Occurs gastrocnemius muscle skeletal muscle contractions. Medical search. Frequent questions

The diagnosis in 4 of 14 (28.6%) patients was misattributed to deep vein thrombosis due to clinical findings and presentation, associated fluid collection between the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles was found in 11 of 14 (78.5%) patients, and isolated fluid collection between the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles was seen in 1 patient. (medscape.com)
Thirty or sixty days postsurgery, soleus muscles were assessed in vitro for contractile function and susceptibility to eccentric contraction-induced injury. (solomonmnd.com)
Changes in discharge rate of 26 fusimotor neurones to medial gastrocnemius muscle were studied during isotonic fatiguing contractions of lateral gastrocnemius and soleus muscles in decerebrate cats. (uaeu.ac.ae)
The two main muscles in the calves, the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, stabilize the ankle. (yourworkoutbook.com)

The main site of injury is the musculotendinous junction of the hamstring, rectus femoris and medial head of the gastrocnemius. (aspetar.com)
The quadriceps is a group of muscles located at the front of the thigh, made up of four muscles: the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius. (yourworkoutbook.com)
This is the case of the rectus femoris, the semitendinous muscle, the biceps femoris and the gastrocnemius muscles (10, 11, 12). (jortho.org)
The results demonstrated that EMG MNF of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus (VAS), gastrocnemius (GAS), and tibialis anterior (TA) progressively tired during a 30-second all-out sprint cycling exercise. (hindawi.com)
A well-known example of a bipennate muscle is the rectus femoris. (medscape.com)

A medial calf injury is a musculotendinous disruption of varying degrees in the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle that results from an acute, forceful push-off with the foot. (medscape.com)
The medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle originates from the posterior aspect of the medial femoral condyle, and as it courses distally, the medial head merges with the lateral head of the gastrocnemius. (medscape.com)

The main function of the gastrocnemius muscle is to plantar flex the ankle, but it also provides some knee flexion, as well as contributes to the posterior stability of the knee and partially to the motion of the menisci with flexion/extension of the knee. (medscape.com)
The gastrocnemius, soleus and plantar muscles are the most susceptible to cramps. (biomedcentral.com)
The in vivo plantar flexors' T-ω-r was determined during preloaded maximum voluntary shortening contractions at 0-200°/s. (nature.com)
Tibial bone speed of sound, ankle dorsiflexion range of motion, strength of the six previously described muscles, foot alignment and ankle plantar flexor endurance will also be assessed. (biomedcentral.com)

ICU patients without central and peripheral nerve injury were randomized into experimental group I (Exp I: active and passive activity training (APAT) + NMES treatment on the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscle), experimental group II (Exp II: APAT + NMES treatment on gastrocnemius alone), and control group (Ctl: APAT alone). (biomedcentral.com)
cross sectional area (CSA) and thickness of the tibialis anterior, peroneals, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus and thickness of soleus, medial and lateral head of gastrocnemius. (biomedcentral.com)
Tibialis anterior (TA) muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) was determined from magnetic resonance images. (lifefood.com.ph)

The biceps and triceps muscles of the upper arm are an extensor/flexor pair for the elbow joint, as are the quadriceps (extensor) and the hamstrings (flexor) in the movements of the knee. (faqs.org)
In a large muscle such as the quadriceps or the gastrocnemius, each neuron may be connected to as many as 2,000 fibers. (faqs.org)
The patellar tendon attaches the anterior quadriceps muscles to the tibia via the knee cap. (wikipedia.org)
it is less effective in larger muscles (eg, quadriceps). (medscape.com)
During the first phase of the cycling motion, where the foot goes from 12 o'clock to 3 o'clock, the quadriceps are the primary muscles used on the stationary bike 2 . (yourworkoutbook.com)
The quadriceps are effectively knee extensors, and these type of muscles are responsible for 39% of the "positive mechanical work" on a stationary bike 3 . (yourworkoutbook.com)
Like the quadriceps, the hamstring muscle are used to extend the knee and hip joints. (yourworkoutbook.com)
This sensation is usually a pseudo-giving way due to what is coined the "quadriceps inhibitory reflex" or a neuromuscular inhibition that occurs secondary to pain, muscle weakness, patellar instability or joint instability. (biomedcentral.com)
For example, muscle activity of the quadriceps decreased by approximately 8% during 30-second sprint cycling, whereas that of the gastrocnemius (GAS) decreased by up to 15%, indicating an unbalanced development of fatigue for the two muscle groups [ 5 - 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
The quadriceps muscle was frozen at the end of training to determine the level of astaxanthin. (lifefood.com.ph)

Thus, obesity and symptomology of metabolic dysfunction may occur before reductions in skeletal muscle HSP expression. (lidsen.com)
Here, we review the available evidence regarding the effects of VLCD on lean mass and explore their utility and strategies to mitigate reductions in skeletal muscle. (biomed.news)

One of the most important characteristics of skeletal muscle is its dynamic nature. (lww.com)
One of the most fundamental characteristics of skeletal muscle is the force-velocity relation (F-v-r), which has been researched for over a century 1 . (nature.com)

As the muscles on examination appear to be constructed of varying lengths of strips, due to the manner in which the muscle fibers are situated, these muscles are also known as striated muscle. (faqs.org)
The muscle fibers that are the substance of each muscle are of similar construction throughout all skeletal muscles. (faqs.org)
The speed with which the neurons communicate impulses to the muscle fiber group determine whether the fibers will be a fast-twitch fiber (useful in sports that require, power, strength, and reaction time), or a slow-twitch fiber (best suited to endurance sports). (faqs.org)
In fine motor control muscles, such as the eyelid, the neuron may only control a group of 10 muscle fibers or fewer. (faqs.org)
The fibers are made up of myofibrils, filaments that run the length of the muscle fiber. (faqs.org)
As the body rests, the muscle fibers attract cells known as myoblasts, which fuse with the existing fiber, causing the muscle fibers to become denser and stronger. (faqs.org)
Muscle size is not limitless, and the fibers will not attract unlimited numbers of myoblasts for repair, due to the presence of myostatin in the muscle cells. (faqs.org)
the bigger, more frequently used muscles have more fibers than the smaller, lesser used ones. (concordortho.com)
When the contraction/relaxation cycles are done repeatedly, as in exercising, the fibers become stronger and the muscles get larger and stronger. (concordortho.com)
However, sometimes the muscles, or just a few fibers within the muscle, contract on their own, causing a muscle spasm or cramp . (concordortho.com)
When researchers tested the cramping muscles of some athletes, they found rapid repetitive muscle firing , which could be described as the muscle fibers being hyperactive, in a sense. (concordortho.com)
One is, how, and to what extent, does the nervous system control protein expression in skeletal muscle fibers? (ucla.edu)
Whole muscle, single motor units and single muscle fibers are studied physiologically and biochemically. (ucla.edu)
The primary function of skeletal muscles is to contract and shorten their muscle fibers, resulting in movement. (paintxwiki.com)
Muscles consist of elongated muscle fibers (muscle cells) arranged in muscle fiber bundles called fascicles. (paintxwiki.com)
The length of muscle fibers determines the range of movement, with longer fibers providing greater mobility and shorter fibers generating more power. (paintxwiki.com)
Muscle architecture refers to the arrangement of muscle fibers and can be classified into several types: parallel, pennate, convergent/triangular, circular, spiral, and biventer. (paintxwiki.com)
The outermost layer, the epimysium, is very echogenic and extends towards the inner part of the muscle until it reaches the perimysium or fibroadipose septum, which is also very echoic and contains connective tissue, fat, vessels and nerves, and divides the fascicle into muscle fibers. (jortho.org)
Muscle fibers are formed by myofilaments surrounded by a connective tissue web, the endomysium, which contains capillaries and nerves. (jortho.org)
Fibers are arranged either linearly or obliquely until they reach the myotendinous junction (MTJ), an extremely vulnerable area of variable size (in some cases it can be larger than half the muscle length). (jortho.org)
One approach involves direct delivery of plasmid DNA into muscle fibers by using hydrodynamic injection. (jain-foundation.org)
In addition, transfection, integration, and stable expression of plasmid DNA in mesoangioblast stem cells will be demonstrated, along with differentiation of the transfected stem cells into skeletal muscle fibers in vitro. (jain-foundation.org)
Muscle fibers can broadly be divided into 3 muscles types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. (medscape.com)
Likewise, the number of muscle fibers within each of these, as well as the shape of muscles (depending on their function), can also vary greatly. (medscape.com)
What remains constant, however, is that the muscle fibers are aligned in the same direction so that individual muscle fibers can work in concert. (medscape.com)
When the muscles fibers and the associated tendon are arranged along the same axis, the muscle is termed a parallel muscle. (medscape.com)
Bipennate muscles have muscles fibers inserting at an angle on both sides of a central tendon. (medscape.com)
Each muscle fascicle represents a group of muscle fibers bound together by a layer of connective tissue termed the perimysium. (medscape.com)
Only 60% of the axons in the nerve to a given muscle are motor to the muscle fibers that make up the bulk of the muscle. (medscape.com)
The nerve supply branches within the muscle belly, forming a plexus from which groups of axons emerge to supply the muscle fibers. (medscape.com)
The axons supply single motor endplates placed about halfway along the muscle fibers. (medscape.com)
A motor unit comprises a motor neuron in the spinal cord or brainstem together with the squad of muscle fibers it innervates. (medscape.com)
In large muscles (eg, the flexors of the hip or knee), each motor unit contains 1200 or more muscle fibers. (medscape.com)
In small muscles (eg, the intrinsic muscles of the hand), each unit contains 12 or fewer muscle fibers. (medscape.com)
Muscle fibers are long and cylindrical in shape. (medscape.com)
Compared to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle fibers are much shorter. (mokshayogaamazonica.com)
Within this muscle and protective tissue there may be thousands of muscle fibers (also known as muscle cells) that are bundled together and wrapped in another connective tissue covering called the endomysium . (mokshayogaamazonica.com)

The muscle will taper at its opposite end into a more slender connective tissue, the muscle tendon, to the connection with the bone, the point of insertion. (faqs.org)
Muscles are surrounded by a 3-layer dense connective tissue (6, 7). (jortho.org)
Gross inspection of a skeletal muscle reveals collections of muscle fascicles surrounded by a layer connective tissue termed the epimysium. (medscape.com)

These examinations are usually carried out by performing isometric contractions and muscle relaxations. (jortho.org)

Differential splicing of the titin gene results in numerous species- and muscle-specific titin isoforms. (frontiersin.org)
Skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain (MHC) content was measured and MHC isoforms were separated on SDS-PAGE gels and quantified. (josam.org)
Adult and aged rat myooids had only ~35-60% of the skeletal muscle MHC content of control skeletal muscle from rats, the remaining MHC content consisting of isoforms found in cultured fibroblasts but not in control skeletal muscle. (josam.org)
In addition, myooids expressed only developmental isoforms of skeletal muscle MHC, known to generate less specific force than adult isoforms. (josam.org)

Strain injuries occur when muscle fibres cannot withstand excessive tensile forces placed on them and are therefore generally associated with eccentric muscle action (Mair et al. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
The medial calf injury usually occurs when an eccentric force is applied to the gastrocnemius muscle, which usually happens when the knee is extended, the ankle is dorsiflexed, and the gastrocnemius attempts to contract in the already lengthened state. (medscape.com)
Eccentric contraction is the typical mechanism of injury, in which great tensions are developed and the muscle is susceptible to being injured 3 . (aspetar.com)
active lesions result from eccentric overloading to the muscle 5 . (aspetar.com)

An isotonic contraction in which the length of the muscle decreases. (anatechinc.com)

One study (Srinivasan et al, 2006) took a group of recreational cyclists and found muscle activation in the trapezius and biceps to be very mild compared to the muscle recruitment occurring in the lower body. (yourworkoutbook.com)
The hamstrings are a collection of three muscles located on the back of the thigh, including the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus. (yourworkoutbook.com)
A longitudinal ultrasound examination clearly reveals the insertion of the semitendinosus muscle (medial area), of the semimembranosus muscle (lateral area) and of the large portion of the biceps femoris (lateral and posterior area). (jortho.org)
Five months earlier the player had suffered an indirect-type acute muscle fiber injury (15, 16) in the biceps femoris muscle of his right thigh. (jortho.org)
Occipitofrontal orbicular of mouth smaller pectoral greater pectoral internal intercostal external intercostal biceps of thigh gastrocnemius posterior tibial vein posterior tibial. (oaksofwellington.com)
Cylindrical muscles typically have greater mass at the center of the muscle, leading to a central body or muscle belly (eg, biceps brachii). (medscape.com)

The skeletal muscles are those tissues that are attached to the bones of the body beneath the skin. (faqs.org)
A static muscle shortening due to tonic spasm or fibrosis of muscle or supporting tissues resulting from paralysis or ischemia. (anatechinc.com)
ii) prioritize potential immune-related biomarkers in dysferlin-deficient blood and (iii) combine this with additional studies of regional differences in immune cells from lymphoid tissues adjacent to affected versus less affected muscles, to further understand the pathogenesis. (jain-foundation.org)
Re-learning how to move properly can help you reduce potential irritation to the healing tissues (by using the correct muscles), reduce future injury risk, and improve performance. (jacobcarterphysiotherapy.com)
Research used to suggest that re-loading injured tissues was only necessary for muscles and tendons, but now we know the same is true for ligaments, connective tissues, bones, and intervertebral discs. (jacobcarterphysiotherapy.com)
In recent years, sonography has become a very useful tool in the study of locomotor system injuries, particularly in soft tissues, because it is here that muscle overloading pathologies usually occur (1). (jortho.org)
Originally discovered as axon guidance factors, they have been implicated in cancer progression, embryonal organogenesis, skeletal muscle innervation, and other physiological and developmental functions in different tissues. (biomed.news)

Muscle contractions were elicited by either continuous or repetitive electrical stimulation of the muscle nerves. (uaeu.ac.ae)
Electromyography (EMG) is a test that checks the health of the muscles and the nerves that control the muscles. (adam.com)
In gross anatomy, the nerves to skeletal muscles are branches of mixed peripheral nerves. (medscape.com)
Both types of muscles are controlled by the brain, which sends electric signals to the muscles through nerves telling them to either contract or relax. (mokshayogaamazonica.com)

The operation of the nervous system and its relation to the skeletal muscular system is sometimes referred to as the neuromuscular system. (faqs.org)
Skeletal muscle tissue has an extraordinary plasticity and is therefore able to adapt to variable states of functional demands, neuromuscular activity, and hormonal signals by reversibly changing its functional characteristics and structural composition (17,25,34,44) . (lww.com)
the fimbriae guide the interaction of skeletal muscle or neuromuscular transmission. (oaksofwellington.com)
Defective muscle regeneration can severely affect re-innervation by motor axons, and neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) development, ultimately leading to skeletal muscle atrophy. (biomed.news)
Defects in NMJ formation and maintenance occur physiologically during aging and are responsible for the pathogenesis of several neuromuscular disorders. (biomed.news)

Its central position in the sarcomere and the tight association to myosin are the basis for titin's role in maintaining the structural integrity of the sarcomere during the relaxation-contraction cycle. (frontiersin.org)
These are actin (thin filament, isotropic, I bands) and myosin (dark filament, anisotropic, A bands) and it is these bands that give muscle its striated appearance. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
In a resting muscle the actin filaments overlap the myosin to a certain extent. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
A crossbridge is then formed between actin and myosin, resulting in a contraction cycle powered by ATP. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
Skeletal muscle contractility and myosin function decline following ovariectomy in mature female mice. (solomonmnd.com)
Myosin structural dynamics was analyzed in extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. (solomonmnd.com)
P = 0.044), indicating that circulating estradiol influenced muscle and myosin function. (solomonmnd.com)
Total protein and contractile protein contents were quantified, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to determine myosin structural distribution during contraction. (solomonmnd.com)
These results indicate that the loss of ovarian hormones has detrimental effects on skeletal muscle force-generating capacities that can be explained by altered actin-myosin interactions. (solomonmnd.com)
Thick muscle filaments are made of myosin protein molecules layered in a cylindrical shape. (mokshayogaamazonica.com)

Strains most commonly occur in muscles working across two joints e.g. hamstrings, gastrocnemius (Jarvinen et al. (musculoskeletalkey.com)

Cardiac muscle (heart muscle) is used only to power the contractions of the heart. (faqs.org)
Cardiac muscles are controlled through the function of the autonomic nervous system, the aspect of human function regulated by the hypothalamus region of the brain. (faqs.org)
The muscles in your heart are called involuntary cardiac muscles. (concordortho.com)
In addition to these categories, muscles are classified into three basic types: cardiac muscle (found in the heart), smooth muscles (affiliated with tubular structures in the body, such as arteries, colon, bronchial tubes, and the iris of the eye), and skeletal muscles. (paintxwiki.com)
skeletal , smooth , and cardiac . (mokshayogaamazonica.com)
Cardiac muscle forms the wall of the heart, which is called the myocardium . (mokshayogaamazonica.com)
Unlike smooth muscle, cardiac muscle has limited stretching ability but it can contract with the strength of a skeletal muscle. (mokshayogaamazonica.com)

Definition of acute muscle injury: What have we learnt? (aspetar.com)
Home » Articles » Definition of acute muscle injury: What have we learnt? (aspetar.com)
To better define acute muscle strain injuries, an imaging (MRI or ultrasound [US]) classification can be used, which considers the anatomical site, pattern and severity of the lesion in the acute stage. (aspetar.com)
In this article we describe a state of the art method for the treatment of acute muscle injuries, specifically acute strains. (aspetar.com)
Acute injuries occur after direct and indirect trauma. (aspetar.com)

Thus, in 12 patients with HFpEF (69 ± 7 yr) and 11 healthy controls (Con, 69 ± 4 yr), we examined forearm blood flow (FBF), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and forearm vascular conductance (FVC) during rhythmic handgrip exercise (HG) at 30% of maximum voluntary contraction with or without lower-body negative pressure (LBNP, -20 mmHg) to increase SNS activity and elicit peripheral vasoconstriction. (bvsalud.org)
The subject performed a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) using ankle dorsiﬂexion for ~5 sec by pulling on a strap that secured the foot to a force transducer platform. (lifefood.com.ph)

Muscles may measure as small as 2 mm (eg, stapedius muscles) or up to 2 feet (eg, large muscles of the thigh). (medscape.com)

This action puts maximal tension on the gastrocnemius muscle as the lengthened muscle is contracted at the "push off," resulting in a medial calf injury. (medscape.com)
Preload is typically applied to minimize the effects of the electromechanical delay, to guarantee maximal muscle activity and to reduce muscle-tendon unit (MTU) compliance. (nature.com)
Experiments consisted of in vivo recording of maximal composite group I EPSPs evoked in intact rat medial gastrocnemius (MG) motoneurons by stimulation of the lateral gastrocnemius-soleus nerve (LG-S). We compared the maximal LG-S EPSP amplitude and the response to high-frequency stimulation (modulation) recorded in untreated rats, with the same measures recorded in rats that had the LG-S nerve axotomized 3 d before data collection. (jneurosci.org)

On the other hand, despite the atrophy and reduced myogenic potential of the EDL muscles in old rats, when an EDL muscle is cross-age transplanted from an old donor rat into a young host rat, the muscle regenerates as much mass and has as high a capacity for force development as a young muscle transplanted into a young host [4] . (josam.org)
Extensive muscle atrophy is a common occurrence in orthopaedics patients who are bedridden or immobilized. (biomedcentral.com)
We aim to compare the effectiveness and safety of NMES to prevent muscle atrophy in intensive care unit (ICU) patients without nerve injury. (biomedcentral.com)
The gastrocnemius muscle strength, ankle joint range of motion, and cross-sectional muscle area of the lower leg in the three groups showed a downward trend, indicating that the overall trend of muscle atrophy in ICU patients was irreversible. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition to early exercise training, NMES should be applied to prevent muscle atrophy for patients without nerve injury in ICU. (biomedcentral.com)
Also, simultaneous NMES treatment on agonist/antagonist muscle can enhance the effect of preventing muscle atrophy. (biomedcentral.com)
Some scholars advocate that NMES should not be used when the patient's consciousness level is improved, and the patient can carry out autonomous activities [ 13 ], while other studies suggested that early active contraction combined with NMES can more alleviate muscle strength loss and atrophy through different modes of muscle activation [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

During periods of insufficient training stimulus, muscular detraining occurs. (lww.com)
AIM: to describe the efficacy of sonography (ultrasound) in the diagnosis of chronic muscular lesions and in the prevention of the risk of recurrence in the injured muscle by using dynamic ultrasound and electromyographic examination during static and dynamic strength exercises. (jortho.org)
This summary discusses the basic anatomy of skeletal muscle, key features of skeletal muscle histology and physiology, and important presentations of muscular disease. (medscape.com)
Most of the skeletal muscular system is arranged into groups of agonists and antagonist muscles that work in concert to provide efficient and controlled motion. (medscape.com)
The main functions of the muscular system, which contains more than 600 individual muscles, is to provide movement for the body, provide heat, and maintain body posture. (mokshayogaamazonica.com)
Therefore, the muscular system is closely integrated with the skeletal system and the nervous system. (mokshayogaamazonica.com)

Titin is a giant scaffold protein with multiple functions in striated muscle physiology. (frontiersin.org)
Ben continued his research training at UQ, graduating from a PhD in 2015 entitled "A biomechanical analysis of exercise-induced muscle damage in humans" that resulted in first-author publications in journals such as Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise as well as Journal of Applied Physiology. (edu.au)

Treatment with the long-acting, selective β2-agonist clenbuterol increased ci-mpr in skeletal muscle and in the brain. (bcurated.co)
Agonist muscles are also called prime movers. (anatechinc.com)

An individual muscle fibre is a long cylindrical cell with multiple nuclei bound by its sarcolemma (Lutz and Lieber 1999). (musculoskeletalkey.com)
The cells of skeletal muscles contain multiple nuclei because of their length. (mokshayogaamazonica.com)

In vivo, Achilles tendon strain is typically determined by measuring the tendon length change during muscle contractions relative to its slack length by tracking the myotendinous junction displacement relative to the tendon's insertion point using ultrasound 16 . (nature.com)
This kind of muscle strain normally affects the superficial muscles which work in two articulations. (jortho.org)

As implied by this term, it has been proposed that the associated pain and stiffness stem from micro-lesions, inflammation, or metabolite accumulation within the skeletal muscle. (mdpi.com)
or= 0.401) but did restore ovariectomy-induced increases in muscle wet mass caused by fluid accumulation. (solomonmnd.com)
Sorbitol accumulation is postulated to play a role in skeletal muscle dysfunction associated with diabetes. (hindawi.com)
therefore sorbitol accumulation is probably not related to muscle dysfunction in insulin-treated diabetic individuals. (hindawi.com)
We hypothesized that insulin administration would significantly decrease sorbitol accumulation in skeletal muscle. (hindawi.com)
A secondary purpose was to determine the benefits of endurance exercise training on skeletal muscle sorbitol accumulation in STZ-induced diabetes. (hindawi.com)

CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that skeletal muscle dysfunction may occur due to increased muscle oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction as a result of ovariectomy and obese-insulin resistance. (cmu.ac.th)
An unusual presentation of a medial gastrocnemius injury during namaz praying was reported by Yilmaz et al, who performed a retrospective study of the sonographic and magnetic resonance image (MRI) findings of patients referred over 7 years with leg pain and swelling. (medscape.com)
the findings show that mice that had been exposed to anabolic steroids for two weeks still experienced rapid muscle growth even three months. (azseasonsmagazines.com)

The contraction of each muscle fiber bundle is controlled through the nerve impulses directed into the fiber bundle by a neuron, a type of electrical relay that is connected to the larger nervous system. (faqs.org)

Protein-interactions e.g., with muscle ankyrin repeat proteins or muscle LIM-protein link titin to hypertrophic signaling and via p62 and Muscle Ring Finger proteins to mechanisms that control protein quality control. (frontiersin.org)
It has been shown that muscle protein synthetic rate (MPS) is elevated in humans by 50% at 4 hrs following a bout of heavy resistance training, and by 109% at 24 hrs following training. (researchgate.net)
This study further examined the time course for elevated muscle protein synthesis by examining its rate at 36 hrs following a training session. (researchgate.net)
Each muscle fibre contains a large number of myofibrils, which are the contractile elements of the muscle and consist of protein myofilaments. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
Poor dietary habits can lead to obesity and insulin resistance-both of which can impair basal heat shock protein (HSP) expression and the HSP stress response in skeletal muscle. (lidsen.com)
Therefore, the reduced abundance of mature myostatin protein in males probably occurs after translation. (solomonmnd.com)
Mammalian hibernation presents a unique scenario, where animals are hypocaloric and in torpor, but the extent of muscle protein loss is minimized. (silverchair.com)
Disturbance of consciousness, mechanical ventilation, use of glucocorticoids, insufficient nutritional intake, and so on are some of the factors that can reduce muscle protein synthesis and promote muscle protein decomposition in ICU patients. (biomedcentral.com)
however, priority needs to be given to resistance exercise training, and secondarily to adequate protein intake should be part of this dietary regime to mitigate losing muscle mass. (biomed.news)
Thin muscle filaments are made of actin protein and have a twisting shape. (mokshayogaamazonica.com)

Functional three-dimensional skeletal muscle constructs (myooids) were engineered from myogenic cells harvested from the muscles of adult and aged rats. (josam.org)
Satellite cells are in general easy to isolate from explanted skeletal muscle, and presumably muscle biopsies from an adult mammal would provide an ample supply of cells committed to the myogenic developmental pathway to facilitate the in vitro engineering of functional skeletal muscle. (josam.org)
Prior to tissue engineering of functional skeletal muscle from satellite cells harvested from aged mammals, two key questions must be addressed. (josam.org)
To study the capacity of satellite cells to form into functional skeletal muscle tissue de novo in culture, we have developed several in vitro tissue models. (josam.org)
Skeletal muscle is characterized by its ability to dynamically adapt to variable levels of functional demands. (lww.com)
Clinical and functional assessment shows muscle strength and high speed/high resistance athletic activities are impaired with marked loss of muscle function. (aspetar.com)
These observations extend the current understanding of HFpEF pathophysiology by implicating inadequate functional sympatholysis as an important contributor to reduced exercising muscle blood flow in this patient group. (bvsalud.org)
In the peripheral and cerebral vasculature, the impact of aging and sex on the endothelial-independent functional capacity of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is not well understood, nor is it known whether such VSMC functions in these vascular beds reflect one another. (bvsalud.org)
Differences of the fusimotor reflex responses to isotonic vs. isometric contraction and/or fatigue and their possible functional role are discussed. (uaeu.ac.ae)
As different muscles have different functional roles during pedalling exercise, the process of fatigue development of each lower limb muscle can differ significantly [ 3 , 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
Motor points have been identified for all major muscle groups for the purpose of functional electrical stimulation by physical therapists, in order to increase muscle power. (medscape.com)

The purposes of this study were to determine the effects of ovarian hormone removal on force-generating capacities and contractile proteins in soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of mature female mice. (solomonmnd.com)
In vitro contractile function of soleus and EDL muscles were determined 60 days postsurgery. (solomonmnd.com)
In experimental diabetes, significant alterations in contractile properties of skeletal muscle have been described in [ 3 - 5 ], as have increases in intramuscular sorbitol [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Interestingly, when sorbitol formation was inhibited by giving an aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI) to streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic rats, skeletal muscle sorbitol levels were lowered, and muscle contractile properties significantly improved [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
This effect increased with increasing contraction velocity and can be explained by a rapidly recoiling tendon, allowing the contractile element to contract more slowly, thus developing higher forces compared with non-preloaded contractions. (nature.com)
The TA muscle strength and contractile properties were determined on the right leg using a custom-built isometric exercise apparatus. (lifefood.com.ph)
It is at the level of the myofiber where the basic contractile element of muscle, the sarcomere, is found. (medscape.com)

The defining characteristic of the somatic nervous system is that it controls skeletal muscles. (foobrdigital.com)
Somatic senses inform the nervous system about the external environment, but the response to that is through voluntary muscle movement. (foobrdigital.com)

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have demonstrated that either an obese-insulin resistance condition or a condition involving loss of estrogen impaired skeletal muscle function as indicated by a decrease in muscle contraction. (cmu.ac.th)
Despite the decrease in mature myostatin in muscle of male mice, there was an equal abundance of LAP in skeletal muscles of both sexes (McMahon et al. (solomonmnd.com)

When nerve impulses are communicated to the muscle, a complex series of electrochemical reactions convert the impulse into a muscle contraction. (faqs.org)
For this to occur, the muscle fibre is stimulated by a nerve impulse creating an action potential across the sarcolemma. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
Muscle twitching is caused by minor muscle contractions in the area, or uncontrollable twitching of a muscle group that is served by a single motor nerve fiber. (adam.com)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS, is a disease of the nerve cells in the brain, brain stem and spinal cord that control voluntary muscle movemen. (adam.com)
Synaptic efficacy at the rat Ia-motoneuron synapse has been reported to increase in vivo , within 3 d of sectioning a single muscle nerve ( Miyata and Yasuda, 1988 ). (jneurosci.org)
In our experiments we also study cell and tissue properties (nerve and muscle) that are important in generating the behavioral characteristics observed. (ucla.edu)
These analyses consist of enzyme activities of single muscle or neural cells, cell morphology, the kinds of proteins synthesized, the modulations of the mRNA's of specific myonuclei as well as the physiological properties of the nerve and muscle cells. (ucla.edu)
A condition arising in the muscle when it has been cut off from its nerve supply or forced by injury to become inactive or immobilized. (anatechinc.com)
In particular, in skeletal muscle, specific semaphorin molecules are involved in the restoration and remodeling of the nerve-muscle connections, thus emphasizing their plausible role to ensure the success of muscle regeneration. (biomed.news)

Normalizing for skeletal muscle MHC content and isoform expression predicts myooid forces of ~6-18% of control adult skeletal muscles. (josam.org)

Intense knee pain is usually the presenting symptom that occurs during activities such as running, jumping, lifting things, squatting, and especially ascending or descending stairs and during kneeling. (wikipedia.org)
One mechanism that occurs is on the back leg during a lunging shot, in which the knee is extended while the foot is dorsiflexed. (medscape.com)
The calves are a group of muscles on the back of the lower leg, running from the knee to the ankle. (yourworkoutbook.com)

The 30-second all-out sprint cycling exercise is a classical sport capacity evaluation method, which may cause severe lower limb muscle fatigue. (hindawi.com)
However, the relationship between lower limb muscle fatigue and the decline in exercise performance during 30-second sprint cycling remains unclear. (hindawi.com)
In this study, ten cyclists volunteered to participate in a 30-second all-out sprint cycling while power, cadence, and surface electromyographic (EMG) signals of eight lower limb muscles were recorded during the exercise. (hindawi.com)
EMG mean frequency (MNF) of each lower limb muscle group was computed for every 3-second epoch based on wavelet packet transformation. (hindawi.com)
Grey relational grades between pedalling performance and the EMG MNF of each lower limb muscle group during the whole process were calculated. (hindawi.com)
The 30-second all-out sprint cycling exercise is a commonly used method in evaluating the anaerobic endurance capacity of lower limb muscles and has been widely adopted in sports training for cyclists [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
As a vigorous exercise, 30-second all-out cycling causes severe lower limb muscle fatigue, which manifests as a decline in exercise performance [ 2 , 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
As the decline in exercise performance during 30-second sprint cycling is mainly determined by the fatigue of lower limb muscles, investigating the relationship between lower limb muscle fatigue and changes in exercise performance may further help in understanding the movement and aid training programme design. (hindawi.com)
Furthermore, earlier studies did not simultaneously quantify the development and progression of muscle fatigue in multiple lower limb muscles during 30-second sprint cycling. (hindawi.com)
Thus, the relationship between the fatigue development of each lower limb muscle and changes in exercise performance during 30-second sprint cycling remains unclear. (hindawi.com)
Based on this finding, MNF exhibits superior utility to other indices in muscle fatigue evaluation induced by sprint cycling exercise, suggesting that the fatigue of lower limb muscles during a 30-second all-out cycling exercise can be assessed well using the MNF of EMG signals. (hindawi.com)

One of the great advantages of tissue engineering of skeletal muscle is that adult skeletal muscle contains many myogenic precursor stem cells, termed "satellite cells", which are involved in the repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle throughout the lifespan. (josam.org)
The use of mesoangioblast stem cells for the delivery of the dysferlin gene to the muscle also had technical issues, so we switched to the use of adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSC) instead. (jain-foundation.org)
For example, muscle stem cells (MuSCs), located beneath the basal lamina, exist in the quiescent state but can transition to an activated, proliferative state upon injury. (biomed.news)

The purpose of the current study was to compare the excitability and contractility of myooids engineered from skeletal muscles of 32-month-old rats with that of myooids engineered from adult rat tissue. (josam.org)

Accordingly, the amount of tendon compliance would therefore also influence estimated in vivo F-v-r, particularly in muscles with a large tendon-to-fascicle-length ratio such as the triceps surae 15 . (nature.com)

Site-specific changes in immune cells were evident in bone marrow and lymph nodes in close proximity to affected, compared to less affected, dysferlin-deficient muscles. (jain-foundation.org)
To use non-viral gene therapy to introduce the dysferlin gene safely and effectively into dysferlin-deficient muscles. (jain-foundation.org)

Skeletal muscles are designed to produce voluntary movement by applying forces to bones and joints via a muscle contraction. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
These muscles are attached to bones by tendons , a sinewy type of tissue. (concordortho.com)
Steroids make muscles bigger and bones stronger. (azseasonsmagazines.com)
Rebounding can help work the muscles in the legs, increase your endurance, and strengthen your bones, among a number of other benefits. (starbounding.com)
In this article, we will explore the basic traits of skeletal muscles, their positions in the body, their attachments to bones, and how they facilitate joint movement. (paintxwiki.com)
Skeletal muscles, as the name suggests, attach to bones. (paintxwiki.com)
The good news is that there are safe ways to crack muscles and bones in your upper back which can help relieve the pain and improve mobility. (dane101.com)

Our hypothesis was that estrogen deficiency aggravates skeletal muscle dysfunction in obese-insulin resistant rats, via increased muscle oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. (cmu.ac.th)
At the end of the experimental period the contraction of the gastrocnemius muscles was tested before the rats were sacrificed. (cmu.ac.th)
Surprisingly, loss of estrogen did not aggravate these dysfunctions of skeletal muscles in HFD-fed rats. (cmu.ac.th)
Loss of estrogen, however, did not aggravate these impairments in the muscle of rats with obese-insulin resistant condition. (cmu.ac.th)
Myooids from aged rats generated greater normalized force than myooids from adult rats, but only 1-3% of that for adult skeletal muscle controls. (josam.org)
The myooids generated specific forces of ~0.1-3% of skeletal muscle from control adult rats. (josam.org)
Because of the decreased proliferation potential [9] and lower absolute number of satellite cells in muscles from the aged rats compared with adult rats [1,10,11] , one may hypothesize that the aged rats would not yield enough myoblasts to produce myooids in culture. (josam.org)
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of insulin and of endurance exercise on skeletal muscle sorbitol levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. (hindawi.com)

Strenuous and unaccustomed exercise frequently lead to what has been coined "delayed onset muscle soreness" (DOMS). (mdpi.com)
It is known that ambulatory exercises such as brisk walking and jogging are potent stimuli for improving aerobic capacity, but it is less understood whether ambulatory exercise can increase leg muscle size and function. (researchgate.net)
The purpose of this brief review is to discuss whether or not ambulatory exercise elicits leg muscle hypertrophy in older adults. (researchgate.net)
It is clear that skeletal muscle hypertrophy can occur independently of exercise mode and load. (researchgate.net)
Since joining UniSQ in 2016, Ben has continued to examine the role of muscle and tendon mechanics in exercise-induced muscle damage and strength training through collaborations at a number of Australian and international institutions as well as through supervising several postgraduate students. (edu.au)
Therefore, training-induced skeletal muscle adaptations are such that the trained muscle increases its tolerance to exercise (30) . (lww.com)
For example, endurance exercise training increases the synthesis and activity of hexokinase II [ 6 , 7 ], which increases the capacity of the skeletal muscle cell to phosphorylate glucose with subsequent metabolism through glycolysis. (hindawi.com)
These are called exercise-associated muscle cramping or EAMC. (concordortho.com)
Exercise and an anabolic steroid improve muscle mass and function in hemodialysis patients. (azseasonsmagazines.com)
In this guide, you'll learn which muscles the exercise bike works and how to maximize muscle-building during your workouts. (yourworkoutbook.com)
Yes, you can build muscle using a stationary bike, in contrast to the current dogma and "BroScience" that describes cardiovascular exercise, such as using a stationary bike, as bad for building muscle. (yourworkoutbook.com)
Of the muscles evaluated, the degree of fatigue of TA showed the greatest association with exercise performance decline, whereas the muscle fatigue of RF, VAS, and GAS also significantly impacted exercise performance during a 30-second all-out sprint cycling exercise. (hindawi.com)
In fact, muscle fatigue occurs as early as five seconds in this intensive exercise [ 1 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
Previous research evaluating muscle fatigue has mainly focused on total muscle fatigue at the end of the exercise or fatigue development in only a few muscles [ 2 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
Age is characterized by a progressive loss of mobility, with muscle wasting (sarcopenia) and reduced endurance as key factors in this exercise intolerance. (lifefood.com.ph)
Evidence for the beneﬁcial impact of AX on old muscle comes from a pilot study in mice found that AX accumulated in muscle with feeding and was associated with elevated muscle quality after exercise training on a treadmill. (lifefood.com.ph)
To test the hypothesis that this astaxanthin-based formulation in combination with a functionally based exercise training program would activate improvements in both endurance and muscle strength, thereby providing a single approach to reverse loss of mobility and muscle properties in the elderly. (lifefood.com.ph)
Exercise training occurred 3×/week on a 20° inclined treadmill at 10 m/min for 5 min at the start reaching 15 min in the ﬁnal 4 weeks of training. (lifefood.com.ph)

This review article aims to discuss the impact of aging on skeletal muscle regeneration and NMJs remodeling and will highlight the most recent insights about the role of semaphorins in this context. (biomed.news)

Injuries to the muscle belly only occur with the application of very high forces. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
[ 7 ] The investigators suggested ultrasonography and MRI can be used to correctly diagnose patients with medial gastrocnemius injuries. (medscape.com)
Medial calf injuries occur more commonly in men than in women, and these injuries usually afflict athletes and others in the fourth to sixth decade of life. (medscape.com)
The possibility of implementing dynamic studies when examining muscle injuries allows accurate diagnosis of minor injuries which might otherwise remain undetected when the structures involved are not in movement. (jortho.org)

Cramps are involuntary painful muscle contractions that mainly affect older people. (biomedcentral.com)
Among the muscles are voluntary and involuntary muscles. (concordortho.com)
Involuntary muscles, or smooth muscles, are the ones that move on their own (for example, the muscles that control your diaphragm and help you breathe). (concordortho.com)
Muscles that control the heart or digestive system are called involuntary muscles because they work on their own without conscious effort on our part. (mokshayogaamazonica.com)
Signals to involuntary muscles happen automatically, like a plane flying on autopilot. (mokshayogaamazonica.com)
Because the contractions of smooth muscle are not under our conscious control, it is considered an involuntary muscle. (mokshayogaamazonica.com)
It is also an involuntary muscle. (mokshayogaamazonica.com)

Myooids were activated by transverse electrical fields in a manner similar to that used to activate whole skeletal muscles in vitro during standard physiological measures of muscle function [8] . (josam.org)
However, due to the AD-MSC's poor ability to grow after transfection, the inability to utilize a clone, and poor ability to differentiate into muscle in vitro and in vivo , we believe that AD-MSC are not an appropriate stem cell choice for dysferlin gene therapy/cell therapy approach in muscle. (jain-foundation.org)

The simulation results matched a key pattern observed in our recorded in vivo experimental data: during preloaded contractions, torque output of the muscle was increased when compared with non-preloaded contractions from literature. (nature.com)

citation needed] Type II: The articular surface of the tibia remains intact and the fracture occurs at the junction where the secondary center of ossification and the proximal tibial epiphysis come together (may or may not require surgery). (wikipedia.org)

It remains unclear if impairments in HSP expression occur during the early stages of diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysfunction. (lidsen.com)

In addition, slow-walk training with a combination of leg muscle blood flow restriction elicits muscle hypertrophy only in the blood flow restricted leg muscles. (researchgate.net)
Competitive marathon running and regular high intensity distance running in young and middle-aged adults may not produce leg muscle hypertrophy due to insufficient recovery from the damaging running bout, although there have been no studies that have investigated the effects of running on leg muscle morphology in older subjects. (researchgate.net)

Imbalances between the strength of the skeletal muscle, the laxity or otherwise in the tendon, and the connection to the bone surface are common causes of muscle injury in athletes. (faqs.org)
Muscle fiber cross-sectional area declines rapidly in strength and sprint athletes, and in recently endurance-trained subjects, whereas it may increase slightly in endurance athletes. (lww.com)
There are several reasons why muscle cramps may occur, including the most common one that is seen in both professional and weekend athletes. (concordortho.com)
dianabol is an anabolic steroid once used by bodybuilders and athletes in order to get bulkier muscles. (azseasonsmagazines.com)
some bodybuilders and athletes use anabolic steroids to build muscles and improve athletic performance. (azseasonsmagazines.com)
Cracking ones' neck or/and back provides us relaxed muscles around spines meaning conducive muscle activity happens giving athletes a greater push toward achieving their athletic goals. (dane101.com)

Many symptoms that are common in people with HSP are not caused directly by HSP but are instead caused indirectly by muscle spasticity, weakness, or hyperactive reflexes. (medscape.com)
As previously mentioned, antispastic drugs may help the patient to reduce the spasticity and may allow weakened muscles to be targeted in order to improve the effectiveness of PT. (medscape.com)
However, one of the drawbacks of using these agents is that some patients find that the stiffness of spasticity helps them to overcome the muscle weakness that occurs in HSP. (medscape.com)
A single oral dose of 8mg reduces muscle tone in patients with spasticity for several hours. (medscape.com)

Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HypoPP) is an ion channelopathy of skeletal muscle characterized by attacks of muscle weakness associated with low serum K + . HypoPP results from a transient failure of muscle fiber excitability. (jci.org)
Contact your health care provider if you have long-term or persistent muscle twitches or if twitching occurs with weakness or loss of muscle. (adam.com)

This motion contracts the muscle in the calf of the leg and can cause a severe cramp or charley horse . (concordortho.com)

Further distally, the joined heads of the gastrocnemius merge with the soleus muscle-tendon complex to form the Achilles tendon. (medscape.com)
In vivo, the force-velocity relation (F-v-r) is typically derived from the torque-angular velocity relation (T-ω-r), which is subject to two factors that may influence resulting measurements: tendon compliance and preload prior to contraction. (nature.com)
Thus, preloaded and non-preloaded contractions may result in different T-ω-r characteristics due to tendon compliance. (nature.com)
The long head originates in the medial facet of ischial tuberosity via a tendon shared with the semitendinosus muscle, whereas the short head emerges from the femur linea aspera. (jortho.org)
Muscles can also be classified according to their relationship with a tendon. (medscape.com)
Some muscles are spread out over a large area and converge on a relatively small tendon, appropriately termed convergent muscles (eg, pectoralis muscles of the chest). (medscape.com)
Unipennate muscles insert on only one side of the tendon. (medscape.com)

Skeletal muscle tissue is no exception to this rule and also readjusts to the reduced physiological stressors during periods of reduced training stimuli or complete training cessation (6,8,9,14,22,30,48,52,54) . (lww.com)
Skeletal muscle is characterized by a remarkable capacity to rearrange after physiological changes and efficiently regenerate. (biomed.news)

Smooth muscles are also controlled involuntarily, performing such functions as the pushing of blood within the arteries of the cardiovascular system and the movements of ingested foods within the digestive system. (faqs.org)

The muscles were considered to be fatigued when, against a load equal to one third of the tension developed at the onset of an isometric contraction, i.e. to the tension indicating isometrically-induced fatigue, they returned to the length at which the isometric contraction was elicited. (uaeu.ac.ae)
This technique relaxes neck muscles tension on the rear side preventing re-occurring muscle tightness. (dane101.com)
Smooth muscle has the ability to stretch and maintain tension for long periods of time. (mokshayogaamazonica.com)

[ 7 ] Of 543 patients, 14 had a final diagnosis of medial gastrocnemius rupture that occurred during namaz praying. (medscape.com)
During strenuous muscle stretching exercises, the muscles undergo strong traction forces which overload the muscle fibrils and occasionally provoke a rupture near the MTJ (9). (jortho.org)

Most strains occur at this musculotendinous junction. (medscape.com)
Muscle strains occur most often at the musculotendinous junction as a consequence of indirect trauma. (aspetar.com)
In this case, muscle strains, which are very common in sprinters and jumpers such as high jumpers, long jumpers, sprinters, long distance runners and tennis players, occur because of an indirect trauma and application of excessive tensile forces 6 . (aspetar.com)

These agents may act in the spinal cord to induce muscle relaxation. (medscape.com)
Does elimination of afferent input modify the changes in rat motoneurone properties that occur following chronic spinal cord transection? (ucla.edu)

Muscles can shorten, which can cause pain but this is not permanent. (wikipedia.org)
When a muscle contracts the sarcomeres shorten. (musculoskeletalkey.com)

In vivo muscle force of the gastrocnemius was measured as the maximum twitch and tetanic force during electric stimulations (200 Hz for 300 ms) at baseline and at 8 weeks in anaesthetized mice as described. (lifefood.com.ph)

When it comes to muscle cramps, the most commonly affected muscles are the muscles of your upper arms, the muscles behind your thighs, and the muscles in the front of your thighs. (concordortho.com)
However, by now it is not possible to measure in vivo muscle forces non-invasively, so that the F-v-r of in vivo human muscles is commonly inferred from the joint torque-angular velocity relation (T-ω-r). (nature.com)
Previous research has commonly evaluated local muscle fatigue using surface electromyography (EMG) signal processing. (hindawi.com)

The difference between a spasm and a cramp is the force of the contraction. (concordortho.com)
If it's a quick contraction and release of muscle, without pain, it's a spasm. (concordortho.com)

Some muscles insert on their respective tendons at an oblique angle. (medscape.com)

Anatomy63

Organisms18

Diseases22

Chemicals and Drugs62

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment28

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes67

Disciplines and Occupations3

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena5

Information Science2

Health Care3

Soleus muscles4

Rectus femoris5

Head of the gastrocnemius2

Plantar4

Tibialis3

Quadriceps10

Reductions in skeletal muscle2

Characteristics of skeletal muscle2

Fibers37

Connective tissue3

Isometric contractions1

Isoforms4

Eccentric4

Isotonic Contraction1

Biceps6

Tissues7

Nerves4

Neuromuscular5

Myosin10

Hamstrings1

Cardiac7

Acute5

Voluntary contraction2

Thigh1

Maximal3

Atrophy7

Muscular6

Physiology2

Agonist2

Multiple nuclei2

Strain2

Accumulation6

Findings3

Neuron1

Protein10

Functional11

Contractile7

Nervous system2

Decrease2

Nerve9

Isoform1

Knee3

Lower limb11

Stem cells3

Contractility1

Triceps1

Dysferlin-deficient muscles2

Bones7

Rats8

Exercise18

Regeneration1

Injuries4

Involuntary7

Vitro2

Experimental1

Tibial1

Dysfunction1

Hypertrophy2

Athletes6

Spasticity4

Weakness2

Calf1

Tendon7

Physiological2

Digestive system1

Tension3

Rupture2

Strains3

Spinal cord2

Shorten2

Tetanic force1

Commonly3

Spasm2

Tendons1