• In the field of chemical biology, Hocek and his laboratories have developed a simple two-step synthesis of base-modified DNA through cross-coupling reactions of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) followed by polymerase incorporation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The methodology is widely used for enzymatic synthesis of DNA or RNA-bearing fluorescent, redox, or reactive labels, as well as for modulation of transcription. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oligonucleotides are almost exclusively synthesized using the nucleoside phosphoramidite method, even though it is limited to the direct synthesis of ∼ 200 mers and produces hazardous waste. (nature.com)
  • The synthesis of the complementary DNA strand starts at the specific priming site and ends with the incorporation of a chain-terminating ddNTP that is randomly introduced instead of its corresponding dNTP . (jenabioscience.com)
  • The process occurs via two methods, either by enzymatic synthesis or chemical phosphorylation. (excedr.com)
  • When in vitro DNA amplification or in vivo DNA synthesis occurs, two phosphate groups are removed for base incorporation in the new strand of nucleic acid. (excedr.com)
  • The diphosphate (dFdCDP) and triphosphate (dFdCTP) forms of the drug play an important role in the cytotoxic effect: dFdCDP is an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, while dFdCTP is incorporated into DNA, both leading to the inhibition of DNA synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 4. Kalckar, H.M. The enzymatic synthesis of purine ribosides. (qmul.ac.uk)
  • He specializes in the chemistry and chemical biology of nucleosides, nucleotides, and nucleic acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • He is a currently a member of the Czech Chemical Society, the American Chemical Society, and the International Society for Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Nucleic Acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hocek and his group have contributed significantly to organic chemistry and medicinal chemistry by developing methods to synthesize modified nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides, and nucleic acids through cross-coupling reactions and C-H activation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cross-coupling reactions of unprotected halopurine bases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleoside triphosphates with 4-boronophenylalanine in water. (wikipedia.org)
  • They compete with endogenous nucleotides (dNTP/NTP) for incorporation into nascent DNA/RNA and inhibit replication by preventing subsequent primer extension. (plos.org)
  • Thus, while inculcating the UBPs in a DNA structure, their aromatic scaffolds must exhibit hydrophobic packing and must have hydrogen bond donor groups for the artificial nucleotides to interact with polymerases for their efficient incorporation in the non-template strand to bind with their UB partner in template strand [1-3]. (fortuneonline.org)
  • Figure 1: Chemical structures of sugar modified nucleotides used in the aptamer generation resulting in increased nuclease resistance : 2'-fluorouridine-5'-triphosphate, 2'-aminouridine-5'-triphosphate, 2'-methoxyuridine-5'-triphosphate and 4'-thiouridine-5'-triphosphate, These are currently not available from Biosearch Technologies as stock items. (biosearchtech.com)
  • Each TdT molecule is conjugated to a single deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) molecule that it can incorporate into a primer. (nature.com)
  • After incorporation of the tethered dNTP, the 3′ end of the primer remains covalently bound to TdT and is inaccessible to other TdT-dNTP molecules. (nature.com)
  • Each of the deoxynucleoside triphosphates, including dGTP, forms a phosphodiester bond to form new strands of DNA, using DNA polymerase enzyme and energy. (excedr.com)
  • Dideoxynucleotide triphosphates (ddNTPs) lack the 3'-OH group of dNTPs that is essential for polymerase-mediated strand elongation in a PCR. (jenabioscience.com)
  • Three for two: By using a Methanosarcina mazei PylRS triple mutant (Y306G, Y384F, I405R) the incorporation of two new exo-norbornene-containing pyrrolysine analogues was achieved. (cipsm.de)
  • SAMHD1 mediates resistance to anti-cancer nucleoside analogues, including cytarabine, decitabine, and nelarabine that are commonly used for the treatment of leukaemia, through cleavage of their triphosphorylated forms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Intrinsic and acquired resistance to CNDAC and related nucleoside analogues are driven by different mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In 24 CNDAC-adapted acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) sublines, resistance was driven by DCK (catalyses initial nucleoside phosphorylation) loss. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) is a nucleotide with a purine base (guanine), deoxyribose sugar, and three phosphate groups. (excedr.com)
  • 1. Agarwal, R.P. and Parks, R.E. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase from human erythrocytes. (qmul.ac.uk)
  • Thus, both nucleoside and nucleotide RT inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTI) are extensively used as antiretroviral agents against HBV and HIV infection [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The effective HBV NRTIs are nucleoside or nucleotide analogs that can be phosphorylated to their diphosphate or triphosphate active forms by intracellular kinases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hence, SAMHD1 inhibitors are promising candidates for the sensitisation of leukaemia cells to nucleoside analogue-based therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nucleoside (analogue) triphosphate levels were determined by LC-MS/MS. CNDAC interaction with SAMHD1 was analysed by an enzymatic assay and by crystallisation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we investigated intrinsic and acquired resistance against the nucleoside analogue 2′-C-cyano-2′-deoxy-1-β- D -arabino-pentofuranosyl-cytosine (CNDAC). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our model correctly predicts for HIV-1 that resistance against nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) can be conferred by decreasing their incorporation rate, increasing their excision rate, or decreasing their affinity for the polymerase enzyme. (plos.org)
  • Defects involving incorporation of iron into the heme molecule result in sideroblastic anemias. (medscape.com)
  • Class 2 errors-such as contaminations in hydrolysis reagents or nuclease specificities-have led to erroneous discoveries of nucleosides in the past and possess the potential for misquantification of nucleosides. (bvsalud.org)
  • These classes comprise (I) errors related to chemical instabilities, (II) errors revolving around enzymatic hydrolysis to nucleosides, and (III) errors arising from issues with chromatographic separation and/or subsequent mass spectrometric analysis.A prominent example for class 1 is Dimroth rearrangement of m1A to m6A, but class 1 also comprises hydrolytic reactions and reactions with buffer components. (bvsalud.org)
  • Can also catalyse ribosyltransferase reactions of the type catalysed by EC 2.4.2.5 , nucleoside ribosyltransferase. (qmul.ac.uk)
  • Through mathematical modeling, we assess the mechanisms by which HIV-1 can develop resistance against nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI). (plos.org)
  • We correctly predict that HIV-1 can develop resistance by decreasing NRTI incorporation rate, increasing its excision rate, or decreasing its affinity for the viral polymerase enzyme. (plos.org)
  • von Kleist M, Metzner P, Marquet R, Schütte C (2012) HIV-1 Polymerase Inhibition by Nucleoside Analogs: Cellular- and Kinetic Parameters of Efficacy, Susceptibility and Resistance Selection. (plos.org)
  • The enzymatic dideoxy chain termination sequencing method of Sanger [1] relies on the linear amplification of a single-stranded template DNA using a 5'-fluorescently labeled primer and a modified Taq polymerase. (jenabioscience.com)
  • dGTP is a nucleoside triphosphate having extensive roles and uses in organisms and in vitro lab workflows. (excedr.com)
  • Incorporation of the azobenzene derivative gluazo, a synthetic photochromic ligand, into a kainate receptor allows for the optical control of neuronal activity. (cipsm.de)
  • ONUREG is a nucleoside metabolic inhibitor indicated for continued treatment of adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia who achieved first complete remission (CR) or complete remission with incomplete blood count recovery (CRi) following intensive induction chemotherapy and are not able to complete intensive curative therapy ( 1 ). (nih.gov)
  • Nucleoside analogs ( NA s) represent an important drug class for the treatment of viral infections and cancer. (plos.org)
  • The unprecedently speedy development of mRNA vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was enabled with previous innovations in nucleoside modifications during in vitro transcription and lipid nanoparticle delivery materials of mRNA. (mdpi.com)
  • However, the tautomerization of isoG under physiological pH and instability of isoC under alkaline pH lowered the incorporation efficiencies which further led to the development of P-Z pair i.e., 6-amino-5- nitro-2(1H)-pyridone (Z) and 2-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]-1,3,5-triazin-4(8H)-one (P) pair [5,7]. (fortuneonline.org)
  • Accordingly, SAMHD1 depletion increased CNDAC triphosphate (CNDAC-TP) levels and CNDAC toxicity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, ISL IVR in macaques promoted sustained release for 28 days with ISL-triphosphate levels above the established pharmacokinetic benchmark of 50-100 fmol/10(6) PBMCs. (cdc.gov)
  • This approach may form the basis of an enzymatic oligonucleotide synthesizer. (nature.com)
  • Enzymatic assays and crystallisation studies confirmed CNDAC-TP to be a SAMHD1 substrate. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using a redox lipidomics approach, we have identified oxidatively-truncated PE species (trPEox) in enzymatic and non-enzymatic model systems. (cdc.gov)