantha OL, Schor J,Pascual A, Plaçais PY, Pavlowsky A* , Preat T* (2022) Glia fuel neurons with locally synthesized ketone bodies to sustain memory under starvation. (espci.fr)
Mushroom body output neurons encode valence and guide memory-based action selection in Drosophila. (espci.fr)
Two pairs of mushroom body efferent neurons are required for appetitive long-term memory retrieval in Drosophila. (espci.fr)
Here, we focused our attention on the mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) of the γ-lobes that act as downstream synaptic partners of the MB γ-Kenyon cells (KCs) to ask how the output of the MB γ-lobe is shaped by olfactory associative conditioning, distinguishing this from non-associative stimulus exposure effects, and without the influence of downstream modulation. (nih.gov)
Drosophila6
Target neuron prespecification in the olfactory map of Drosophila" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
Turrel O, Rabah Y, Plaçais PY, Goguel V, Preat T. (2020) Drosophila Middle-Term Memory: Amnesiac is Required for PKA Activation in the Mushroom Bodies, a Function Modulated by Neprilysin 1. (espci.fr)
Communication from Learned to Innate Olfactory Processing Centers Is Required for Memory Retrieval in Drosophila. (espci.fr)
A GABAergic feedback shapes dopaminergic input on the Drosophila mushroom body to promote appetitive long-term memory. (espci.fr)
Upregulated energy metabolism in the Drosophila mushroom body is the trigger for long-term memory. (espci.fr)
Two independent mushroom body output circuits retrieve the six discrete components of Drosophila aversive memory. (espci.fr)
Glomeruli1
In arthropods, primary sensory brain areas project to higher-order centers, such as connections from olfactory glomeruli to the mushroom bodies in insects, chelicerates, and myriapods, and from the olfactory lobes to the hemiellipsoid bodies in malacostracan crustaceans. (case.edu)
Insects7
Reniform bodies have not been identified in insects and may be uniquely crustacean attributes, the researchers say. (eurekalert.org)
The antennal lobe is the primary (first order) olfactory brain area in insects. (wikipedia.org)
Other insects, such as honey bees and hawk moths, have olfactory systems with a similar architecture and might also employ a similar spatial approach to encode information regarding the intensity and identity of odors. (elifesciences.org)
That mushroom bodies persist in brains of secondarily anosmic insects suggests that they play roles in higher functions other than olfaction. (elsevierpure.com)
Mushroom bodies are not ubiquitous: the most basal living insects, the wingless Archaeognatha, possess glomerular antennal lobes but lack mushroom bodies, suggesting that the ability to process airborne odorants preceded the acquisition of mushroom bodies. (elsevierpure.com)
Another seemingly significant connection is with a neurological structure commonly found in insects called a mushroom body . (sciencealert.com)
In insects, this process is localized to the mushroom body (MB), the circuitry of which facilitates the coincident detection of sensory stimuli and punishing or rewarding cues and, downstream, the execution of appropriate learned behaviors. (nih.gov)
Lobes3
Alternatively, they might be homologous to a structure found in insect brains called the lateral horn, which sits between the optic lobes and the mushroom bodies. (eurekalert.org)
Such taxa retain mushroom body lobes that are as elaborate as those of mushroom bodies equipped with calyces. (elsevierpure.com)
In my lab, we are investigating how insect and crustacean brains encode salient sensory information in the olfactory lobes and mushroom bodies. (case.edu)
Aversive olfactory1
In conclusion, associative synaptic plasticity underlying aversive olfactory learning is localized to one distinct synaptic γKC-to-γMBON connection. (nih.gov)
Brains3
One of the study's crucial findings was that neural connections link the reniform bodies to centers called mushroom bodies, iconic structures of arthropod brains that are required for olfactory learning and memory. (eurekalert.org)
Archaeognathan brains are like those of higher malacostracans, which lack mushroom bodies but have elaborate olfactory centers laterally in the brain. (elsevierpure.com)
The mushroom bodies are higher-order structures of arthropod brains that integrate incoming sensory information with positive or negative experiences, such as rewards or punishments. (researchpod.org)
Lateral3
Strausfeld pointed out that fruit fly research done by other groups showed that the lateral horn is crucial in assigning values to learned olfactory information. (eurekalert.org)
addressed how attractiveness or repulsiveness of a smell, and also the strength of a smell, are processed by a part of the olfactory system called the lateral horn in fruit flies. (elifesciences.org)
Structures such as the visual cortex, optic nerve, optic chiasm, and lateral geniculate bodies are defined and described. (clipsforclass.com)
Interestingly, the honey bee olfactory system harbors two central parallel pathways, whose functions remain largely unknown. (jneurosci.org)
The researchers used classical staining and microscopy techniques to follow the pathways of nerves connecting the reniform bodies in mantis shrimps (seen in the box below) to other brain parts, creating a kind of functional map for their visual system. (sciencealert.com)
Structures1
However, mushroom body structures are diverse, adapted to different ecologies, and likely to serve various functions. (elsevierpure.com)
Encode1
The LH has also been proposed to encode innate olfactory preferences. (jneurosci.org)
Organs1
connected to veins and lymph system of the eyeball which permit aqueous outflow Scintigram (also scintiscan) Image obtained using the technique of scintigraphy Scintigraphy Method of examination in which a recording is made of how radioactive substances administered beforehand are deposited in certain organs and tissues in the body Sclera The tough outer white coating of the eyeball Sclerosis Pathological hardening of tissue. (mpdoctors.com)
Associative1
A role for the mushroom bodies in learning and memory has also been suggested by chemical ablation of the mushroom body neuroblasts, and a consequent lack of the mushroom body abolishes olfactory associative learning by the adult fly. (binaryoptioninc.com)
Insect2
The fact that we were now able to demonstrate that the reniform body is also connected to the mushroom body and provides information to it, suggests that olfactory processing may take place in the context of already established visual memories," said Strausfeld, Regents Professor of neuroscience and director of the Center for Insect Science at the University of Arizona. (eurekalert.org)
Decades of research have revealed that in the insect brain, odours evoke activity in small groups of Kenyon cells of the mushroom body. (researchpod.org)
Called the reniform1
The research team discovered a region of the mantis shrimp brain they called the reniform ("kidney-shaped") body. (eurekalert.org)
Strictly speaking, crustaceans aren't thought to have mushroom bodies , but stomatopods have something that for all purposes seems to serve the same purpose. (sciencealert.com)
Integrate1
These higher centers integrate visual, olfactory and haptic inputs, and have been described as "learning and memory" neuropils. (case.edu)
Strausfeld1
A couple of years ago , Strausfeld and his colleagues showed the reniform bodies in crabs served as centres for learning and memory. (sciencealert.com)
Crabs2
In 2016, an Argentinian group discovered that, in crabs, what are now known as reniform bodies act as secondary centers for learning and memory. (eurekalert.org)
In addition to mantis shrimp, malacostracans include crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill and other less familiar species that together account for about 40,000 living species and a great diversity of body forms. (eurekalert.org)
Nose1
First sign of glaucoma Semi-malignant tumor Semi-malignant growth which does not normally form secondary tumors (metastases) Septum deviation Deviation of the septum of the nose from the bisecting line Serous Consisting predominantly of serum Sialedenitis Inflammation of a salivary gland Siderosis bulbi Deposition of waste products of foreign bodies containing iron. (mpdoctors.com)
Reniform body4
Mantis shrimp seem to be able to process all of the different channels of information with the participation of the reniform body, a region of the animal's brain found in the eye stalks that support its two protruding eyes. (eurekalert.org)
Mantis shrimp most likely use these subsections of the reniform body to process different types of color information coming in and organize it in a way that makes sense to the rest of the brain," said lead author Thoen. (eurekalert.org)
The discovery of the reniform body, however, is not limited to mantis shrimp. (eurekalert.org)
As a starting place, the research team focussed on a kidney-shaped blob of nerve cells packed inside each eye stalk, called a reniform body. (sciencealert.com)
Brain1
These findings support the combinatorial coding scheme and suggest that higher-order brain centers reading out these combinatorial activity patterns may eventually classify olfactory signals according to their biological meaning. (jneurosci.org)
Adult1
Amnesiac is required in the adult mushroom body for memory formation. (espci.fr)
Mechanism1
high ant mound that had a unique olfactory defense mechanism. (thesofialog.com)
Mushroom Bodies" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (ucdenver.edu)
Visual2
One particular subunit is connected to a deep visual center called the lobula, which is structurally comparable to a simplified visual cortex. (eurekalert.org)
Mushroom bodies of another basal taxon, the Odonata, possess a remnant calyx that may reflect the visual ecology of this group. (elsevierpure.com)
Functions1
Uncovering the functions of ABPs in olfactory recognition of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), is fundamental to revealing the molecular mechanisms of olfaction of the moth. (insect.org.cn)
Thought2
One center, the mushroom body (MB), has been studied extensively and is thought to be a site for olfactory learning ( Davis, 2011 ). (jneurosci.org)
We provide evidence for a feature-based map in the LH, and elucidate its role as the center for integrating behaviorally relevant olfactory information. (elifesciences.org)