Interval to estrusDelayed pubertyDiestrusOvulationFemalesFixed-time artificial inseminationOnsetDetectionReproductiveArtificial inseminationSexually receptiveCowsFertility0.05ProgesteroneCIDRFollicularPostpartumUterusBehaviorMenstrual cycleLastsHormonal controlOocyteSynchronousMare'sRegularityDurationMalesEmbryoSignificantlyProtocolsGenesPhasesDaysCattleSuppressionOccursMareOvarianVulvaDifferencesTimeRatsMiceResultsPatternsExpressionPeriodNormal
Interval to estrus2
- The current study tested the hypotheses that: 1) breeds vary in postpartum interval to estrus (PPIE) and estrous cycle length, 2) a longer estrous cycle immediately before breeding increased pregnancy rates, and 3) a greater number of cycles before breeding increased conception rates. (unl.edu)
- When a physiological dose of GnRH was administered at CIDR removal during a synchronization protocol estrus expression, interval to estrus, and conception rates to AI were improved. (usda.gov)
Delayed puberty1
- Female Jak2 G −/− mice exhibited significantly delayed puberty and first estrus, abnormal estrous cyclicity, and impaired fertility. (jneurosci.org)
Diestrus2
- The resting period between diestrus and the next heat cycle. (merckvetmanual.com)
- Moreover, Cnih3 knock-out drove subtle but extensive expression changes accentuating sex differential expression at diestrus and estrus. (wustl.edu)
Ovulation5
- Although ovulation (release of the egg from the follicle on the ovary) usually occurs 23--48 hours after the onset of estrus, this event is extremely variable. (missouri.edu)
- Administration of PGF 2α (25 mg, IM) or prostaglandin analogue (cloprostenol at 500 mcg, IM) to cows with a functional corpus luteum starting 5 days after ovulation results in estrus ~2-6 days later. (msdvetmanual.com)
- Two PGF 2α injections given 12-14 days apart synchronize estrus and ovulation in most cows. (msdvetmanual.com)
- The regular female reproductive cycle of most placental mammals that is under hormonal control and includes a period of heat, followed by ovulation and complex changes of the uterine lining. (yourdictionary.com)
- The end result is a failure of ovulation at the time of estrus. (msdvetmanual.com)
Females5
- Heat detection can also be used to monitor onset of puberty in heifers, regularity of estrous cycles in breeding age females, and breeding effectiveness of natural service sires via returns to heat in the cow herd. (msucares.com)
- Females can have estrous or fertile periods at any time of the year, but they are most common in the spring . (moviecultists.com)
- In females, the hippocampus, a critical brain region for coordination of learning, memory, and behavior, displays altered physiology and behavioral output across the estrous or menstrual cycle. (wustl.edu)
- In cattle, a successful hormonal control of estrus requires healthy females of adequate age, weight, and nutrition status. (msdvetmanual.com)
- According obtained results we could conclude those hormonal treatments didn't change the mains sexual behavior of estrous cycle of equine females. (bvsalud.org)
Fixed-time artificial insemination2
- Experiment 2 was designed to evaluate later timing of fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) with sex-sorted semen among postpartum beef cows following the 7 and 7 Synch protocol, with the hypothesis that later timing would result in increased pregnancy rates (P/AI) among cows that expressed estrus prior to FTAI. (umsystem.edu)
- Estrus detection aids (EstrotectTM) were applied to all cows on Day 14, and activation status was recorded at fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) on Day 17. (umsystem.edu)
Onset5
- It is absolutely vital to the success of each breeding for the producer to be accurate in estimating the onset of estrus. (missouri.edu)
- Upon estrus onset (EO) detection, the goats were immediately removed from the pens. (scielo.br)
- However, even with the use of hormonal protocols, small ruminants present a high degree of estrus onset dispersion( 3 3 Gómez JD, Balasch S, Gómez LD, Martino A, Fernández N. A Comparison between intravaginal progestogen and melatonin implant treatments on the reproductive efficiency of ewes. (scielo.br)
- Utilizing an estrus synchronization protocol with a sustained use of progesterone before the breeding season advances the onset of puberty within heifers. (msucares.com)
- 2) Onset of estrus. (extension.org)
Detection9
- To obtain a high conception rate and litter size, estrous detection (heat checking) must be done carefully and without fail. (missouri.edu)
- The importance of estrous detection in an AI system cannot be overemphasized. (missouri.edu)
- Twice-daily estrous detection is more effective than once-daily detection, although it is also more time- and labor-consuming. (missouri.edu)
- Estrus detection aids were applied to all cows. (umsystem.edu)
- The most limiting factor in AI programs is the proper detection in estrus or standing heat. (beefmagazine.com)
- Time to estrus is more variable than with progesterone suppression, so artificial insemination (AI) should be based on detection of estrus. (msdvetmanual.com)
- Cows should be artificially inseminated between 0 and 20 hours after the second GnRH treatment without estrus detection. (msdvetmanual.com)
- There are many variations on this protocol, with addition of pretreatments, using steroids, PGF 2α , or GnRH treatments that can be used with or without estrus detection. (msdvetmanual.com)
- A combination of estrus detection and fixed-time AI may increase e pregnancy rates after AI compared with protocols that use only fixed-time AI. (msdvetmanual.com)
Reproductive11
- But what factors regulate their reproductive cycle? (qualitycage.com)
- The reproductive cycle in California sea otters is about 12 months. (seaworld.org)
- Heifers have reached puberty if they have resumed normal estrus function (cycling) after calving (typically 40 days or more postcalving), are free of reproductive disorders or reproductive tract infections, and are open. (msucares.com)
- Evaluation of cervical mucus and reproductive efficiency of seasonally anovular dairy goats after short-term progestagen-based estrus induction protocols with different gonadotropins. (scielo.br)
- The use of reproductive biotechniques, such as the application of exogenous hormones, is hereby essential to achieving higher rates of estrus response and synchrony to guarantee the efficiency of a FxTAI program( 2 2 Fonseca JF, Souza-Fabjan JMG, Oliveira MEF, Cruz RC, Esteves L, Paiva MPSLM, Brandão FZ, Mancio AB. (scielo.br)
- When trying to determine where a mare is at in terms of her cycle or pregnancy, because of the sheer size of the horse, the transducer is placed inside the mareʼs rectum directly overtop of the reproductive tract. (westernhorsereview.com)
- A comprehensive list of current recommended estrus synchronization protocols utilizing progesterone (CIDR/MGA) can be found on the Beef Reproductive Task Force website ( https://beefrepro.org/ ). (msucares.com)
- Since mares are seasonal polyestrous and are erratic in their cycles during the transition period from anestrus to the breeding season, we must evaluate the reproductive tract and associated structures in relation to the time or stage of the breeding season. (extension.org)
- However, as the mare begins to cycle, the reproductive organs undergo dramatic changes. (extension.org)
- It fails to ovulate due to hormonal abnormalities in some post-partum cows, resulting in a stalled reproductive cycle. (msdvetmanual.com)
- It is a reproductive cycle that occurs in female dogs, and it is a sign that they are ready to mate and reproduce. (petreader.net)
Artificial insemination1
Sexually receptive2
- The two or three days that the female is sexually receptive is termed estrus. (missouri.edu)
- This cycle usually lasts four to five days, with 12 hours of estrus phase, when the female rat is sexually receptive and can mate with a male rat. (qualitycage.com)
Cows8
- 629/769) resulting in a greater proportion of cows expressing estrus (82 percent [629/769] versus 64 percent [492/769]), especially among cows with greater DPP. (umsystem.edu)
- In conclusion, later timing of FTAI following the 7 and 7 Synch protocol failed to improve P/AI of estrous cows inseminated h sex-sorted semen. (umsystem.edu)
- Cows were classified as having 0, 1, 2, or 3 observed estrous cycles before breeding. (unl.edu)
- Simmental-sired cows had the shortest PPIE and greatest number of cycles before breeding, whereas Limousin-sired cows had the longest PPIE and least number of cycles before breeding. (unl.edu)
- Cows with a greater number of cycles before breeding did not have greater conception rates than cows that had not exhibited standing estrus before breeding (P = 0.87). (unl.edu)
- In cows that cycled before breeding, the length of the estrous cycle immediately before breeding was influenced by dam breed and BCS (P (unl.edu)
- Cows out of Hereford dams had shorter estrous cycles than cows out of MARC III or Angus dams, and estrous cycle length increased as BCS increased. (unl.edu)
- Therefore, previously anestrous cows were just as likely to conceive as cows that had cycled before breeding, and an increased number of observed estrous cycles before breeding did not increase conception rates. (unl.edu)
Fertility2
- duration of the estrous cycle, sexual behavior, and fertility after natural mating. (scielo.br)
- Your mare's fertility and the oestrus cycle are visibly improved. (egitrading.com)
0.051
- Conception rate decreased as length of the estrous cycle immediately before breeding increased (P = 0.05, −2.2% per d of cycle length). (unl.edu)
Progesterone1
- The primary hormones involved are estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the various stages of the menstrual cycle. (petreader.net)
CIDR1
- A controlled intravaginal drug-release (CIDR) device may also be used for estrus synchronization. (msdvetmanual.com)
Follicular2
- Preovulatory estradiol has been reported to play a critical role in follicular cell growth, initiation of estrus, oocyte maturation, sperm transport, uterine environment, and embryo survival. (usda.gov)
- An important component of the etiology of cystic ovary disease is the failure of positive feedback of follicular estrogen on the hypothalamus via estrogen receptor alpha to release sufficient gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) during estrus to trigger a luteinizing hormone surge. (msdvetmanual.com)
Postpartum1
- If a female's pup does not survive, she may experience postpartum estrus. (seaworld.org)
Uterus2
- In this study, we focus on the expression of RHAMM in the rat uterus during estrous cycle and implantation period. (jri.ir)
- The uterus undergoes extensive remodeling during estrous cycle and embryo implantation (10). (jri.ir)
Behavior2
- Is there a difference in a dog's behavior during their menstrual cycle? (petreader.net)
- Spaying and neutering are the most effective ways to manage a dog's menstrual cycle, and it is essential to monitor your dog's behavior and health during this time. (petreader.net)
Menstrual cycle15
- A dog's menstrual cycle, also known as their heat cycle, is a natural process that occurs in female dogs. (petreader.net)
- It is essential to understand the menstrual cycle of your dog to take proper care of her during this time. (petreader.net)
- It is also crucial to know how to manage your dog's menstrual cycle, which can help prevent unwanted pregnancies, behavioral changes, and other health concerns. (petreader.net)
- A dog's menstrual cycle is different from that of humans, and it is known as estrus. (petreader.net)
- The menstrual cycle in dogs lasts for an average of three weeks and can occur every six months to a year. (petreader.net)
- During the menstrual cycle, the dog's hormones fluctuate, leading to behavioral changes and physical symptoms. (petreader.net)
- A dog's menstrual cycle consists of four stages. (petreader.net)
- During the estrus stage of a dog's menstrual cycle, she may display behavioral changes such as increased affection, restlessness, excessive licking of the genital area, and seeking out male dogs for mating. (petreader.net)
- Some dogs may display an increased level of aggression during their menstrual cycle, especially during the estrus stage. (petreader.net)
- During a dog's menstrual cycle, her appetite and activity levels may also change. (petreader.net)
- There are several ways to manage a dog's menstrual cycle. (petreader.net)
- You can also use dog diapers or sanitary pads to manage the bloody discharge during the menstrual cycle. (petreader.net)
- During a dog's menstrual cycle, they may be at an increased risk of certain health concerns such as pyometra, a uterine infection, and mammary gland tumors. (petreader.net)
- Understanding a dog's menstrual cycle is essential for responsible pet ownership. (petreader.net)
- By taking proper care of your dog during her menstrual cycle, you can ensure her health and well-being. (petreader.net)
Lasts2
- Typically, the heat cycle lasts between 14 and 19 days, so a female can go in and out of heat every two or three weeks . (moviecultists.com)
- The second stage is estrus, which lasts for an average of nine days. (petreader.net)
Hormonal control1
- The minimum body condition score for a satisfactory hormonal control of estrus in beef cattle is 5 (scale 1-9) and for dairy cattle 2.5 (scale 1-5). (msdvetmanual.com)
Oocyte1
- There may be an influence of the length of estrous cycle immediately before breeding on conception rates, possibly because a longer estrous cycle results in a persistent follicle with greater potential for a lower quality oocyte. (unl.edu)
Synchronous2
Mare's2
- Many natural factors-as well as disorders-can affect the estrous cycle and the mare's ability to show heat. (thehorse.com)
- It stimulates the mare's oestrous cycle. (egitrading.com)
Regularity1
- Environmental factors such as light and temperature changes, especially longer daylight hours, can influence cycle regularity. (qualitycage.com)
Duration1
- The duration of behavioural alterations indicative of oestrus was recorded in 22 young cats during two consecutive oestrous periods. (vin.com)
Males3
- During estrus, the signs of increased receptivity to males are unmistakable. (qualitycage.com)
- We therefore profiled dorsal hippocampal transcriptomes from female mice in each estrous cycle stage, and contrasted it with that of males, across wild-type (WT) and Cnih3 mutants. (wustl.edu)
- Surprisingly, Cnih3 knock-outs (KOs) showed far broader transcriptomic differences between estrous cycle stages and males. (wustl.edu)
Embryo1
- It is known that RHAMM plays an important role in several cellular events, but the role of RHAMM during estrous cycle and embryo implantation has not been investigated much. (jri.ir)
Significantly1
- The results showed that hPMSC transplantation can significantly recover the estrus cycle in the POF group. (biomedcentral.com)
Protocols2
- This reference is a valuable tool to check annually to determine if current estrus synchronization protocols should be updated. (msucares.com)
- There are also Bos Indicus -specific protocols that work well in Indicus -influenced cattle, but the priority in these animals is using protocols that jumpstart estrus. (msucares.com)
Genes2
- In wild types, we identified only subtle differences in gene expression between the sexes, while comparing estrous stages to one another revealed up to .1000 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). (wustl.edu)
- These estrous-responsive genes are especially enriched in gene markers of oligodendrocytes and the dentate gyrus, and in functional gene sets relating to estrogen response, potassium channels, and synaptic gene splicing. (wustl.edu)
Phases1
- The utreri of rats were collected according to estrous cycle phases (menstruation group). (jri.ir)
Days4
- The estrous cycle in the pig averages 21 days but can range from 17 to 25 days. (missouri.edu)
- In gilts, estrus may last only a day or two, while a sow may be in estrus for three days. (missouri.edu)
- Female rats have an estrous cycle every four to five days, with the receptive estrus phase lasting about 12 hours. (qualitycage.com)
- Asian small-clawed otters have a 24- to 30-day estrous cycle, with three days of estrus. (seaworld.org)
Cattle4
- Estrus in cattle is commonly referred to as heat. (msucares.com)
- Characterization of biological types of cattle (Cycle VII): Influence " by R. A. Cushman, M. F. Allan et al. (unl.edu)
- The suckling effect of the calf has a potential negative effect on estrus synchronization in beef cattle. (msdvetmanual.com)
- It is labeled for estrus synchronization in beef and dairy cattle. (msdvetmanual.com)
Suppression1
- The objective of the study was to estimate the impact of proligestone administration on the suppression of oestrus and on the prevention of recurrence of feline oestrous cycle and its probable unwanted effects. (vin.com)
Occurs2
- In fact, a sow may ovulate before estrus occurs. (missouri.edu)
- If no fertilization occurs, the lining breaks down, and the cycle repeats. (qualitycage.com)
Mare1
- These data support the existence of a spermatozoal reservoir in the oviductal isthmus of the mare and suggest that there may be cycle stage-specific regulation of both motility and the number of spermatozoa attached to oviductal epithelium. (tamu.edu)
Ovarian1
- Ultrasonography is particularly beneficial for monitoring a mareʼs cycle, ovarian or uterine disease and pregnancy. (westernhorsereview.com)
Vulva1
- One is letting the puppy go through an estrous cycle in the hope that the vulva will mature and change shape. (vin.com)
Differences1
- Breed differences in PPIE and estrous cycle length suggest that there are genetic components to these traits. (unl.edu)
Time3
- Standing heat is the time in her estrous cycle when a cow/heifer is receptive mounting activity by a bull or other herd mates. (beefmagazine.com)
- The number of spermatozoa that bound to explants was affected by stage of cycle, anatomic origin of explant, and time in co-culture (p (tamu.edu)
- showed, for the first time, that RHAMM is differentially expressed during all stages of preimplantation human embryos and human embryonic stem cells (hESC), and indicated that RHAMM knockdown results in down-regulation of several pluripotency markers in hESCs, induction of early extraembryonic lineage, loss of cell viability, and changes in hESC cycle (2). (jri.ir)
Rats6
- Breeders, pet owners, and researchers all benefit from understanding the rats' breeding cycle. (qualitycage.com)
- Female rats go through a recurring cycle known as the estrous cycle. (qualitycage.com)
- The estrous cycle in rats takes four steps that prepare the female rats for breeding. (qualitycage.com)
- Female rats may enter their first estrous cycle by five weeks of age, but waiting until three months before allowing them to breed is a good idea if you're a breeder. (qualitycage.com)
- Older rats may experience decreased cycle frequency, but male pheromones can stimulate more regular cycles in female rats. (qualitycage.com)
- Methods: The female adult rats were divided into six groups following estrous cycle determination (n=36). (jri.ir)
Mice1
- Recently, profiling of mice null for the AMPA receptor trafficking gene Cnih3 have demonstrated estrous-dependent phenotypes in dorsal hippocampal synaptic plasticity, composition, and learning/memory. (wustl.edu)
Results1
- Essentially all signs relate to disruption of the normal endocrine events of the estrous cycle that results from this failure of ovulatory events. (msdvetmanual.com)
Patterns1
- Altogether, our profiling highlights cell types and molecular systems potentially impacted by estrous-specific gene expression patterns in the adult dorsal hippocampus, enabling mechanistic hypothesis genera-tion for future studies of sex-differential neuropsychiatric function and dysfunction. (wustl.edu)
Expression1
- Ozbilgin K, Boz B, Tuğyan K, Inan S, Vatansever S. RHAMM Expression in the Rat Endometrium during the Estrous Cycle and following Implantation. (jri.ir)
Period3
- Estrus-Mating period. (merckvetmanual.com)
- The animals were observed for oestrous behaviour for a 12-week period following NS, 1st, 2nd and 3rd proligestone administration. (vin.com)
- The fourth and final stage is anestrus, which is a period of rest between the menstrual cycles. (petreader.net)
Normal1
- During the 1st oestrus (puberty), the animals received no treatment while on the 2nd day of overt oestrous sign manifestation of the 2nd oestrus, 18 cats were sc treated with proligestone (33 mg/kg) while the remaining 4 cats received normal saline (NS, 0.33 ml/kg), sc. (vin.com)