Nucleotides that regulate gene expression small rna micro rna that regulates. Medical search. Frequent questions

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a category of small nonencoding RNAs of 22 nucleotides in length. (hindawi.com)
Here, microRNA-127 (miR-127) is one of the miRNAs that focuses on lung diseases [ 31 - 33 ]. (hindawi.com)
We aimed to evaluate the selected miRNAs expression based on bioinformatic analysis and their changes before and after an ultramar. (researchgate.net)
Previously, it has been demonstrated that certain transcriptional targets of SOX4 are associated with cancer development and progression and the processing of microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) ( 12 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs (~22 nucleotides in length) that regulate the expression of their target genes by translational repression or mRNA degradation ( 13 , 14 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Differential expression of miRNAs has been widely described in breast cancers, and suggests that certain miRNAs, including miR-206 ( 19 ), miR-129 ( 20 ), miR-200 ( 21 ) and miR-34 ( 22 ), may function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in breast cancer. (spandidos-publications.com)
To understand the molecular mechanism of SOX4 in breast cancer development and progression, the present study aimed to identify miRNAs that regulate the expression of SOX4, which revealed miR-320 as a potential candidate. (spandidos-publications.com)
Still other RNA molecules, such as tiny microRNAs ( miRNAs ), act as regulators of other genes, and new types of non-protein-coding RNAs are being discovered all the time. (khanacademy.org)
Emerging evidence indicates that Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in tumor progression, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (biomedcentral.com)
A series of studies indicate that lncRNAs serve as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNA) by sponging miRNAs, and modulate the targets of miRNAs [ 15 , 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) was used to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) at the molecular response in CML adult patients receiving TKIs treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs (~22 nucleotides in length) that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by imperfect binding to the 3′ untranslated region of target mRNAs in a wide variety of cell types. (biomedcentral.com)
The recent publication by Wagh and colleagues sought to identify the novel miRNAs regulating cardiac-specific transcription factors that determine left versus right ventricular determination [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in most cancers. (biomedcentral.com)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous non-coding ~21 nucleotide RNAs that regulate gene expression at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in plants and animals. (worktribe.com)
miRNAs with their targets have been widely studied in model plants, but limited knowledge is available on the small RNA population of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)-an important economic crop, and global identification of related targets through degradome sequencing has not been developed previously. (worktribe.com)
The profiling of the miRNAs and their target genes provides new information on the miRNAs network during cotton SE. (worktribe.com)
In the search for molecular biomarkers that could reveal pre-clinical phases of the disease, scientists have focused much of their attention on microRNAs (miRNAs), the best characterised family of small non-coding RNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
Accumulating evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of this network, with the capacity to target multiple messenger RNAs involved in the EndMT process as well as in the regulation of disease progression. (bmbreports.org)
This review highlights the current fund of knowledge regarding the known links between miRNAs and the EndMT process, with a focus on the mechanism that regulates associated signaling pathways and discusses the potential for the EndMT as a therapeutic target to treat many diseases. (bmbreports.org)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous noncoding RNAs composed of 18-23 nucleotides (nt) that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression by targeting the 3'-untranslated regions of mRNAs [ 1 - 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are associated with cytogenetics and molecular subtypes of acute myelogeneous leukemia (AML), but their impact on AML pathogenesis is poorly understood. (ashpublications.org)
Colorectal cancer Core tip: MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a key class of gene ex-pression regulators, have emerged as crucial players in various biological processes such as cellular prolifera-tion and differentiaprolifera-tion, development and apoptosis. (123dok.net)
miRNAs are a family of small non-coding RNAs that emerged as significant and versatile regulators involved in regulation of immune responses. (frontiersin.org)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are highly conserved, single-stranded, small non-coding RNAs that have been shown to act as essential regulators of gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. (frontiersin.org)
miRNAs induce gene degradation and suppression of translation, or both, mainly by imperfect binding to miRNA recognition elements (MREs) within the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of target mRNAs ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Mapping all miRNAs to the tammar genome and comparing target genes among tammar, mouse and human, we identified 163 conserved target genes. (biomedcentral.com)
The first class of small RNAs identified were the micro RNAs (miRNAs), which are small (~22 nt) non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by base pairing to mRNAs where they direct either mRNA cleavage or repress translation [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short (21-24 nucleotides) sequences of RNA that reduce gene expression by promoting the breakdown of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and by repressing translation of mRNAs into proteins. (freethoughtblogs.com)
We show that, similar to metazoan steady-state systems, endogenous miRNAs in Chlamydomonas can regulate gene expression both by destabilization of the mRNA and by translational repression. (freethoughtblogs.com)
that asthma is intensively regulated by a variety of microRNAs (miRNAs). (cdc.gov)
MiRNAs are approximately 19- to 25-nucleotide estimated about 250,000 and mortality does not appear single-stranded, noncoding RNAs that exist in both to correlate well with prevalence. (cdc.gov)
Th)1 cells.5 Meanwhile, the function and immunity of with genetic predisposition, involving multiple cells, DCs are closely regulated by miRNAs. (cdc.gov)
DEFB1 expression after transfection with two micro RNAs (miRNAs), hsa-miR-186-5p and hsa-miR-340-5p, provided evidence that DEFB1 expression could be modulated by these miRNAs and hsa-miR-186-5p had a higher binding efficiency with DEFB1. (cdc.gov)
Simple Summary: This study identified a set of 73 microRNAs (miRNAs) that can accurately detect lung cancer tumors from normal lung tissues. (cdc.gov)
Based on the consistent expression patterns associated with patient survival outcomes and in tumors vs. normal lung tissues, 10 miRNAs were considered to be putatively tumor suppressive and 4 miRNAs were deemed as oncogenic in lung cancer. (cdc.gov)
From the list of genes that were targeted by the 73 diagnostic miRNAs, DGKE and WDR47 had significant associations with responses to both systemic therapies and radiotherapy in lung cancer. (cdc.gov)
This study identified a set of 73 microRNAs (miRNAs) that classified lung cancer tumors from normal lung tissues with an overall accuracy of 96.3% in the training patient cohort (n = 109) and 91.7% in unsupervised classification and 92.3% in supervised classification in the validation set (n = 375). (cdc.gov)
Experimentally confirmed target genes were identified for the 73 diagnostic miRNAs, from which proliferation genes were selected from CRISPR-Cas9/RNA interference (RNAi) screening assays. (cdc.gov)

Mechanistically, PTTG3P upregulated the expression of miR-383 targets Cyclin D1 (CCND1) and poly ADP-ribose polymerase 2 (PARP2) by sponging miR-383, acting as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA). (biomedcentral.com)

mRNAs corresponding to several regulatory genes that mediate auxin responses contain short stretches of sequence that are complementary to microRNAs, and therefore have been considered potential targets of microRNA-mediated regulation. (sciencedaily.com)
The plants showed increased accumulation of ARF17 mRNA and altered levels of mRNAs corresponding to several genes that may be regulated by ARF17. (sciencedaily.com)
Evolutionarily conserved, these 17-22 nucleotide long molecules regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional level generally by repressing translation or increasing degradation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs). (biomedcentral.com)
A significant enrichment for apoptosis genes, including MCL-1 , was found among the mRNAs inversely correlated with miR-29b expression in 45 primary AML samples. (ashpublications.org)
Although more and animals and plants and regulate gene/protein expression more progressions have been made about the through direct complementarity between their 5' region pathogenesis of asthma in recent years, the increasing and the 3' untranslated region of target mRNAs. (cdc.gov)

Pseudogene, a subclass of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), are considered as genomic loci that resemble real gene, but lost some functionality because they are lack of protein-coding ability because of disabling mutation, lack of transcription, or their inability to encode RNA [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

MicroRNAs are tiny ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules (~22 nucleotides long) that recently have been found to play important roles in regulating gene expression in eukaryotic organisms, including plants and animals. (sciencedaily.com)
Messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules are encoded by genes and are themselves templates for the proteins that carry the main metabolic functions in a cell. (sciencedaily.com)
The mRNA levels in a cell are fine tuned by different mechanisms, one of which is driven by microRNA molecules. (sciencedaily.com)
MicroRNAs are ~22 nucleotide long RNA molecules that provide substrate specificity to a protein complex known as the RNA-induced silencing complex. (sciencedaily.com)
Within the complex, microRNAs are thought to bind to mRNA molecules containing a complementary stretch of RNA sequence. (sciencedaily.com)
For instance, some genes specify ribosomal RNAs ( rRNAs ), which serve as structural components of ribosomes, or transfer RNAs ( tRNAs ), cloverleaf-shaped RNA molecules that bring amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis. (khanacademy.org)
The nitrogenous bases of nucleotides are organic (carbon-based) molecules made up of nitrogen-containing ring structures. (khanacademy.org)
microRNAs are small RNA molecules, typically 20 to 25 nucleotides in length, that do not encode proteins but instead regulate gene expression. (regulusrx.com)
Small RNAs have proven to be essential regulatory molecules encoded within eukaryotic genomes. (biomedcentral.com)

Recent studies have shown that miR-33a/b regulates the cholesterol and fatty acid pathways in a negative feedback loop. (regulusrx.com)
Furthermore, we demonstrated that miR-21 regulates inflammatory responses through NF-κB signaling pathways. (frontiersin.org)
In this review, we focus on the impact of ncRNA post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, especially those of microRNAs and lncRNAs, in RA signalling pathways during differentiation and disease. (mdpi.com)
In addition, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) integrated with PCR array data showed that the JAK1/STAT3 pathway was significantly altered in cells overexpressing DEFB1, suggesting this to be one of the pathways by which defensin regulates IAV replication in HBEpCs. (cdc.gov)

deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) and ribonucleic acid ( RNA ). (khanacademy.org)

Smoking, stress, and diet can produce epigenetic modifications to the genome that alter the regulation of immune system-specific genes leading to the onset of these conditions. (wikipedia.org)
The main mechanisms of epigenetic alterations are DNA methylation, histone modifications, and regulation by non-coding RNAs. (wikipedia.org)
These changes were correlated with dramatic development defects in leaves, roots, and flowers, showing that microRNA-mediated regulation of ARF17 is essential for normal plant development. (sciencedaily.com)
There are many AGO1-like proteins in animals and other eukaryotes as well, indicating that the RNA-induced silencing complex is of ancient evolutionary origin, and that microRNA-mediated regulation of gene expression is shared among many eukaryotes. (sciencedaily.com)
Arabidopsis ago1 mutants lacking the AGO1 protein have numerous severe developmental defects, supporting the notion that regulation by microRNAs is critical for normal plant growth. (sciencedaily.com)
Dr. Bellini and her colleagues found that the mutant plants over-accumulate ARF17 mRNA within the hypocotyl, pointing to ARF17 as a major regulator of adventitious rooting and microRNA-mediated regulation as a major regulator of ARF17. (sciencedaily.com)
However, little is known about the effects of drugs on their regulation and relationship with the cognate linear transcript (linRNA). (researchgate.net)
The sequence information was used to identify putative paralogs, characterize salmon Kozak motifs, polyadenylation signal variation and to identify motifs likely to be involved in the regulation of particular genes. (biomedcentral.com)
Organization and complexity of life is built from the utilization of basic metabolites, followed by the introduction of biochemical and epigenetic regulation of genes. (evolutamente.it)
The current updated understanding of the term epigenetics describe cellular processes that affect medium to long-term readability and accessibility of the genome that would determine changes in the regulation and structure during gene expression that is outside of the direct changes made to the DNA sequence. (evolutamente.it)
Recent studies indicate that dys-regulation of microRNA expression plays important roles in tumorigenesis. (oncotarget.com)
These short RNAs participate in a diverse array of cellular processes including gene regulation, chromatin dynamics and genome defense. (biomedcentral.com)
The characterization of new miRNA target genes and a unique profile for crasiRNAs has allowed for insight into multiple RNA mediated processes in the tammar, including gene regulation, species incompatibilities, centromere and chromosome function. (biomedcentral.com)
Small RNAs play important roles in many aspects of pre- and post-transcriptional gene regulation, epigenetic modifications, chromosome segregation and genome structure. (biomedcentral.com)
We have only known that microRNAs even existed since the early 1990's, and their importance in gene regulation and development wasn't appreciated until the 2000's. (freethoughtblogs.com)
MicroRNAs participate in the regulation of asthma, the goal of this study is to summarize recent researches on the roles of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of asthma. (cdc.gov)
MicroRNAs not only participate in determining DCs phenotype and then naive T lymphocyte differentiation, but also participate in the regulation of airway inflammation and airway remodeling in asthma. (cdc.gov)
Zhang et al cytokines, mediators and signals and closely related to demonstrated that microRNA let-7i was upregulated immune regulation. (cdc.gov)

Many genes encode protein products, meaning that they specify the sequence of amino acids used to build a particular protein. (khanacademy.org)
Importantly, not all genes encode protein products. (khanacademy.org)
Current research links mutated DNA sequences in genes that encode neurotransmitter receptors or ion channels in hereditary or generalized epilepsies [4]. (evolutamente.it)

MicroRNAs regulate target gene expression post-transcriptionally in a myriad of cell types and play critical roles in diverse physiological and pathological processes, including cardiomyocyte development, differentiation, and regeneration. (biomedcentral.com)

Research reported in The Plant Cell shows that microRNAs control the accumulation of transcription factor proteins that regulate the expression of genes in the auxin response pathway. (sciencedaily.com)
This type of RNA is called a messenger RNA ( mRNA ), as it serves as a messenger between DNA and the ribosomes, molecular machines that read mRNA sequences and use them to build proteins. (khanacademy.org)
Mechanisms involved in epigenetic changes include DNA methylation, changes to chromatin structure facilitated by modification of histone proteins and changes to chromatin structure modified by noncoding RNAs. (evolutamente.it)

These epigenetic changes regulate the expression of genes, including those involved in the immune system, and therefore these modifications play a role in the onset and symptoms of different systemic and local autoimmune diseases. (wikipedia.org)
DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that interferes with transcription and causes decreased levels of gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
Common features in epilepsy can now be explained by epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodelling and non-coding RNAs. (evolutamente.it)

The gga-miR-155 promotes the proliferation and invasiveness of the MDV-transformed lymphocyte line MSB1 and inhibits apoptosis by targeting the RORA gene. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, we predicted and demonstrated that Retinoid Acid Receptor-Related Orphan Receptor Alpha (RORA) is one of the targets of gga-miR-155, and the gga-miR-155 regulated the proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and invasiveness of MSB1 cells by targeting RORA. (biomedcentral.com)
MicroRNAs, a key class of gene expression regulators, have emerged as crucial players in various biological processes such as cellular proliferation and differentia-tion, development and apoptosis. (123dok.net)

An additional nine genes were identified in tammar that do not have an orthologous miRNA target in human and likely represent novel miRNA-regulated genes in the tammar. (biomedcentral.com)
Based on our identified miRNA-regulated network, we discovered three drugsBX-912, daunorubicin, and midostaurinthat can be repositioned to treat lung cancer, which was not known before. (cdc.gov)
Based on our identified miRNA-regulated molecular machinery, an inhibitor of PDK1/Akt BX-912, an anthracycline antibiotic daunorubicin, and a multi-targeted protein kinase inhibitor midostaurin were discovered as potential repositioning drugs for treating lung cancer. (cdc.gov)

In contrast to the large number of ESTs available, including the ESTs from 23 developmental and tissue specific cDNA libraries contributed by the Salmon Genome Project (SGP), the number of sequences where the full-length of the cDNA insert has been determined has been small. (biomedcentral.com)
These clusters of tentative consensus sequences (TCs) serve as a valuable resource for putative gene products. (biomedcentral.com)
However, these reconstructions are prone to error caused by low quality of single-pass sequences, alternative splice forms, expressed pseudogenes and sequence similarities between transcripts within gene families. (biomedcentral.com)
One would expect that the large number of almost identical ohnologous sequences would make such gene transcript predictions particularly challenging in salmonid species. (biomedcentral.com)
We examined each of these small RNA classes with respect to the newly assembled tammar wallaby genome for gene and repeat features, salient features that define their canonical sequences, and the constitution of both highly conserved and species-specific members. (biomedcentral.com)
The subsequent huge changes in morphology were more often due to changes in when and where those genes were expressed than to changes in the coding sequences of the genes themselves. (freethoughtblogs.com)

Using a combination of miRNA hairpin predictions and co-mapping with miRBase entries, we identified a highly conserved cluster of miRNA genes on the X chromosome in the tammar and a total of 94 other predicted miRNA producing genes. (biomedcentral.com)

In addidifferentia-tion, microR-NAs are coming to light as crucial regulators of innate and adaptive immune responses, and their abnormal expression and/or function in the immune system have been linked to multiple human diseases including inflammatory disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease, and cancers. (123dok.net)

The results of the present study indicate that microRNAs play important roles in regulating asthma immune responses. (cdc.gov)

Of note, recent study identified that miR-127 expression was aberrant in the inflammation-related pulmonary disorders [ 36 ] and further revealed that enhanced expression of miR-127 could promote the development of inflammatory macrophages and contribute to the exaggerated lung inflammation and injury [ 37 ]. (hindawi.com)
In this review, we discuss our current understanding of microRNAs with a focus on their role and mode of action in regulating the immune system during inflammation and carcinogenesis. (123dok.net)
Thus, to maintain a balance between host preservation and inflammatory pathology, the immune response and inflammation need to be tightly regulated. (frontiersin.org)

One of these targets is the transcription factor AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR17 (ARF17), which is thought to repress the expression of a number of other genes involved in auxin responses. (sciencedaily.com)
In this study, small RNAs and their targets were identified during cotton somatic embryogenesis (SE) through high-throughput small RNA and degradome sequencing, comparing seedling hypocotyl and embryogenic callus (EC) of G. hirsutum YZ1. (worktribe.com)
Several targets were further validated via RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of 5' cDNA ends (RLM 5'-RACE). (worktribe.com)
Bioinformatic analysis was performed in order to identify putative targets of the differentially expressed microRNAs and to explore potential associations with specific biological processes. (biomedcentral.com)
Global gene expression profiling of mouse medulloblastomas and bioinformatics analyses of microRNA targets suggest that minichromosome maintenance complex component 2 (MCM2) is a likely target gene of miR-31 in suppressing cell growth. (oncotarget.com)
This study encompasses the first analyses of the major classes of small RNAs for the newly completed tammar genome, validates preliminary annotations using deep sequencing and computational approaches, and provides a foundation for future work on tammar-specific as well as conserved, but previously unknown small RNA progenitors and targets identified herein. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, microRNAs are also shown to be targets for asthma therapy in the future. (cdc.gov)

They regulate gene expression through different mechanisms [ 10 ] and play a diverse role in many cellular processes [ 11 - 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
As a consequence of the economic interest in salmon, various genomic resources have been developed to identify genes and genomic mechanisms responsible for commercially important traits. (biomedcentral.com)
Although they are structurally similar, plant and animal microRNAs repress gene expression through very different mechanisms. (freethoughtblogs.com)

In addition to be helpful in order to distinguish between duplicate genome regions and in determining correct gene structures, FLIcs are an important resource for functional genomic studies and for investigation of regulatory elements controlling gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)

In vertebrates, gene expression is modulated in particular by methylation within a region of the genome known as a CpG island, a region near a gene's promoter that contains a high percentage of cytosine and guanine nucleotides. (wikipedia.org)
As part of the genome sequencing initiative for the tammar, we have explored the evolution of each of the major classes of mammalian small RNAs in an Australian marsupial for the first time, including the first genome-scale analysis of the newest class of small RNAs, centromere repeat associated short interacting RNAs (crasiRNAs). (biomedcentral.com)

Taken together, these data indicate that miR-31 suppresses medulloblastoma tumorigenesis by negatively regulating DNA replication via MCM2. (oncotarget.com)

The SRY-box 4 (SOX4) gene, which is located on chromosome 6p22.3, encodes a 47-kDa protein that is a member of the sex-determining region Y-related high-mobility group-box transcription factor family and has functions in embryonic development and cell differentiation ( 3 , 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
A chromosome may contain tens of thousands of genes , each providing instructions on how to make a particular product needed by the cell. (khanacademy.org)
Twenty-two of the pairs, chromosome numbers 1 to 22, the autosomes, are normally homologous (identical in size, shape, and position and number of genes). (msdmanuals.com)
the smaller Y chromosome carries genes that initiate male sex differentiation, as well as a few other genes. (msdmanuals.com)
The genes that occupy the same locus on each chromosome of a pair (one inherited from the mother and one from the father) are called alleles. (msdmanuals.com)
A chromosome contains many genes. (msdmanuals.com)

We have identified a single microRNA that controls glioma cell proliferation, migration, and responsiveness to glucose deprivation. (researchgate.net)

The addition of methyl groups to DNA nucleotides inhibits transcription by creating a surface that transcription factors are unable to bind. (wikipedia.org)
Acetylation also functions as a way of recruiting transcription factors that promote gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
microRNA-33a and b (miR-33a/b), which differ by only two nucleotides, are intronic microRNAs located within the sterol response element binding protein genes SREBF2 and SREBF1 , respectively, which code for transcription factors that regulate cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism. (regulusrx.com)
In a PCR array analysis of 84 transcription factors, either overexpressing DEFB1 or siRNA silencing of DEFB1 expression significantly modulated the expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). (cdc.gov)

To this end, the authors performed miRNA expression profiling in undifferentiated hESCs and CMs at day 8 and day 14 after differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)

Research conducted by three independent groups and reported in The Plant Cell shows that fundamental developmental processes controlled by the plant hormone auxin are regulated by microRNAs in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. (sciencedaily.com)

Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRs) can contribute to cancer development and progression. (spandidos-publications.com)

We demonstrate that miR-31 inhibits MCM2 expression via its 3'-untranslated region, that knockdown of MCM2 in DAOY cells leads to a degree of growth inhibition comparable to that by miR-31 restoration, and that overexpression of miR-31 reduces the chromatin loading of MCM2 at the point of G1/S transition. (oncotarget.com)

Bases include the pyrimidine bases (cytosine, thymine in DNA, and uracil in RNA, one ring) and the purine bases (adenine and guanine, two rings). (khanacademy.org)
Each nucleotide in DNA contains one of four possible nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G) cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Adenine and guanine are purines , meaning that their structures contain two fused carbon-nitrogen rings. (khanacademy.org)

LA JOLLA, Calif. , Sept. 8, 2011 / PRNewswire / -- Regulus Therapeutics Inc ., a biopharmaceutical company leading the discovery and development of innovative medicines targeting microRNAs, today announced the presentation of recent advances in its microRNA therapeutic preclinical programs for the treatment of metabolic diseases and cancer. (regulusrx.com)
Regulus is developing microRNA therapeutics targeting miR-33 using proprietary chemically modified anti-miR oligonucleotides delivered systemically. (regulusrx.com)

In this study, we sought to determine the expressions of miR-127 in the lung tissues of sodium taurocholate-induced AP models in rats and that in plasma of AP patients and to preliminarily explore the association of miR-217 levels and LI. (hindawi.com)
Auxin influences development by affecting the expression of numerous genes that control the processes of cell division and cell expansion in specific plant tissues at specific stages during the plant life cycle - e.g. for leaves, roots, and floral organs to develop in the correct patterns and correct time sequence. (sciencedaily.com)
In this study, we found that PTTG3P was up-regulated in HCC tissues and cells. (biomedcentral.com)
By comparing microRNA levels between mouse medulloblastoma and normal cerebellar tissues, we identified a set of down-regulated microRNAs including miR-31. (oncotarget.com)

Additionally, we found that H. pylori induces a unique regulatory gene module with an early transient peak during infection including the anti-inflammatory cytokine Il10 . (nimml.org)
Regulus is advancing multiple microRNA therapeutic programs to the clinic in the areas of fibrosis, immuno-inflammatory disease, metabolic disease, and oncology. (regulusrx.com)
Upregulated miR-21 suppresses LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine expression by targeting IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4), thereby avoiding excessive inflammatory responses. (frontiersin.org)
Activation of NF-κB result in the transcription of various inflammatory genes, including TNF-α and IL-6, to sense microbial pathogens ( 7 - 9 ). (frontiersin.org)

qPCR and Western blot were used to analyze LncRNA PTTG3P, miR-383 and other target genes' expression. (biomedcentral.com)
The mature miRNA is then loaded onto an Argonaute protein (Ago2 in humans) where it then interacts with and regulates the mRNA target. (biomedcentral.com)
In conclusion, the reduction in IAV copy number in DEFB1 overexpressing cells suggests that beta-defensin-1 plays a key role in regulating IAV survival through STAT3 and is a potential target for antiviral drug development. (cdc.gov)

Our exciting data show that inhibiting dysregulated microRNAs with our proprietary anti-miR oligonucleotides are effective at altering disease pathogenesis in animal models and provide us confidence to move these programs forward into clinical development,' said Dr. Gibson. (regulusrx.com)
Synovial fluid represents a potential source of disease-specific small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) that could aid in the understanding of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. (biomedcentral.com)
We hypothesised that early stages of osteoarthritis would alter the expression of sncRNAs, facilitating the understanding of the underlying pathogenesis and potentially provide early biomarkers. (biomedcentral.com)
The biological processes they regulate may play an important role in understanding early osteoarthritis pathogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)

DNA methylation is carried out by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) which attach methyl groups at the 5th position of a cytosine nucleotide. (wikipedia.org)

The discovery of microRNA in humans during the last decade is one of the most exciting scientific breakthroughs in recent history. (regulusrx.com)
Humans have about 20,000 to 23,000 genes depending on how a gene is defined. (msdmanuals.com)

Here, we show that p53 suppresses EMT by repressing expression of ZEB1 and ZEB2. (researchgate.net)

This progression from DNA to RNA to protein is called the " central dogma " of molecular biology. (khanacademy.org)

Although acetylation helps to make DNA more accessible for transcription, histone acetylation's ability to make chromatin remodeling more likely to occur is an extremely important part in its ability to alter gene expression. (wikipedia.org)

and 2) early host response cytokines down-regulate NLRX1 expression through a negative feedback circuit. (nimml.org)

Five hundred and ten (91%) of the transcripts were annotated using Gene Ontology (GO) terms and 440 of the FLIcs are likely to contain a complete coding sequence (cCDS). (biomedcentral.com)

Luciferase reporter assay and RNA pull-down assay were carried out to detect the interaction between miR-383 and LncRNA PTTG3P. (biomedcentral.com)
Global transcriptomic analysis on bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) in a gentamycin protection assay at six time points unveiled the presence of three sequential host response waves: an early transient regulatory gene module followed by sustained and late effector responses. (nimml.org)
HBEpCs overexpressing DEFB1 caused a significant reduction in IAV, that was confirmed by IAV matrix gene analysis, plaque assay, and confocal microscopy. (cdc.gov)

Additional preclinical data presented by Regulus confirmed that microRNA-21 is upregulated in human cancers and that microRNA-21 inhibition impacts tumor burden and significantly increases survival in preclinical models of hepatocellular carcinoma. (regulusrx.com)

Our aim was to investigate the role and mechanism of microRNAs in glioblastomas that could contribute to the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of glioblastoma patients. (biomedcentral.com)
Each class of small RNAs is synthesized by a distinct mechanism and each has discrete biological functions. (biomedcentral.com)

Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. (mdpi.com)
Another class of important small RNAs is the piRNAs. (biomedcentral.com)

Microbial pathogen recognition relies on several classes of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including C-type lectin receptors, nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLR), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and toll-like receptors (TLRs) ( 6 ). (frontiersin.org)

The sugar molecule has a central position in the nucleotide, with the base attached to one of its carbons and the phosphate group (or groups) attached to another. (khanacademy.org)
A gene, the basic unit of heredity, is a segment of DNA containing all the information necessary to synthesize a polypeptide (protein) or a functional RNA molecule. (msdmanuals.com)
A gene is a segment of DNA that provides the code to construct a protein or RNA molecule. (msdmanuals.com)

In eukaryotes, DNA is typically broken up into a number of very long, linear pieces called chromosomes , while in prokaryotes such as bacteria, chromosomes are much smaller and often circular (ring-shaped). (khanacademy.org)
Each gene has a specific location (locus), which is typically the same on each of the 2 homologous chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)

Pansensitive and panresistant genes to 21 NCCN-recommended drugs with concordant mRNA and protein expression were identified. (cdc.gov)

To discover the microRNAs regulating this critical transition, we used 80 biopsies from invasive ductal carcinoma, 8 from ductal carcinoma in situ, and 6 from normal breast. (researchgate.net)

By employing microRNA expression profiling and functional knockdown studies on human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, the authors identified miR-363 as an upstream negative regulator of left ventricular specification transcription factor HAND1 . (biomedcentral.com)
The 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes (X and Y), determines a person's sex as well as containing other functional genes. (msdmanuals.com)

Genes are contained in chromosomes in the cell nucleus and mitochondria. (msdmanuals.com)
Genes are arranged linearly along the DNA of chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
Some genes occur in multiple copies that may be next to each other or in different locations in the same or different chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)

Anatomy12

Organisms16

Chemicals and Drugs99

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment27

Phenomena and Processes99

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science9

Health Care3

MiRNAs39

Endogenous1

MRNAs5

Long non-codi1

Molecules9

Pathways4

Ribonucleic acid1

Regulation18

Encode3

Post-transcriptionally1

Proteins3

Epigenetic3

Apoptosis3

MiRNA-regulated3

Sequences6

Highly conserved1

Regulators1

Roles1

Inflammation3

Targets7

Mechanisms3

Genomic1

Genome2

Tumorigenesis1

Chromosome6

Proliferation1

Transcription factors4

Differentiation1

Developmental processes1

Cancer development and progression1

Inhibits1

Guanine2

Therapeutics2

Tissues4

Inflammatory4

Target3

Pathogenesis4

Cytosine1

Humans2

Suppresses1

Progression1

Chromatin1

Cytokines1

Sequence1

Assay3

Hepatocellular1

Mechanism2

Important2

Pattern recogniti1

Molecule3

Typically2

Protein expression1

Invasive1

Functional2

Chromosomes3