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The rapid, fortuitous spread of introns following the origin of mitochondria is adduced as the selective pressure that forged nucleus-cytosol compartmentalization. (nature.com)
Like mitochondria and chloroplasts, however, peroxisomes are thought to acquire their proteins by selective import from the cytosol . (nih.gov)
In addition to the previously known variant containing an N-terminal mitochondrial signal peptide and distributed between mitochondria and cytosol, a second mouse and human form was detected in silico . (unl.edu)
One of these PTMs, Nε-lysine acetylation, was thought to occur only in the mitochondria, cytosol and nucleus, but this paradigm was challenged in the past decade with the discovery of lysine acetylation in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). (biologists.com)
The synthesis of these proteins in the cytosol is tightly coupled to their import into the mitochondria. (mpg.de)
The first process occurs in the mitochondria where α-KIC is oxidised to isovaleryl-CoA by branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKAD). (researchsquare.com)
[1] It helps in the consumption and disposal of fat in the body because it is responsible for the transport of fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria . (wikidoc.org)
They can occur when MITOCHONDRIA become damaged due to cell stress and release CYTOCHROME C. Cytosolic cytochrome C associates with APOPTOTIC PROTEASE-ACTIVATING FACTOR 1 to form the apoptosomal protein complex. (bvsalud.org)

In prokaryotes, all chemical reactions take place in the cytosol. (kids.net.au)
An alternative process takes place in the cytosol where HMB is produced from α-KIC by the KIC dioxygenase enzyme. (researchsquare.com)

The autophagophore membrane then elongates and encloses the molecules to be degraded forming an autophagosome, which occurs in two separate conjugation reactions catalyzed by autophagy-related proteins (ATGs). (hindawi.com)
Proteins within the cytosol play an important role in signal transduction pathways, glycolysis , and act as intracellular receptors and ribosomes . (kids.net.au)
It is suggested that these proteins are sorted initially from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum and then to peroxisomes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Proteins are produced by ribosomes, and misfolding can occur if they stall while decoding a damaged template. (mpg.de)
The scientists found that spike proteins are indeed localized in the nucleus, and nucleoproteins are mainly localized in the cytosol. (techstartups.com)

Besides, XBP1u may interact with and sequester XBP1s in the cytosol, mediating its degradation by the proteasome. (nature.com)
The fully functional autolysosome then degrades the autolysosomal cargo and releases the degradation products into the cytosol for recycling. (hindawi.com)
Misfolded protein are retained in the ER and subjected for proteosomal degradation which occurs in the cytosol. (hypothes.is)

De novo LD biogenesis occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) but is not well understood. (nih.gov)

This process occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. (proprofs.com)
The cytosol (as opposed to cytoplasm , which also includes the organelles ) is the internal fluid of the cell , and a large part of cell metabolism occurs here. (kids.net.au)
Instead, they said that the mRNA vaccine is degraded in the cytosol, a part of the cytoplasm which is outside the cell's nucleus and surrounded by the cell membrane. (techstartups.com)

Origin of nucleus-cytosol compartmentalization in the wake of mitochondrial origin. (nature.com)
MsrA(S) was enzymatically active and was present in cytosol and nucleus in transfected cells, but occurred below detection limits in tested mouse tissues. (unl.edu)

As the concentration of soluble molecules increases within the cytosol, an osmotic gradient builds up toward the outside of the cell. (kids.net.au)
An initial small elevation occurs when troponins are released from the cytosolic pool, when troponin molecules in the cytosol of cardiac muscle diffuse across the sarcolemma into the surrounding lymphatics and blood vessels, becoming detectable in blood. (medscape.com)

and it is able to induce autophagy in the cytosol through its acetylation and direct binding to ATG7 9 ( Figure 1A ). (nature.com)
(A) FoxO1 regulates autophagy through two mechanisms involving the transcriptional control of autophagy-related genes and the activation of ATG7 in the cytosol associated with the acetylation (Ac) of FoxO1 by the dissociation from SIRT2. (nature.com)
This process is governed by the ER acetylation machinery: the cytosol:ER-lumen acetyl-CoA transporter AT-1 (also known as SLC33A1), and the ER-resident lysine acetyltransferases ATase1 and ATase2 (also known as NAT8B and NAT8, respectively). (biologists.com)

First, phagophore formation requires cytoplasmic vesicle nucleation, which occurs when the ATG1/ULK1 complex, which is comprised of ULK1, FIP200, ATG13, and ATG101, interacts with the Class III PI3K complex. (hindawi.com)
The Sec translocase which provides a major pathway of protein translocation from the cytosol across the cytoplasmic membrane in bacteria is best investigated in Escherichia coli . (biomedcentral.com)

We propose that the nuclear envelope's incipient function was to allow mRNA splicing, which is slow, to go to completion so that translation, which is fast, would occur only on mRNA with intact reading frames. (nature.com)
Packaging of the Aura virus subgenomic mRNA occurred following infection of mosquito (Aedes albopictus C6/36), hamster (BHK-21), or monkey (Vero) cells. (caltech.edu)
An mRNA-vaccine has to reach the cytosol of target cells. (techstartups.com)

Citrulline is released to the cytosol, where it condenses with aspartate to form argininosuccinate via argininosuccinate synthetase ( AS ) ( Fig. 44-6 , reaction 3). (nih.gov)

The Cu sensitive operon repressor (CsoR) protein determines the set point of Cu(I) concentration in the cytosol. (bl.uk)
Multimeric protein complexes formed in the CYTOSOL that play a role in the activation of APOPTOSIS. (bvsalud.org)

action potential The local change in voltage that occurs when the membrane potential of a specific location along the membrane of a cell rapidly depolarizes, such as when a nerve impulse is transmitted between neurons. (wikipedia.org)

Actin filaments, present in the cytosol , are most abundant near the cell surface. (wikipedia.org)

This pathway occurs in the cytosol of the cell, and it's main purpose of the production of NADPH to be used by a variety of cells. (experts123.com)

The nucleation of actin fibers occurs as a response to external stimuli, allowing a cell to alter its shape to suit a particular situation. (wikipedia.org)
This nucleation process occurs from the minus end, allowing rapid growth from the plus end. (wikipedia.org)

The acetyl CoA is then exported from the peroxisomes to the cytosol for reuse in biosynthetic reactions. (nih.gov)
Two partially purified factors exhibiting stage-specific activity, a approximately 20-kD priming factor and approximately 300-kD triggering factor, were able to support regulated secretion as effectively as crude cytosol when used sequentially in the partial reactions. (rupress.org)

the 3-D cleft on enzyme where S binds and conversion to P occurs. (flashcardmachine.com)

in yeast and plant cells, however, this essential reaction occurs exclusively in peroxisomes. (nih.gov)
However, once a covalent bond is formed, the resulting structure is typically extremely stable and although the reverse reaction occurs its occurrence may be highly improbable. (pharmacology2000.com)

This ABCA12 -mediated lipid-transfer system is essential to the transfer of lipids from the cytosol of the corneocyte into lamellar granules. (medscape.com)
Normal extrusion of lipid from these granules into the extracellular space cannot occur, and lipid lamellae are not formed. (medscape.com)

In addition, a translational pausing (TP) motif stops translation, allowing the splicing process to occur. (nature.com)
This process occurs in the absence of oxygen and produces energy in the form of ATP. (proprofs.com)

The second stage consisted of Ca(2+)-triggered exocytosis which, in contrast to priming, occurred in the absence of MgATP. (rupress.org)

DI RNA replication occurred in yeast cells, as demonstrated by the presence of monomers and dimers of positive and negative polarities. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Although 26S RNA is present in the cytosol of all cells infected by alphaviruses, this is the first report of incorporation of the subgenomic RNA into alphavirus particles. (caltech.edu)
NAD+ regeneration alone in the cytosol can rescue the viability of ETC-deficient cells. (bvsalud.org)

The cytosol is not a "soup" with free-floating particles, but highly organized on the molecular level. (kids.net.au)

Argininosuccinate is cleaved in the cytosol by argininosuccinate lyase ( AL ), which is coded on human chromosome 7 ( Fig. 44-6 , reaction 4). (nih.gov)
The most substantial human exposure to ST occurs via the inhalation route in occupational settings. (cdc.gov)

We hypothesised that the presence of active CTSB in the cytosol is crucial for NLRP3-inflammasome assembly and, consequently, for mature IL-1β generation after mycobacterial infection in vitro . (frontiersin.org)
Furthermore, active components in cytosol resolved by gel filtration were found to support either priming or triggering, but not both. (rupress.org)

These observations suggest that during Mtb infection, lysosomal release of activated CTSB and possibly other cathepsins inhibitable by CA07-Me is critical for the induction of inflammasome-mediated IL-1β processing by regulating NLRP3-inflammasome assembly in the cytosol. (frontiersin.org)

one of each type of factor was partially purified from rat brain cytosol, and found to be enriched for stage-specific activity. (rupress.org)

In plants, the amount of cytosol can be reduced due to the large tonoplast (central vacuole ) that takes up most of the room of the cell. (kids.net.au)

This situation may occur at high altitude or during respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sleep apnoea and fibrosis, and during failure of ventilation due to neurological diseases. (ersjournals.com)

This condition is one of a group of related diseases known as autoimmune disorders, which occur when the immune system malfunctions and attacks the body's tissues and organs. (medlineplus.gov)

In the case of Streptomyces a development switch occurs with the concomitant production of secondary metabolites, many of which have pharmaceutical properties. (bl.uk)
A failure of ureagenesis occurs because of acquired disease, such as cirrhosis secondary to alcoholism, or secondary to an inherited defect, usually a congenital enzymopathy. (nih.gov)

H37Rv-infected murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) displayed both lysosomal leakage, with release of CTSB into the cytosol, as well as increased levels of mature IL-1β. (frontiersin.org)

Yet, how this occurs and whether transfer of oxidative equivalents to the mitochondrion is required remain unknown. (bvsalud.org)

Beta-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate occurs naturally in humans, animals and plants. (researchsquare.com)

During autophagosome maturation, cargo recruitment takes place through the recruitment of ATGs and LC3, and mature autophagosome formation occurs. (hindawi.com)

The ion exchange occurs regardless of the substance's charge. (medscape.com)

Anatomy28

Organisms6

Chemicals and Drugs55

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment13

Phenomena and Processes26

Information Science3

Mitochondria8

Place in the cytosol2

Proteins5

Degradation3

Endoplasmic reticulum1

Cytoplasm3

Nucleus2

Molecules2

Acetylation3

Cytoplasmic2

MRNA3

Aspartate1

Protein2

Membrane1

Abundant1

Pathway1

Nucleation2

Reactions2

Binds1

Reaction occurs2

Lipid2

Process2

Contrast1

Cells3

Particles1

Human2

Active2

Infection1

Factor1

Large1

Chronic1

Diseases1

Secondary2

Levels1

Transfer1

Plants1

Mature1

Exchange1