• We previously demonstrated that exposure to an appetitive CS causes an increase in the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and cyclic-AMP response-element binding protein (CREB) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of rats, and that CS-evoked ERK activation is critical for CS control over reward seeking. (ed.gov)
  • In so, we utilized female Wistar rats selectively bred to voluntarily run high (HVR) and low (LVR) nightly distances in order to examine if endogenous differences in nucleus accumbens (NAc) NMDA receptor expression and function underlies the propensity for high or low motivation to voluntarily wheel-run. (eurekamag.com)
  • Because forebrain areas such as the lateral hypothalamus (LH), central amygdala (CeA), and nucleus accumbens (NAc) are known to play an important role in this behavior, we recorded from these areas while water-deprived (WD) and salt-deprived (SD) rats performed a two-bottle choice test between 0.5 M salt (NaCl) and 0.4 M sucrose. (duke.edu)
  • male rats underwent either Pavlovian or operant conditioning while dopamine release was measured in the nucleus accumbens, a brain region central for processing this information. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Compared to controls, rats receiving a single ECS showed higher levels of both D1 and D2 receptor mRNAs in the nucleus accumbens 4 h, but not 24 h, after treatment. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Similarly, rats receiving ECS repeatedly (five ECS in 10 days) also exhibited higher levels of D1 and D2 receptor mRNAs in the nucleus accumbens 4 h, but not 24 h, after the last treatment. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Rats were euthanized one day after the second extinction test and the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and dorsal striatum were collected to measure gene expression with microarray analysis. (unipr.it)
  • Prenatal restraint stress differentially modifies basal and stimulated dopamine and noradrenaline release in the nucleus accumbens shell: an 'in vivo' microdialysis study in adolescent and young adult rats. (unica.it)
  • We investigated the effect of PNS on basal and stimulated dopamine and noradrenaline output in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving adolescent and young adult rats (30-35 and 60-70 postnatal days respectively) because of the importance of this area in drug dependence and possibly in psychiatric disorders that are treated with drugs that act on dopamine and noradrenaline transmission. (unica.it)
  • 5. Carlezon, W.A. Jr. & Wise, R.A. Rewarding actions drug to its receptor, but rather by the rats, treatments associated with aversive of phencyclidine and related drugs in nucleus ac- failure of an expected drug injection to states such as severe drug withdrawal cumbens shell and frontal cortex. (lu.se)
  • The dopaminergic neurons of the mesolimbic pathway project onto the GABAergic medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle. (wikipedia.org)
  • The correlated cells of these excited states of the medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens are shared equally between the subiculum and CA1. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cell types: Neurons in the nucleus accumbens are mostly medium spiny neurons (MSNs) containing mainly D1-type (i.e. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dendritic remodeling of medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens is thought to be an essential mechanism underlying behavioral sensitization. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this study, we report the spine density of medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens after repeated methamphetamine injection to examine morphological alterations in serotonin transporter knockout mice . (bvsalud.org)
  • Golgi-COX staining clearly showed that the spine density of medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens increased following repeated methamphetamine treatment in both wild-type and serotonin transporter knockout mice . (bvsalud.org)
  • AMPA receptor (AMPAR) transmission onto medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the adult rat nucleus accumbens (NAc) is normally dominated by GluA2-containing, Ca 2+ -impermeable AMPAR (CI-AMPARs). (okstate.edu)
  • Major glutamatergic inputs to the nucleus accumbens include the prefrontal cortex (particularly the prelimbic cortex and infralimbic cortex), basolateral amygdala, ventral hippocampus, thalamic nuclei (specifically the midline thalamic nuclei and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus), and glutamatergic projections from the ventral tegmental area (VTA). (wikipedia.org)
  • Location: The shell is the outer region of the nucleus accumbens, and - unlike the core - is considered to be part of the extended amygdala, located at its rostral pole. (wikipedia.org)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Appetitive changes during salt deprivation are paralleled by widespread neuronal adaptations in nucleus accumbens, lateral hypothalamus, and central amygdala. (duke.edu)
  • In males, we saw responses in the amygdala but not the nucleus accumbens - similar to the pattern reported in humans listening to unpleasant music. (frontiersin.org)
  • Also included in the reward system are the dorsal striatum (e.g., caudate nucleus in humans), the heavily interconnected amygdala and hippocampus (Hp), and the prefrontal cortex. (frontiersin.org)
  • The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) are positioned to exert top-down control over subcortical regions, such as the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcS) and basolateral amygdala, which encode positive and negative valence of ethanol (EtOH)-related stimuli. (nih.gov)
  • We examined gene expression in the amygdala, hypothalamus, and combined ventral pallidum/nucleus accumbens in virgins and at three time points after mating to understand species differences in gene expression at baseline, in response to mating, and during bond formation. (cdc.gov)
  • The nucleus accumbens is an aggregate of neurons which is described as having an outer shell and an inner core. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dopaminergic inputs from the VTA modulate the activity of GABAergic neurons within the nucleus accumbens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Slight depolarizations of cells in the nucleus accumbens correlates with positivity of the neurons of the hippocampus, making them more excitable. (wikipedia.org)
  • The nucleus accumbens is one of the few regions that receives a high density of histaminergic projections from the tuberomammillary nucleus (the sole source of histamine neurons in the brain). (wikipedia.org)
  • The output neurons of the nucleus accumbens send axonal projections to the basal ganglia and the ventral analog of the globus pallidus, known as the ventral pallidum (VP). (wikipedia.org)
  • We established that, in the nucleus accumbens, a key brain region of reward processing, the neuronal ensembles -- a sparse network of neurons activated simultaneously -- are reward-specific, and sucrose and cocaine ensembles are mostly nonoverlapping," says Ana Clara Bobadilla, a UW assistant professor in the School of Pharmacy and in the WWAMI (Washington, Wyoming, Alaska, Montana and Idaho) Medical Education Program. (uwyo.edu)
  • Results from additional functional connectivity and neural pathway tracing analyses implicate the nucleus accumbens as a putative downstream target of vHP MCH1 receptor-expressing neurons. (nature.com)
  • Standard electrophysiological techniques were used to record changes in firing activities of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell after acute injection of cumulative doses of MXE (0.031-0.5 mg/kg IV). (erowid.org)
  • The nucleus accumbens shell (NAcc shell) is a substructure of the nucleus accumbens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Background: Neuroimaging studies on brain correlates of rewarding experiences suggest a central role for the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). (unimib.it)
  • Functional imaging studies revealed that the brain reward system and particularly the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of drug addiction. (uni-luebeck.de)
  • Dopamine Receptors Differentially Control Binge Alcohol Drinking-Mediated Synaptic Plasticity of the Core Nucleus Accumbens Direct and Indirect Pathways. (umassmed.edu)
  • We discuss the possibility that increased expression of D1 and D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens may be involved in the dopamine-enhancing properties of ECS detected in behavioural studies. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Differential involvement of NMDA and AMPA receptors within the nucleus accumbens in consolidation of information necessary for place navigation and guidance strategy of mice. (univ-amu.fr)
  • Extinction-induced upregula- the work of Sutton et al .3, it has consid- of calcium into nucleus accumbens neu- tion in AMPA receptors reduces cocaine-seeking behaviour. (lu.se)
  • The VP, in turn, projects to the medial dorsal nucleus of the dorsal thalamus, which projects to the prefrontal cortex as well as back to the ventral and to dorsal striatum. (wikipedia.org)
  • Localized neuropharmacological glutamate blockade at sites in the medial shell of nucleus accumbens (NAc), by microinjections of the glutamate AMPA antagonist, DNQX, produce either intense appetitive behavior or fearful behavior. (jneurosci.org)
  • Comparable results from ICSS and yoked groups were interpreted as evidence that the rewarding properties of VTA stimulation were a causal factor in the elevated DA transmission in the nucleus accumbens, rather than intense operant behavior. (nih.gov)
  • Dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens plays an important role in guiding social behavior, however, its role in real time social decision making in a monogamous species remains largely unknown. (biorxiv.org)
  • While some studies suggest striatal NF-κB signaling may regulate drug-conditioned behavior, no studies to date have examined whether NF-κB signaling within the nucleus accumbens core (NAc core) alters downstream neuroimmune function and cue-motivated cocaine seeking following a period of forced abstinence, whether any effects are specific to cocaine over other reinforcers, or whether sex differences exist. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Microinjections of a glutamate AMPA antagonist (DNQX) in medial shell of nucleus accumbens (NAc) can cause either intense appetitive motivation (i.e., 'desire') or intense defensive motivation (i.e., 'dread'), depending on site along a flexible rostrocaudal gradient and on environmental ambience. (jneurosci.org)
  • SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A major hypothesis posits neuronal inhibitions in nucleus accumbens generate intense motivation. (jneurosci.org)
  • Microinjections in nucleus accumbens of glutamate antagonist, DNQX, which might suppress local neuronal firing, generate either appetitive or defensive motivation, depending on site and environmental factors. (jneurosci.org)
  • Is neuronal inhibition in nucleus accumbens required for such pharmacologically-induced motivations? (jneurosci.org)
  • They comprise 90 percent to 95 percent of the neuronal population with the nucleus accumbens. (uwyo.edu)
  • A common neuronal ensemble in nucleus accumbens regulates pain-like behaviour and sleep. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Attenuated dopamine efflux in the rat nucleus accumbens during successive negative contrast. (bvsalud.org)
  • Lesions of the orbital prefrontal cortex (OPFC) and the nucleus accumbens core (AcbC) can disrupt performance in inter-temporal choice tasks, possibly by increasing the organism's sensitivity to delay and/or magnitude of reinforcement. (elsevierpure.com)
  • These results may be relevant to roles of nucleus accumbens mechanisms in pathological motivations, including addiction and paranoia. (jneurosci.org)
  • We report the first epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) of smoking in human postmortem brain, focusing on nucleus accumbens (NAc) as a key brain region in developing and reinforcing addiction. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Increased iron deposition in the putamen, caudate, and nucleus accumbens (NAC) was found in patients with migraine compared with healthy individuals, suggesting iron deposition in the NAC may be a biomarker for migraine. (optometryadvisor.com)
  • 001), putamen ( P = .002), parabrachial pigmented nucleus ( P = .003), habenular nuclei ( P = .017), and substantianigra pars compacta ( P = .018). (optometryadvisor.com)
  • The present study examined the effects of acute and repeated administration of electroconvulsive shock (ECS) on levels of D1 and D2 receptor mRNAs in the nucleus accumbens and striatum (caudate-putamen) of the rat. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Is the Subject Area "Caudate nucleus" applicable to this article? (plos.org)
  • Repeated methamphetamine treatment increases spine density in the nucleus accumbens of serotonin transporter knockout mice. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our results suggested that augmented serotonergic neurotransmission produced by serotonin transporter deletion prevents the development of behavioral sensitization in a manner that is independent of dendritic remodeling in the nucleus accumbens . (bvsalud.org)
  • The nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle collectively form the ventral striatum. (wikipedia.org)
  • This system consists of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and its dopaminergic projections to several regions of the forebrain, for example the nucleus accumbens (nAc) in the ventral striatum. (frontiersin.org)
  • Because these HDACs are differentially located in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, and the nucleus, these results suggest that METH self-administration may have impacted signaling pathways in various cellular compartments. (ashdin.com)
  • My project will examine commonalities between changes in long-term depression in the nucleus accumbens induced by in vivo administration of major classes of addictive drugs. (europa.eu)
  • In vivo microdialysis with HPLC-ED was used to measure dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the nucleus accumbens of the rat, prior, during, and after 15-min periods of electrical brain stimulation at sites in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) that supported intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). (nih.gov)
  • also known as the accumbens nucleus, or formerly as the nucleus accumbens septi, Latin for "nucleus adjacent to the septum") is a region in the basal forebrain rostral to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The nucleus accumbens receives dopaminergic inputs from the ventral tegmental area, which connect via the mesolimbic pathway. (wikipedia.org)
  • 10. Lindvall, O., Björklund, A., Skagerberg, G.: Selective histochemical demonstration of dopamine terminal systems in rat di- and telencephalon: new evidence for dopaminergic innervation of hypothalamic neurosecretory nuclei. (lu.se)
  • The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is one of the predominant components of this system, however the role of the NAc's glutaminergic system in the behavioral response to MPD has not been studied. (scientificarchives.com)
  • Altered responsiveness to co- oup the nucleus accumbens reflect the behavioral approaches that incorporate caine and increased immobility in the forced swim test associated with elevated cAMP response ele- memory of associations between the extinction-like processes may have effi- ment binding protein in nucleus accumbens. (lu.se)
  • Two hours after the last shock sessions the nucleus accumbens (NAc) was dissected and processed to measure mRNA levels. (ashdin.com)
  • Electroconvulsive shock increases dopamine D1 and D2 receptor mRNA in the nucleus accumbens of the rat. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The effects of single and repeated ECS treatment on dopamine receptor mRNA levels were localised to the caudal region of the nucleus accumbens. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This age-related effect was mediated by a neural measure of temporal variability in nucleus accumbens activity. (jneurosci.org)
  • We applied chronic social defeat stress, an ethologically validated mouse model of depression-like behaviors, and examined Tet1 expression changes in nucleus accumbens (NAc), a key brain reward region. (princeton.edu)
  • An overactive nucleus accumbens is often seen in addictive behaviors. (emofree.com)
  • Each cerebral hemisphere has its own nucleus accumbens, which can be divided into two structures: the nucleus accumbens core and the nucleus accumbens shell. (wikipedia.org)
  • The shell and core together form the entire nucleus accumbens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Moreover, we demonstrate that males express higher levels of MMP-9 within the NAc core and nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh) compared to females, and that p65 knockdown significantly decreases MMP-9 in the NAc core of males but not females among cocaine cue-exposed animals. (elsevierpure.com)
  • As a whole, the nucleus accumbens has a significant role in the cognitive processing of motivation, aversion, reward (i.e., incentive salience, pleasure, and positive reinforcement), and reinforcement learning (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, part of the nucleus accumbens core is centrally involved in the induction of slow-wave sleep. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bobadilla is lead author of a paper, titled " Cocaine and Sucrose Rewards Recruit Different Seeking Ensembles in the Nucleus Accumbens Core ," that was published in the Sept. 28 issue of Molecular Psychiatry. (uwyo.edu)
  • Previous studies have shown that chronic cocain administration induces SIRT1, a Class III histone deacetylase, in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a key brain reward region, and that such induction influences the gene regulation and place conditioning effects of cocaine. (upenn.edu)
  • Ana Clara Bobadilla, a UW assistant professor in the School of Pharmacy and the WWAMI Medical Education Program, is lead author of a paper that found that the nucleus accumbens recruited by cocaine use are largely distinct from nucleus accumbens recruited by sucrose, or table sugar. (uwyo.edu)
  • In a study using genetically modified mice, a University of Wyoming faculty member found that the nucleus accumbens recruited by cocaine use are largely distinct from nucleus accumbens recruited by sucrose, or table sugar. (uwyo.edu)
  • We already have many examples ure of a discrete action (lever press) to in the sensitivity of nucleus accumbens of how brain biology can affect behav- produce the expected results (cocaine). (lu.se)
  • N E W S & V I E W S self-administration rather than the fail- accumbens, and subsequent increases tions. (lu.se)
  • Western blot analysis was used to quantify the amount of protein in both the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the caudate (CP), a control brain area. (brynmawr.edu)
  • The nucleus accumbens is often described as one part of a cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop. (wikipedia.org)
  • Another major source of input comes from the CA1 and ventral subiculum of the hippocampus to the dorsomedial area of the nucleus accumbens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nucleus accumbens in the brain play a central role in the risk-reward circuit. (uwyo.edu)
  • The nucleus accumbens plays a lesser role in processing fear (a form of aversion), impulsivity, and the placebo effect. (wikipedia.org)
  • Protracted abstinence in males with an opioid use disorder: partial recovery of nucleus accumbens function, Tolomeo et al. (step-initiative.de)
  • The hyperactivities induced by dopamine, noradrenaline and isoprenaline were each inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by subsequent injections of fluphenazine 1.25-25 mug into the nucleus accumbens, although no reductions were recorded following similar injections of saline, solvent, 2 procaine, 50 mug propranolol or 50 mug piperoxan. (erowid.org)
  • Higher levels of iron deposition in the nucleus accumbens were associated with migraine progression and burden. (optometryadvisor.com)