Odor olfactory pathways. Medical search. Frequent questions

Using optophysiological recordings of projection neurons, we compared the responses of these two pathways to 27 known honey bee pheromonal compounds emitted by the brood, the workers, and the queen. (jneurosci.org)
We show that while queen mandibular pheromone is processed by l-ALT (lateral antennal lobe tract) neurons and brood pheromone is mainly processed by m-ALT (median antennal lobe tract) neurons, worker pheromones induce redundant activity in both pathways. (jneurosci.org)
The various lines helped researchers pinpoint the neurons involved in signal transfer and to precisely locate the neuronal site of the interaction of two odors. (scitechdaily.com)
As humans age, the number of olfactory neurons steadily decreases. (medscape.com)
In addition to the olfactory neurons, the epithelium is composed of supporting cells, Bowman glands and ducts unique to the olfactory epithelium, and basal cells that allow for the regeneration of the epithelium, including the olfactory sensory neurons. (medscape.com)
In the locust, olfactory information is sent from peripheral olfactory organs to the antennal lobe (AL) and is then carried as the oscillatory output of a synchronized population of projection neurons (PNs) ( Wehr and Laurent, 1996 ) to two higher olfactory centers. (jneurosci.org)
Viruses can lead to olfactory dysfunction by causing damage to the upper respiratory tract and olfactory neurons. (rdhmag.com)
Odor-evoked c-Fos responses along the olfactory pathway were abolished in mice lacking mTOR in VIP neurons, which is consistent with reduced olfactory sensitivity in these animals. (concordia.ca)
We find that while medium-chain alcohols inhibit the AWC olfactory neurons to drive attraction, these alcohols instead activate AWC to promote avoidance when presented in the background of a second AWC-sensed odorant. (plos.org)
Although mechanisms operating at the level of single sensory neuron types or sensilla in the periphery have also been implicated in this process [ 14 - 21 ], the contributions of sensory neurons to mediating odorant discrimination and olfactory behavioral plasticity are not fully understood. (plos.org)
By measuring the responses of projection neurons to attractive, repulsive and neutral odorants and examining their morphologies, it will be tested whether different attractive and repulsive odors are encoded by dedicated neural pathways. (iitk.ac.in)
It is formed by the axons of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS which project from the olfactory epithelium (in the nasal epithelium) to the OLFACTORY BULB. (lookformedical.com)
Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins (RECEPTORS, ODORANT) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. (lookformedical.com)
The ability to detect scents or odors, such as the function of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS. (lookformedical.com)
A ubiquitous, cytoplasmic protein found in mature OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS of all VERTEBRATES. (lookformedical.com)
Proteins, usually projecting from the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons, that specifically bind odorant molecules and trigger responses in the neurons. (lookformedical.com)
Higher-order olfactory neurons in the lateral horn support odor valence and odor identity coding in Drosophila. (mpg.de)
Third-order neurons in the lateral horn enhance bilateral contrast of odor inputs through contralateral inhibition in Drosophila. (mpg.de)
Olfactory bulb output neurons (mitral and tufted cells) receive exclusive input from a single glomerulus, and project broadly to all nine regions of the olfactory cortex. (fsu.edu)
The glomerular layer receives direct input from olfactory nerves, made up of the axons from approximately ten million olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory mucosa , a region of the nasal cavity . (wikidoc.org)
The ends of the axons cluster in spherical structures known as glomeruli such that each glomerulus receives input primarily from olfactory receptor neurons that express the same olfactory receptor . (wikidoc.org)
Glomeruli are also permeated by dendrites from neurons called mitral cells , which in turn output to the olfactory cortex . (wikidoc.org)
As a neural circuit, the olfactory bulb has one source of sensory input (axons from olfactory receptor neurons of the olfactory epithelium), and one output (mitral cell axons). (wikidoc.org)
By analogy to similar parts of the brain such as the retina , many researchers have focused on how the olfactory bulb filters incoming information from receptor neurons in space, or how it filters incoming information in time. (wikidoc.org)
It is not clear what the functional role of lateral inhibition would be, though it may be involved in boosting the signal-to-noise ratio of odor signals by silencing the basal firing rate of surrounding non-activated neurons. (wikidoc.org)
The specialized olfactory epithelial cells characterize the only group of neurons capable of regeneration. (medscape.com)
The continuous turnover and new supply of these neurons are unique to the olfactory system. (medscape.com)
The receptor cells are actually bipolar neurons, each possessing a thin dendritic rod that contains specialized cilia extending from the olfactory vesicle and a long central process that forms the fila olfactoria. (medscape.com)
The small, unmyelinated axons of the olfactory receptor cells form the fine fibers of the first cranial nerve and travel centrally toward the ipsilateral olfactory bulb to make contact with the second-order neurons. (medscape.com)
Mitral cells are second-order neurons contacted by the olfactory nerve fibers at the glomerular layer of the bulb. (medscape.com)
The microscopic molecules released by what surrounds us stimulate olfactory receptors located on the surface of specialized sensory cells called olfactory sensory neurons. (fondsperfumum.org)
These neurons are found in the olfactory epithelium at the bottom of the nasal cavity (inside the nose). (fondsperfumum.org)
These neurons are directly connected to the brain, where they send nerve information to a small structure called the olfactory bulb via the olfactory nerve. (fondsperfumum.org)
In addition, all olfactory neurons expressing the same receptor send their information to the same place in the olfactory bulb. (fondsperfumum.org)
In addition, it is important to know that odors can reach the olfactory sensory neurons through two distinct pathways: the nostrils (external pathway) and a canal connecting the palate to the nose (internal pathway). (fondsperfumum.org)
Chewing food releases aromas, which then reach the olfactory sensory neurons via this channel. (fondsperfumum.org)
Odorant binding proteins (OBPs) are small proteins secreted by auxiliary cells surrounding olfactory receptor neurons in the antennae of insects. (frontiersin.org)
conclude that for this species at least, dim red light is sufficient to cause olfactory receptor neurons in the antennae of males to become hypersensitive to components of the female sex pheromone, ultimately promoting reproductive behaviors in the adults moths. (frontiersin.org)

Using the Cre-LoxP system, the mTOR gene was specifically knocked out in cells expressing Vip (vasoactive intestinal peptide), which represent a major population of interneurons widely distributed in the neocortex, suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), olfactory bulb (OB), and other brain regions. (concordia.ca)
The main olfactory system originates from the olfactory mucosa and projects to the main olfactory bulb (MOB), while the VNO, described by Jacobson in 1813 ( Trotier and Doving, 1998 ) projects to the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB, see Figure 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
(C) A horizontal section through the main and accessory olfactory bulb. (frontiersin.org)
The arrows indicate the projections from the MOE to the main olfactory bulb (right) and from the VNO to the AOB (left). (frontiersin.org)
DFG Priority Programme SPP1392: 'Integrative Analysis of Olfaction' (first funding period), subproject ' Testing olfactory bulb chemotopy and deorphanizing olfactory receptors by combining in vivo functional imaging and virtual screening ' in collaboration with Hartwig Spors (MPI for Biophysics, Frankfurt/Main). (fu-berlin.de)
Automatic Segmentation of Odour Maps in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb using regularized Non-negative Matrix Factorization. (fu-berlin.de)
The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose DENDRITES the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. (lookformedical.com)
The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the VOMERONASAL ORGAN via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here. (lookformedical.com)
Their unmyelinated AXONS synapse in the OLFACTORY BULB of the BRAIN. (lookformedical.com)
We assessed olfactory bulb (OB) volume with magnetic resonance imaging in 67 healthy participants with a body mass index (BMI) from 18.9 to 45.4 kg/m 2 (mean = 28.58 ± 6.64). (frontiersin.org)
Maternal odor learning occurs using a simple learning circuit including robust olfactory bulb norepinephrine (NE), release from the locus ceruleus (LC), and amygdala suppression by low corticosterone (CORT). (diva-portal.org)
Normally reared paired pups exhibited typical odor approach learning and associated olfactory bulb enhanced 2-DG uptake. (diva-portal.org)
However, stressed-reared pups showed odor avoidance learning and both olfactory bulb and amygdala 2-DG uptake enhancement. (diva-portal.org)
Furthermore, stressed-reared pups had elevated CORT levels, and systemic CORT antagonist injection reestablished the age-appropriate odor-preference learning, enhanced olfactory bulb, and attenuated amygdala 2-DG. (diva-portal.org)
This was sufficient to produce odor aversion, as well as dual amygdala and olfactory bulb enhanced 2-DG uptake. (diva-portal.org)
Moreover, we assessed a unique cascade of neural events for the aberrant effects of stress rearing: the amygdala-LC-olfactory bulb pathway. (diva-portal.org)
Intra-amygdala CORT or intra-LC corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) infusion supported aversion learning with intra-LC CRH infusion associated with increased olfactory bulb NE (microdialysis). (diva-portal.org)
These results suggest that early-life stress disturbs attachment behavior via a unique cascade of events (amygdala-LC-olfactory bulb). (diva-portal.org)
Recent findings have shown that odors may activate spatially distributed sites in the olfactory bulb with a sparse, columnar-like organization of mitral and granule cells. (frontiersin.org)
The possible underlying circuitry and the computational properties of the olfactory bulb have been widely investigated experimentally, especially in terms of odor selectivity and dynamics of cell responses. (frontiersin.org)
For this purpose, we implemented a 2mm^2 3D model of the olfactory bulb (about 1/20th of the entire system). (frontiersin.org)
The input activity elicited in 127 glomeruli in the dorsal olfactory bulb during presentation of 19 natural odorants (kindly provided by Alan Carleton, from Vincis et al. (frontiersin.org)
This is the first 3D simulation of the olfactory bulb microcircuit using realistic cell properties and network connectivity. (frontiersin.org)
The figure shows a rendering of the olfactory bulb 3D model. (frontiersin.org)
Vincis R, Gschwend O, Bhaukaurally K, Beroud J, Carleton A (2011) Dense representation of natural odorants in the mouse olfactory bulb, Nat. (frontiersin.org)
Thus, the first representation of olfactory information, the map of glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, is highly amenable to genetic manipulation. (fsu.edu)
The olfactory bulb is a structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction , the perception of odors. (wikidoc.org)
In most vertebrates, the olfactory bulb is the most rostral (forward) part of the brain. (wikidoc.org)
In humans, however, the olfactory bulb is on the inferior (bottom) side of the brain. (wikidoc.org)
The olfactory bulb is supported and protected by the cribriform plate which in mammals, separates it from the olfactory epithelium , and which is perforated by olfactory nerve axons. (wikidoc.org)
The bulb is divided into two distinct structures, the main olfactory bulb, and the accessory olfactory bulb. (wikidoc.org)
The main olfactory bulb has a multi-layered cellular architecture. (wikidoc.org)
Numerous interneuron types exist in the olfactory bulb including periglomerular cells which synapse within and between glomeruli, and granule cells which synapse with mitral cells. (wikidoc.org)
The accessory olfactory bulb, which resides on the dorsal-posterior region of the main olfactory bulb, forms a parallel pathway independent from the main olfactory bulb. (wikidoc.org)
Like the main olfactory bulb, axonal input to the accessory olfactory bulb forms synapses with mitral cells within glomeruli. (wikidoc.org)
However, mitral cells in the accessory olfactory bulb project their axons to targets in the amygdala and hypothalamus where they may influence aggressive and mating behavior. (wikidoc.org)
Olfactory T. Bulb" visible at upper left. (wikidoc.org)
The olfactory bulb transmits smell information from the nose to the brain, and is thus necessary for a proper sense of smell. (wikidoc.org)
However, the olfactory bulb also receives "top-down" information from such brain areas as the amygdala , neocortex , hippocampus , locus coeruleus , and substantia nigra . (wikidoc.org)
While all of these functions could theoretically arise from the olfactory bulb's circuit layout, it is unclear which, if any, of these functions are performed exclusively by the olfactory bulb. (wikidoc.org)
The olfactory bulb lies inferior to the basal frontal lobe. (medscape.com)
The olfactory bulb is a highly organized structure composed of several distinct layers and synaptic specializations. (medscape.com)
It is feasible to argue the hypothesis of the involvement of the foetus' olfactory bulb as one of the indelible pathophysiological manifestations to the clinical diagnosis of COVID-19 with neurosensory olfactory deficit in foetuses and newborns affected by intrauterine infection. (bvsalud.org)

The increased willingness to mate in the presence of sufficient food is important with respect to reproductive success, which is probably why this rare synergistic interaction between the responses to two different odors has evolved. (scitechdaily.com)
The more general rule is that different odors rather inhibit each other and lead to mixture inhibition which allows the olfactory system not to become saturated when more than one odor is perceived," Silke Sachse emphasizes. (scitechdaily.com)
Smell training consists of sniffing at least four different odors every day for several months. (rdhmag.com)
The subjects were tested on how well they could smell a variety of odors by sniffing different odors for 30 seconds twice a day. (rdhmag.com)
She will first address the behavioral question of whether humans can spatially localize different odors in a psychophysical experiment. (berkeley.edu)
Researchers report it takes less than a tenth of a second for mice to distinguish between different odors. (neurosciencenews.com)
The functional effects of a network-wide process such as lateral inhibition, in relation to the patterns of glomeruli activated by different odors, remain thus relatively unknown and difficult to explore experimentally. (frontiersin.org)

It is a specialized pseudostratified neuroepithelium containing the primary olfactory receptors. (medscape.com)
To stimulate the olfactory receptors, airborne molecules must pass through the nasal cavity with relatively turbulent air currents and contact the receptors. (medscape.com)
Our results show that stimulation of the sensory receptors on the proboscis and/or ingestion of the sucrose reward during appetitive olfactory conditioning are necessary for long-term memory formation. (elsevierpure.com)
4 The literature states that parosmia that appears after COVID-19 is due to persistent degeneration of olfactory receptors. (rdhmag.com)
Researchers discover as much as 30% of the larger array of human olfactory receptors differ between individuals. (neurosciencenews.com)
Researchers explore the triggers for specific odor receptors and find no two people smell things the same way. (neurosciencenews.com)
Researchers discover odor receptors in the lungs. (neurosciencenews.com)
Researchers report that in the future, olfactory receptors could serve as a target for liver cancer diagnosis and treatments. (neurosciencenews.com)
A pheromone released by female zebrafish is sensed by the olfactory receptors of males, a new study reports. (neurosciencenews.com)
Set of nerve fibers conducting impulses from olfactory receptors to the cerebral cortex. (lookformedical.com)
Foretinib solubility Downstream signaling activities were also analyzed following activation of the receptors with putative OR ligands in lepidopteran cells that were either transfected with one or more of the cloned ORs or also co transfected with the promiscuous individual G 16 protein, which mediates downstream signaling by activating the phospholipase C pathway. (hsp70inhibitor.com)
What is the contribution of individual receptors to odor perception? (fsu.edu)
There are several hundred different olfactory receptors, each capable of detecting different molecules. (fondsperfumum.org)

Odor stimulated mTOR activation in the OB, anterior olfactory nucleus, as well as piriform cortex. (concordia.ca)
2012) Parallel mitral and tufted cell pathways route distinct odor information to different targets in the olfactory cortex, J. Neurosci. (frontiersin.org)
How does glomerular identity and location influence odor coding in the olfactory cortex? (fsu.edu)
odor identification) included the piriform cortex, though this was not significant. (dovepress.com)
1 , 2 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), measuring the Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) response to neural activation in the olfactory cortex, has particularly enabled the identification of cortical and subcortical brain structures that participate in olfactory processing. (dovepress.com)

Odorants can also be perceived by entering the nose posteriorly through the nasopharynx to reach the olfactory receptor via retronasal olfaction. (medscape.com)
The lateral horn (LH) of the insect brain is thought to play several important roles in olfaction, including maintaining the sparseness of responses to odors by means of feedforward inhibition, and encoding preferences for innately meaningful odors. (jneurosci.org)
Improving odor classification through self-organized lateral inhibition in a spiking olfaction-inspired network. (fu-berlin.de)
Thanks to our partnership with the Pasteur Institute in Paris, we were able to learn a lot about olfaction and how our brain is connected to our olfactory organ, the visible part of which is the nose. (fondsperfumum.org)
A new study published in Frontiers in Genetics shows that dim red light boosts sexual activity in a model species, the yellow peach moth Conogethes punctiferalis (family Crambidae), by selectively activating a genetic pathway related to olfaction in the antennae. (frontiersin.org)

(B) A coronal section of the main olfactory epithelium, dorsal to the upper right. (frontiersin.org)
It receives axonal input from the vomeronasal organ , a distinct sensory epithelium from the main olfactory epithelium that detects pheremones, among other chemical stimuli. (wikidoc.org)
Within the nasal cavity, the turbinates or nasal conchae serve to direct the inspired air toward the olfactory epithelium in the upper posterior region. (medscape.com)
The olfactory epithelium consists of 3 cell types: basal, supporting, and olfactory receptor cells. (medscape.com)
As previously mentioned, the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) sends fibers to the olfactory epithelium to detect caustic chemicals, such as ammonia. (medscape.com)

Vinegar odor boosts the perception of a male sex pheromone in the brain of unmated female Drosophila melanogaster flies, as a team of scientists from the Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology has now discovered. (scitechdaily.com)
Since a body of literature implies that olfactory perception and function is hampered in obesity, we here investigate neuroanatomical correlates of this phenomenon. (frontiersin.org)
Hence, changes in olfactory perception might be involved in unhealthy eating and potentially lead to weight gain. (frontiersin.org)
OdorScreen's technology is based on the concept of olfactory perception altering compounds. (aorangiforensics.co.nz)
It provides the human olfactory pathway with a source of cross-adapting odorants, thereby altering perception of the malodor. (aorangiforensics.co.nz)
We use a combination of genetic, optogenetic, optical imaging, and behavioral techniques in mice to explore how olfactory perception is mapped and encoded within the brain. (fsu.edu)
The olfactory system is a unique and powerful model for addressing how genetically-defined inputs to the brain contribute to stimulus perception. (fsu.edu)
How does glomerular organization influence odor perception? (fsu.edu)
What is the contribution of individual olfactory cortical regions to odor perception? (fsu.edu)
This study aims to assess the olfactory sensory perception of newborns of women who previously tested positive for COVID-19 during pregnancy compared to newborns of women who did not test positive for COVID-19 during pregnancy. (bvsalud.org)
It also aims to develop and validate a behavioural evaluation scale of olfactory sensory-perceptual perception in newborns. (bvsalud.org)
Cacosmia is the distorted perception of an odor. (slowfood.com)

Glomeruli are spherical functional units in the antennal lobe, the olfactory center in the fly brain. (scitechdaily.com)
Different neighboring glomeruli in the brain respond to the odor of vinegar, and the excitation from those glomeruli is transmitted to DA1 via electrical synapses," says first author, Sudeshna Das, who came to the Max Planck Institute as a fellow from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. (scitechdaily.com)
The glomerular layer is the most superficial layer, consisting of mitral cell dendritic arborizations (glomeruli), olfactory nerve fibers, and periglomerular cells. (medscape.com)

This neural pathway responds to various kinds of rewarding stimuli and modifies our behavior to receive more of them. (go.jp)
Aromatherapy is founded on the body's predictable response to specific olfactory stimuli. (ozarkswellness.com)

Fracture of the cribriform plate in traumatic settings can disrupt these fine fibers and lead to olfactory dysfunction. (medscape.com)

The male sex pheromone, in contrast to the vinegar, activates DA1 directly through the specialized olfactory receptor Or67d. (scitechdaily.com)

This study evaluated human Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) responses in primary and higher-order olfactory regions of older adults, using odor memory and odor identification tasks. (dovepress.com)

However, the memory of a conditioned odor decayed at a significantly greater rate for subjects experiencing antennal-only stimulation after either multiple- or single-trial conditioning. (elsevierpure.com)
Finally, to test whether the act of feeding on a reward containing sucrose during conditioning affected olfactory memory formation, we conditioned honey bees to associate an odor with antennal stimulation with sucrose followed by feeding on a water droplet. (elsevierpure.com)
We observed that a honey bee's ability to recall the conditioned odor was not significantly different from that of subjects conditioned with an antennal-only sucrose stimulus. (elsevierpure.com)
Schmuker M, Weidert M and Menzel R (2008): A network model for learing-induced changes in odor representation in the antennal lobe, in Proceedings of the Second french conference on Computational Neuroscience, Marseille, Laurent U. Perrinet and Emmanuel Daucé (ed. (fu-berlin.de)
Odor mixtures of opposing valence unveil inter-glomerular crosstalk in the Drosophila antennal lobe. (mpg.de)

And parosmia isn't triggered just by COVID-19-it's an olfactory dysfunction characterized by a misperception of existing odors, and is more frequently detected in patients with postinfectious olfactory dysfunction. (rdhmag.com)
It may result in various olfactory dysfunction including a complete loss of smell. (lookformedical.com)
Evidence exists for the presence of a specific facial phenotype in nonaffected first-degree relatives of persons with CL/P. An increased risk for olfactory dysfunction has also been reported in CL/P-relatives. (hindawi.com)
In addition, we show for the first time that olfactory dysfunction in relatives is correlated to a smaller upper nasal region. (hindawi.com)

Further, all LHNs we observed responded to all odors we tested, making it unlikely these LHNs serve as labeled lines mediating specific behavioral responses to specific odors. (jneurosci.org)
Physicochemical vs. vibrational descriptors for prediction of odor receptor responses. (fu-berlin.de)
Schmuker M, de Bruyne M, Hähnel M and Schneider, G (2007): Predicting olfactory receptor neuron responses from odorant structure, Chemistry Central Journal, 1:11. (fu-berlin.de)
We show that these opposing responses are driven via engagement of distinct odorant-directed signal transduction pathways within AWC. (plos.org)
These signals, which are not detected consciously as odors by the olfactory system, mediate human autonomic, psychological, and endocrine responses. (medscape.com)

The LH has also been proposed to encode innate olfactory preferences. (jneurosci.org)

Häusler C, Nawrot M P and Schmuker M (2011): A spiking neuron classiﬁer network with a deep architecture inspired by the olfactory system of the honeybee. (fu-berlin.de)
This context-dependent reversal of odorant preference is driven by cell-autonomous inversion of the response to these alcohols in the single AWC olfactory neuron pair. (plos.org)
Our results indicate that context-dependent recruitment of alternative intracellular signaling pathways within a single sensory neuron type conveys opposite hedonic valences, thereby providing a robust mechanism for odorant encoding and discrimination at the periphery. (plos.org)
The response profile of each olfactory sensory neuron is determined by a single expressed olfactory receptor gene. (fsu.edu)

The olfactory neuroepithelium is located at the upper area of each nasal chamber adjacent to the cribriform plate, superior nasal septum, and superior-lateral nasal wall. (medscape.com)
A smell neuroscientist not involved with the study suggested cats may make that "stinky face" to try to close nasal passageways off from unpleasant odors. (coleandmarmalade.com)

The sense of smell is mediated through stimulation of the olfactory receptor cells by volatile chemicals. (medscape.com)
The olfactory nerve conveys the sense of smell. (lookformedical.com)
Diseases of the first cranial (olfactory) nerve, which usually feature anosmia or other alterations in the sense of smell and taste. (lookformedical.com)
Our sense of smell influences many physiological pathways through the olfactory system. (vintagechicsresale.net)
Their highly developed sense of smell allows them to pick up and amplify the positive odors (essential oils, pheromones, etc. (dermoscent.com)
Our sense of smell influences many physiological pathways including the stimulation of hormones and other metabolic processes. (ozarkswellness.com)
At the end of the training students acquire precious competences: they improve their ability to use their sense of smell and to pay attention to odors, they acquire the techniques of olfactory training, they learn the techniques of association of semantic labels to odors. (slowfood.com)

An olfactory subsystem that mediates high sensitivity detection of volatile amines. (fsu.edu)
enhancing sensitivity of odor detection. (wikidoc.org)

[ 3 ] A 2002 study showed that the prevalence of objective olfactory impairment in adults older than 53 years is 24.5% and grows more prevalent with age, reaching 62.5 % in those aged 80-97 years. (medscape.com)
Extrapolating from these values, there are currently 14 million older adults with some degree of olfactory impairment. (medscape.com)
Our results also showed a decreased affinity towards benzaldehyde in naïve nj1 nematodes, suggesting an impairment in the olfactory pathway. (technologynetworks.com)
The authors propose to evaluate the action of SARS-CoV-2 at the intrauterine level regarding the foetus' olfactory sensory impairment. (bvsalud.org)
The different facial morphology in the relatives with olfactory impairment as compared to the total group may be an illustration of the contribution of different genetic backgrounds to the occurrence of CL/P via different biological pathways. (hindawi.com)

Moreover, we obtained psychophysiological data on olfactory ability (Sniffin' Sticks, Food associated odor test) and self-report measurements on eating behavior. (frontiersin.org)

Analyzing the underlying neural mechanisms, the neurobiologists were able to elucidate how the odor signals were processed in the fly brain and determine which brain areas were activated. (scitechdaily.com)
In neonates, this area is a dense neural sheet, but, in children and adults, the respiratory and olfactory tissues interdigitate. (medscape.com)
Elizabeth hopes that understanding how humans localize odors and the neural substrates subserving this ability will contribute to the current development of a device that will locate land mines through odor-sensing machinery. (berkeley.edu)

Here, we investigate the extent to which a honey bee's ability to assess food quality affected the formation of association with an odor stimulus and the retention of olfactory memories associated with reward. (elsevierpure.com)
All means of delivery of the unconditioned stimulus produced robust associative conditioning with an odor. (elsevierpure.com)
Therefore, this study investigated the effects of an olfactory stimulus on subsequent sleep and assessed gender differences in such effects. (researchgate.net)
Subjects received an intermittent presentation (first 2 min of each 10 min interval) of an olfactory (lavender oil) or a control (distilled water) stimulus between 23:10 and 23:40 h. (researchgate.net)
Uncoupling stimulus specificity and glomerular position in the mouse olfactory system. (fsu.edu)
These specialized epithelial cells give rise to the olfactory vesicles containing kinocilia, which serve as sites of stimulus transduction. (medscape.com)

One and 3 days after training, ants exhibited robust olfactory memory through a series of five successive retention tests in which they preferred the CS+and stayed longer in the arm presenting it. (biologists.com)

Interestingly, the honey bee olfactory system harbors two central parallel pathways, whose functions remain largely unknown. (jneurosci.org)
The accessory olfactory system is present in most tetrapods. (frontiersin.org)
The accessory olfactory system may complement the main olfactory system and may contribute different perceptual features to the construction of a unitary representation, which merges the different chemosensory qualities. (frontiersin.org)
The accessory olfactory system may differ in morphology even in closely related species, most probably in relation to functional specialization (for a review, see Salazar and Quinteiro, 2009 ). (frontiersin.org)
The first functional investigation of the accessory olfactory system pointed to a general chemosensation role. (frontiersin.org)
A particularly critical task of the olfactory system is to discriminate among related chemical cues. (plos.org)
Thus, the olfactory system came into focus as an important contributor to unintentional weight gain. (frontiersin.org)
On this notion, it has been shown that individuals with obesity show several alterations in the olfactory system. (frontiersin.org)
Experience-dependent plasticity in the olfactory system of Drosophila melanogaster and other insects. (mpg.de)
Comparative dissection of the peripheral olfactory system of the Chagas disease vectors Rhodnius prolixus and Rhodnius brethesi. (mpg.de)
It is the second processing stage of the accessory olfactory system . (wikidoc.org)
The olfactory system represents one of the oldest sensory modalities in the phylogenetic history of mammals. (medscape.com)
As a chemical sensor, the olfactory system detects food and influences social and sexual behavior. (medscape.com)
Because the olfactory system plays a critical role at all life stages, manipulation of the olfactory system and olfactory cues may provide simple and effective tools for managing fish populations. (noaa.gov)
This might be explained by a smaller central olfactory system. (hindawi.com)
The olfactory system is not so much a hard-wired telephone network where channels can be instantaneously specified and connected by number codes, and then used to transmit further codes. (perfumingthemind.com)
The innate ability of the olfactory system to organize itself and emerge during development as the key integrator of all other sensory input (visual, tactile, auditory) results from nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled adaptive changes in the brain and behavior of invertebrates and vertebrates. (perfumingthemind.com)

Chen Y-C, Mishra D, Schmitt L, Schmuker M and Gerber B (2011): A Behavioral Odor Similarity "Space" in Larval Drosophila. (fu-berlin.de)
His graduate studies focused on the behavioral and biochemical mechanisms of olfactory imprinting and homing by Pacific salmon and I received a joint Ph.D. degree with Dr. Tom Quinn (Fisheries) and Dr. Daniel Storm (Pharmacology) from the University of Washington in 1994. (noaa.gov)

Research focuses on identifying the neuronal pathways involved in recognizing biologically relevant odors and understanding the importance of these odors in the life history and ecology of different fish species. (noaa.gov)

Pulses of GnRH integrate sensory input associated with food odors and social odors called pheromones during what we were just told in the news article is a self-organized network that spontaneously emerges during prenatal and postnatal development of other sensory abilities. (perfumingthemind.com)

Reference: "Electrical synapses mediate synergism between pheromone and food odors in Drosophila melanogaster" by Sudeshna Das, Federica Trona, Mohammed A. Khallaf, Elisa Schuh, Markus Knaden, Bill S. Hansson and Silke Sachse, 31 October 2017, PNAS . (scitechdaily.com)

Researchers have identified the Ggamma13 protein is critical for the ability for mammals to detect odors. (neurosciencenews.com)

These findings support the combinatorial coding scheme and suggest that higher-order brain centers reading out these combinatorial activity patterns may eventually classify olfactory signals according to their biological meaning. (jneurosci.org)
Electroantennography or EAG is a technique for measuring the average output of an insect antenna to its brain for a given odor. (wikipedia.org)
They used functional imaging techniques to monitor and visualize brain activity induced by the sex pheromone, by vinegar, and by both odors together. (scitechdaily.com)
In most severe cases, parosmia can cause you to feel physically ill when your brain detects strong, unpleasant odors. (rdhmag.com)
Crosstalk between the main and accessory olfactory systems occurs at different levels of central processing, in brain areas where the inputs from the two systems converge. (frontiersin.org)
Stowers researchers present a new model for how the brain is organized to process odor information. (neurosciencenews.com)
With this "one-sided" odor delivery, the researchers were able to reactivate and boost specific memories that were stored in a specific brain hemisphere. (scienceblog.com)
By using the special organization of the olfactory pathways, memories can be manipulated in a local manner on one side of the brain. (scienceblog.com)
permitting higher brain areas involved in arousal and attention to modify the detection or the discrimination of odors. (wikidoc.org)
odor memory) contrasts had several areas of significant activation, including many of the classical olfactory brain regions as well as the hippocampus. (dovepress.com)
Recently, Kohl integrated scientific evidence that pinpoints the evolved neurophysiological mechanism that links olfactory/pheromonal input to genes in hormone-secreting cells of tissue in a specific area of the brain that is primarily involved in the sensory integration of olfactory and visual input, and in the development of human sexual preferences. (perfumingthemind.com)

Smell and taste disorders can be total (all odors or tastes), partial (affecting several odors or tastes), or specific (only one or a select few odors or tastes). (medscape.com)
It's "a change in the normal perceptions of odors, such as when the smell of something familiar is distorted, or something that normally smells pleasant now smells foul," according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH). (rdhmag.com)
After following this routine for six months, it seemed that smell training can help the olfactory pathways start to regenerate and recover. (rdhmag.com)
In one of the first successful attempts at genetically engineering mosquitoes, HHMI researchers have altered the way the insects respond to odors, including the smell of humans and the insect repellant DEET. (neurosciencenews.com)
Air is diverted in two regions as cats breathe or smell an odor. (coleandmarmalade.com)
At the same time, a pathway sends odors for fast smell processing direct to the brain's olfactory region. (coleandmarmalade.com)
The senses of smell and taste are therefore closely linked, since the olfactory apparatus and the gustatory apparatus work together. (fondsperfumum.org)

The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, separated at the midline by the crista galli, contains multiple small foramina through which the olfactory nerve fibers, or fila olfactoria, traverse. (medscape.com)
Each mitral cell is contacted by at least 1000 olfactory nerve fibers. (medscape.com)

For her Senior Honors Thesis in Psychology, Elizabeth will evaluate the abilities of humans to egocentrically pinpoint odor sources in space. (berkeley.edu)
Mosquitoes detect humans using a variety of cues, including the exhaled carbon dioxide and skin odors. (iitk.ac.in)

Eschbach C, Vogt K, Schmuker M, Gerber B (2011): The Similarity between Odors and Their Binary Mixtures in Drosophila. (fu-berlin.de)
how odor blends are processed in Drosophila. (mpg.de)
Evolution at multiple processing levels underlies odor-guided behavior in the genus Drosophila. (mpg.de)
Shedding light on inter-individual variability of olfactory circuits in Drosophila. (mpg.de)
Aversive bimodal associations differently impact visual and olfactory memory performance in Drosophila. (mpg.de)
Olfactory processing in the lateral horn of Drosophila. (mpg.de)
Odor-induced multi-level inhibitory maps in Drosophila. (mpg.de)

Our results are inconsistent with widely accepted views on the composition of the LH, on the mechanisms underlying the sparseness of odor representations and the decoding of the PN input in KCs, and on the role of different LHNs in encoding innate preferences. (jneurosci.org)
The mechanisms underlying context-dependent flexibility in odor valence are not fully understood. (plos.org)
We are interested in studying the basic mechanisms involved in odor recognition, a widely studied experimental model of sensory information processing. (frontiersin.org)

rather than forming the symmetrical filter of canonical K+ channels achieving both selectivity and dehydration, instead, three extracellular-vestibule residues within each monomer form a flexible asymmetric selectivity gate, while a distinct dehydration pathway extends intracellularly. (stanford.edu)

Head anatomy with olfactory nerve. (medscape.com)

Ovoid body resting on the CRIBRIFORM PLATE of the ethmoid bone where the OLFACTORY NERVE terminates. (lookformedical.com)

Andrew Dittman has been studying the olfactory physiology and behavior of fishes, particularly salmonids, for over 15 years. (noaa.gov)

It is commonly used in electrophysiology while studying the function of the olfactory pathway in insects. (wikipedia.org)

Next, the air is recirculated in parallel channels, allowing the cat to process the odor much longer. (coleandmarmalade.com)

It is well known that mammals are very sensitive to odors and can trace them to their sources, but it is not well studied nor understood whether this localization can be accomplished egocentricallythat is, with the head kept stationary. (berkeley.edu)
In mammals, breathing transmits chemical to electrical pulses (not waves) of information that allows olfactory/pheromonal input to epigenetically effect the hypothalamic secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). (perfumingthemind.com)

Yamagata N, Schmuker M, Szyszka P, Mizunami M and Menzel R (2009) Differential odor processing in two olfactory pathways in the honeybee. (fu-berlin.de)

We were able to show in our study that vinegar odor enhances the reactions of female flies to the male sex pheromone significantly. (scitechdaily.com)

This area (only a few centimeters wide) contains more than 100 million olfactory receptor cells. (medscape.com)
Basal cells are stem cells that give rise to the olfactory receptor cells (seen in the image below). (medscape.com)

Anatomy12

Organisms1

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs4

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes2

Health Care1

Neurons38

Bulb43

Different odors7

Receptors13

CORTEX5

Olfaction5

Epithelium5

Perception12

Glomeruli3

Stimuli2

Lead to olfactory dysfunction1

Specialized olfactory receptor1

Higher order olfactory1

Antennal5

Dysfunction4

Responses5

Innate olfactory preferences1

Neuron4

Nasal2

Sense of sm7

Sensitivity2

Impairment5

Eating behavior1

Neural3

Stimulus6

Robust olfactory1

System17

Behavioral2

Neuronal1

Pheromones1

Food odors1

Detect odors1

Brain11

Smell7

Nerve fibers2

Humans2

Drosophila7

Mechanisms3

Distinct1

Anatomy1

CRIBRIFORM PLATE1

Physiology1

Insects1

Parallel1

Mammals2

Honeybee1

Pheromone1

Receptor cells2