• Most of our current knowledge of mushroom bodies comes from studies of a few species of insect, especially the cockroach Periplaneta americana, the honey bee Apis mellifera, the locust and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gregg Roman, an associate professor of biology and biochemistry at UH, and Shixing Zhang, his postdoctoral associate, describe their findings in a paper titled "Presynaptic Inhibition of Gamma Lobe Neurons Is Required for Olfactory Learning in Drosophila," appearing Nov. 27 in Current Biology, a scientific bimonthly journal published by Cell Press. (uh.edu)
  • The trace of the olfactory associative memory could successfully be localized to the Drosophila mushroom bodies, a central arthropod brain structure. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • Liu H , Zhou B, Yan W, Lei Z , Zhao X , Zhang K, Guo A . Astrocyte-like glial cells physiologically regulate olfactory processing through the modification of ORN-PN synaptic strength in Drosophila. (neurotree.org)
  • Lei Z , Chen K , Li H, Liu H , Guo A . The GABA system regulates the sparse coding of odors in the mushroom bodies of Drosophila. (neurotree.org)
  • Turrel O, Rabah Y, Plaçais PY, Goguel V, Preat T. (2020) Drosophila Middle-Term Memory: Amnesiac is Required for PKA Activation in the Mushroom Bodies, a Function Modulated by Neprilysin 1. (espci.fr)
  • Communication from Learned to Innate Olfactory Processing Centers Is Required for Memory Retrieval in Drosophila. (espci.fr)
  • A GABAergic feedback shapes dopaminergic input on the Drosophila mushroom body to promote appetitive long-term memory. (espci.fr)
  • Upregulated energy metabolism in the Drosophila mushroom body is the trigger for long-term memory. (espci.fr)
  • Two independent mushroom body output circuits retrieve the six discrete components of Drosophila aversive memory. (espci.fr)
  • Mushroom body output neurons encode valence and guide memory-based action selection in Drosophila. (espci.fr)
  • Two pairs of mushroom body efferent neurons are required for appetitive long-term memory retrieval in Drosophila. (espci.fr)
  • Recent work also shows evidence for the involvement of the mushroom body in innate olfactory behaviors through interactions with the lateral horn, possibly making use of the partially stereotyped sensory responses of the mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) across individuals. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mushroom body intrinsic Kenyon cells are believed to store the memory in the synaptic connection to mushroom body output neurons. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • Here, we focused our attention on the mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) of the γ-lobes that act as downstream synaptic partners of the MB γ-Kenyon cells (KCs) to ask how the output of the MB γ-lobe is shaped by olfactory associative conditioning, distinguishing this from non-associative stimulus exposure effects, and without the influence of downstream modulation. (nih.gov)
  • In insects, this process is localized to the mushroom body (MB), the circuitry of which facilitates the coincident detection of sensory stimuli and punishing or rewarding cues and, downstream, the execution of appropriate learned behaviors. (nih.gov)
  • Interestingly, the honey bee olfactory system harbors two central parallel pathways, whose functions remain largely unknown. (jneurosci.org)
  • In the insect brain, the peduncles of the mushroom bodies extend through the midbrain. (wikipedia.org)
  • The lateral horn (LH) of the insect brain is thought to play several important roles in olfaction, including maintaining the sparseness of responses to odors by means of feedforward inhibition, and encoding preferences for innately meaningful odors. (jneurosci.org)
  • In conclusion, associative synaptic plasticity underlying aversive olfactory learning is localized to one distinct synaptic γKC-to-γMBON connection. (nih.gov)
  • In most insects, the mushroom bodies and the lateral horn are the two higher brain regions that receive olfactory information from the antennal lobe via projection neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • In these layers the organization of the two efferent regions of the antennal lobe is represented topographically, establishing a coarse odotopic map of the antennal lobe in the region of the lip of the mushroom bodies. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the locust, olfactory information is sent from peripheral olfactory organs to the antennal lobe (AL) and is then carried as the oscillatory output of a synchronized population of projection neurons (PNs) ( Wehr and Laurent, 1996 ) to two higher olfactory centers. (jneurosci.org)
  • It seems likely that in the case of food intake mushroom body extrinsic neurons undergo adaptive changes, while Kenyon cells do not change morphologically. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • Fruit flies that commonly use olfactory cues to locate food sources or mating partners, are able to assign value to odors after classical conditioning. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • These findings support the combinatorial coding scheme and suggest that higher-order brain centers reading out these combinatorial activity patterns may eventually classify olfactory signals according to their biological meaning. (jneurosci.org)
  • Perception of these chemical signals may be olfactory or by contact. (lookformedical.com)
  • In adult humans with history of childhood maltreatment, which is a type of ELA, OB volume was reduced by 20% with a concomitant decrease in their olfactory detection thresholds and problems in identifying odours [ 13 ]. (nature.com)
  • The LH has also been proposed to encode innate olfactory preferences. (jneurosci.org)
  • In Hymenoptera in particular, subregions of the mushroom body neuropil are specialized to receive olfactory, visual, or both types of sensory input. (wikipedia.org)
  • In larger insects, studies suggest that mushroom bodies have other learning and memory functions, like associative memory, sensory filtering, motor control, and place memory. (wikipedia.org)
  • The significance of using fruit flies is that while their brain structure is much simpler with far fewer neurons, the mushroom body is analogous to the perirhinal cortex in humans, which serves the same function of sensory integration and learning. (uh.edu)
  • Projection neuron groups are segregated, innervating glomerular groups separately and sending axons by separate routes, either through the medial-antenno protocerebral tract (m-APT) or through the lateral-antenno protocerebral tract (l-APT), and connecting with two layers in the calyx of the mushroom bodies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Li H, Li Y, Lei Z , Wang K, Guo A . Transformation of odor selectivity from projection neurons to single mushroom body neurons mapped with dual-color calcium imaging. (neurotree.org)
  • Further, all LHNs we observed responded to all odors we tested, making it unlikely these LHNs serve as labeled lines mediating specific behavioral responses to specific odors. (jneurosci.org)
  • In their study, the flies were trained to associate a weak electric shock with an odor. (uh.edu)
  • After training, the flies avoided that odor. (uh.edu)
  • Training the flies to associate an odor with an electric shock changed how these cells responded to odors by developing a modification in gamma lobe neuron activity, known as a memory trace," he said. (uh.edu)
  • The mushroom bodies or corpora pedunculata are a pair of structures in the brain of arthropods, including insects and crustaceans, and some annelids (notably the ragworm Platynereis dumerilii). (wikipedia.org)
  • However, their discovery in the mantis shrimp in 2017 lead to the later conclusion that the mushroom body is the ancestral state of all arthropods, and that this feature was later lost in crabs and lobsters. (wikipedia.org)
  • Historically, it was believed that only insects had mushroom bodies, because they were not present in crabs and lobsters. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, since mushroom bodies are also found in anosmic primitive insects, their role is likely to extend beyond olfactory processing. (wikipedia.org)
  • While this MBON did not undergo non-associative modulation, the reverse was true across the remainder of the γ-lobe, where general odor-evoked adaptation was observed, but no conditioned odor-specific modulation. (nih.gov)
  • They are known to play a role in olfactory learning and memory. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mushroom bodies are known to be involved in learning and memory, particularly for smell, and thus are the subject of current intense research. (wikipedia.org)
  • Research implies that mushroom bodies generally act as a sort of coincidence detector, integrating multi-modal inputs and creating novel associations, thus suggesting their role in learning and memory. (wikipedia.org)
  • Silva B, Mantha OL, Schor J,Pascual A, Plaçais PY, Pavlowsky A* , Preat T* (2022) Glia fuel neurons with locally synthesized ketone bodies to sustain memory under starvation. (espci.fr)
  • Amnesiac is required in the adult mushroom body for memory formation. (espci.fr)
  • By implementing go/no-go odour discrimination paradigm, we observed olfactory learning and memory impairments in early life stressed (ELS) male mice. (nature.com)
  • Studies of fruit fly mushroom bodies have been particularly important for understanding the genetic basis of mushroom body functioning, since their genome has been sequenced and a vast number of tools to manipulate their gene expression exist. (wikipedia.org)
  • Interestingly, we found that training caused the gamma lobe neurons to be more weakly activated by odors that were not paired with an electric shock, while the odors paired with electric shock maintained a strong activation of these neurons. (uh.edu)
  • These cells have been found in the mushroom bodies of all species that have been investigated, though their number varies. (wikipedia.org)
  • They are found in tropical and subtropical waters and characterized by short spines along the length of the tail and body. (lookformedical.com)
  • Although it is known that olfactory centres are entwined with limbic brain regions, olfactory dysfunctions under conditions of ELA remain elusive. (nature.com)
  • KCs would thus receive alternating waves of excitation from PNs and inhibition from LHIs, which together define temporal integration windows that help maintain the minimal and specific odor-elicited spiking observed in KCs. (jneurosci.org)
  • In Hymenoptera, olfactory input is layered in the calyx. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our results are inconsistent with widely accepted views on the composition of the LH, on the mechanisms underlying the sparseness of odor representations and the decoding of the PN input in KCs, and on the role of different LHNs in encoding innate preferences. (jneurosci.org)
  • Olfactory learning, he says, is an example of classical conditioning first described by Pavlov in his experiment with dogs. (uh.edu)