Nucleophile reaction. Medical search. Frequent questions

In S N 2 reactions, the reactivity of primary alkyl halides is more when compared to secondary alkyl halides along with tertiary alkyl halides. (bartleby.com)
The chemical reactivity of 2-pyrrolidinones and 3-pyrrolin-2-ones was evaluated in reactions of addition, nucleophilic substitution, elimination, and reduction as well as the protection of the lactamic nitrogen. (hindawi.com)
In connection with our studies on the syntheses of potentially bioactive 2-pyrrolidinones and 3-pyrrolin-2-ones [ 1 ], we describe in this paper the results of the performed study on the chemical reactivity of these structural moieties in reactions of addition, nucleophilic substitution, elimination, and reduction as well as the protection of the lactamic nitrogen. (hindawi.com)
This enhancement of reactivity of the alpha hydrogens, in basic conditions, would be useful in posterior reactions. (hindawi.com)
Predicting the reactivity of nucleophilic reaction at different sites has important theoretical and practical significance. (springer.com)
While the previously reported mimosine synthase activity was not reproducible in our hands, we successfully identified non-native reactivity with a variety of O-nucleophiles. (rcsb.org)

For a large number of nucleophiles, it has been demonstrated that the observed activation free energies of the electrophile-nucleophile combinations are 61-195 kJ mol -1 smaller than the free energy change of electron transfer from nucleophile to electrophile, which definitely excludes outer-sphere electron transfer occurring during these reactions. (ewha.ac.kr)
Electrostatics can help position an attacking electrophile like H + , but bonding en route to Markovnikov addition requires orbital mixing to form the more stable cation. (yale.edu)
I mentioned it as an electrophile not a nucleophile and I'm not quite certain why it has to be nucleophilic as you've pointed out since the dichlorocarbene is electrophilic. (physicsforums.com)

The reaction occurs in a single phase and no formation of intermediates happens. (bartleby.com)
In this case, the reaction forms cyclopropyl gold(I) carbene-like intermediates. (unboundmedicine.com)
In this Account, we discuss how cycloisomerization and addition reactions of substituted enynes, as well as intermolecular reactions between alkynes and alkenes, are best interpreted as proceeding through discrete cationic intermediates in which gold(I) plays a significant role in the stabilization of the positive charge. (unboundmedicine.com)
However, we prefer the cyclopropyl gold(I) carbene formulation for its simplicity and mnemonic value, highlighting the tendency of these intermediates to undergo cyclopropanation reactions with alkenes. (unboundmedicine.com)
Norris and Sanders, 1901 ) Carbocations have been identified as key intermediates in many organic reactions, including electrophilic aromatic substitutions, unimolecular nucleophilic substitutions, addition-eliminations, and many rearrangements ( Olah, 2004 ). (frontiersin.org)
The following posting helps with a problem involving organic reaction intermediates and mechanisms. (brainmass.com)
When some chemists in Britain (Ingold & Hughes) and Germany (Meerwein) in the 1920s and 1930s started detailed studies of how chemical reactions between organic molecules took place it, however, became apparent that positively charged hydrocarbons - what chemists call "carbocations" - actually could occur as very short lived (lifetimes of microseconds to nanoseconds) intermediates in the reactions. (nobelprize.org)

This species reacts readily with nucleophiles, including electron-rich alkenes. (unboundmedicine.com)
The KOH reacts with the phenol, deprotonating it and activating the ortho/para carbon on the ring to behave as a nucleophile. (physicsforums.com)
Sulfur mustard is an alkylating agent which quickly reacts with nucleophiles such as DNA, RNA, water, lipids, peptides, and proteins via an episulfonium ion intermediate. (cdc.gov)

Oxidation reactions of alkenes and alcohols. (bath.ac.uk)
A transition-metal-free, direct, and efficient acetamidosulphenylation reaction of alkenes using nitriles as the nucleophiles offers a broad substrate scope and high regioselectivity and provides straightforward access to acetamidosulfide derivatives in good yields via a radical process. (organic-chemistry.org)

The reactions of ring-activated alkyl aryl ethers with nucleophiles have been examined. (dur.ac.uk)
The main pathways involve attack by the nucleophiles at the alkyl carbon to give substituted phenoxide ions, or at ring carbon atoms to give σ-adducts. (dur.ac.uk)
Metals react with aryl halides and alkyl halides and they also go through nucleophilic substitution reactions and elimination reactions. (bartleby.com)
The reaction of an alkyl halide with Mg happens in dry ether. (bartleby.com)
A coupling reaction in which two alkyl halides reacted with sodium metal in dry ether to form higher alkanes is the Wurtz reaction. (bartleby.com)
Alkene is obtained in the elimination reaction of alkyl halides. (bartleby.com)
The alkyl halide containing a partial +ve charge on the C atom linked to the halogen interacts with a nucleophile, a substitution reaction occurs and a halide ion is produced as the atom of halogen departs as the leaving group. (bartleby.com)
In the S N 2 reaction, the carbon-halide bond is fragmented as the entering nucleophile interacts with an alkyl halide, and a new carbon-nucleophile bond is made. (bartleby.com)
The least reactive nature of tertiary alkyl halides is due to the bulky groups, which hinder the incoming nucleophiles. (bartleby.com)

To show how experimental kinetic data may be used to elucidate chemical reaction mechanisms. (bath.ac.uk)
Describe the synthetic chemistry of carbocations, anions and radical species and describe some of the mechanisms involved in their reaction. (bath.ac.uk)
Emphasis is on reaction mechanisms, stereochemistry, and functional group characteristics. (bucks.edu)
Here are four short plays illustrating organic chemistry reaction mechanisms: Electrophilic Addition, Becoming an Alcohol, A Blind Date with the Bromine Twins, and Adorable Borane. (hotvsnot.com)
In addition, the correct structures of the products from all three lyase types have been verified, and evidence was obtained for the reaction mechanisms. (uni-muenchen.de)

The transition metal-catalyzed allylic substitution is an important cross-coupling reaction for the construction of carbon-carbon bonds. (queensu.ca)
Although the palladium-catalyzed reactions are more widely studied, other transition metals such as rhodium and iridium-catalyzed variants, have emerged as versatile tools for the construction of carbon-carbon bonds in a stereospecific and enantioselective manner, respectively. (queensu.ca)
In methanol reaction of 4-cyano-2,6-dinitroanisole and 2-cyano4,6-dimtro- anisole with methoxide ions results in competition between attack at ring carbon and at the cyano-group. (dur.ac.uk)
The use of carbon nucleophiles in retrosynthesis. (bath.ac.uk)
As the reaction goes by, the generation of a carbon-nucleophile bond happens and the carbon-leaving group bond gets weakened. (bartleby.com)
In the transition state, the nucleophile and the leaving group are simultaneously attached to the atom of carbon. (bartleby.com)
The preparation, properties, and reactions of the more important classes of carbon compounds are studied in this lecture and laboratory course. (bucks.edu)
Cycloisomerizations of enynes are probably the most representative carbon-carbon bond forming reactions catalyzed by electrophilic metal complexes. (unboundmedicine.com)
AU - Obradors,Carla, AU - Echavarren,Antonio M, Y1 - 2013/10/31/ PY - 2013/11/2/entrez PY - 2013/11/2/pubmed PY - 2013/11/2/medline SP - 902 EP - 12 JF - Accounts of chemical research JO - Acc Chem Res VL - 47 IS - 3 N2 - Cycloisomerizations of enynes are probably the most representative carbon-carbon bond forming reactions catalyzed by electrophilic metal complexes. (unboundmedicine.com)
This part of the reaction is slow because of the dual oxygens off of the carbon providing some resonance stabilization. (wikibooks.org)
I've learned the modification of Riemer Tieman reaction in which carbon tetra chloride is added to phenol to get aromatic acids. (physicsforums.com)
Although I don't know a lot about this reaction my guess is that it's the carbon tetra chloride with respect to the positively charged carbon. (physicsforums.com)

Reduction reactions of ketones and other carbonyl compounds. (bath.ac.uk)
The attack of carbonyl groups at the cyclopropyl carbons of the intermediate cyclopropyl gold(I) carbenes initiates a particularly interesting group of reactions. (unboundmedicine.com)
The choice of carbonyl type (ketone, aldehyde, ester, etc.) and the type of reaction (Grignard addition or Reduction), will determine the product(s) you will get. (wikibooks.org)
We'll look at each type of reaction for each type of carbonyl. (wikibooks.org)
Both methods involve nucleophilic acyl substitution , that is, the replacement of one nucleophile attached to a carbonyl group with an alkoxide - a superior nucleophile [2] . (citizendium.org)

Non-Noble Metal Catalysis provides an authoritative survey of the field, from fundamental concepts and computational methods to industrial applications and reaction classes. (wiley-vch.de)
Non-Noble Metal Catalysis: Molecular Approaches and Reactions is an indispensable source of up-to-date information for catalytic chemists, organic chemists, industrial chemists, organometallic chemists, and those seeking to broaden their knowledge of catalytic chemistry. (wiley-vch.de)
The co-operative index, n 1 , calculated for these reactions is greater than 1 indicating that the substrate induced micellation is responsible for the observed catalysis. (ias.ac.in)

Nucleophilic substitution reaction. (bartleby.com)
Because the nucleophile initiates the substitution reaction, the reaction is a nucleophilic substitution reaction. (bartleby.com)

Alkene synthesis, including Wittig reaction. (bath.ac.uk)

Esters may be formed through a variety of esterification reactions, most typically the condensation reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol [2] . (citizendium.org)

Reactions with alcohols fall into two different categories. (wikibooks.org)
There are primarily two types of reactions used to create alcohols from carbonyls: Grignard Addition reactions and Reduction reactions. (wikibooks.org)
Alcohols react both as nucleophiles and electrophiles. (topperlearning.com)
Only alcohols show reactions involving cleavage of C-O bond. (topperlearning.com)
Phenol on reaction with neutral FeCl 3 gives purple colour, whereas alcohols do not give purple colour. (topperlearning.com)
Organophosphates (OPs) are chemical substances originally produced by the reaction of alcohols and phosphoric acid. (medscape.com)

For execution of the reactions described in Scheme 1 , we used as starting material the commercial reagent 2-pyrrolidinone( 1 ), and for protection of the lactamic nitrogen of 1 , we planned to use the electron withdrawing group tert -butoxycarbonyl (Boc). (hindawi.com)
Density functional theory calculations elucidated the precise reaction mechanism for the conversion of diphenylacetylenes into benzonitriles involving the cleavage of the triple C≡C bond, with N -iodosuccinimide (NIS) as an oxidant and trimethylsilyl azide (TMSN 3 ) as a nitrogen donor. (mdpi.com)

The dealkylation reactions have been observed by both (^1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and spectrophotometrically using dimethyl sulphoxide as solvent. (dur.ac.uk)
These differences probably reflect changes in the relative salvation of the nucleophiles on charge of solvent. (dur.ac.uk)
The concepts covered in the solution include SN2 reactions , solvent polarity and nucleophiles. (brainmass.com)

In alcoholysis, the leaving nucleophile is a halide rather than a hydroxyl group. (citizendium.org)

We can add a variety of hetero- and carbonucleophiles to the enynes in the presence of gold(I) in intra- or intermolecular reactions, leading to the corresponding adducts with high stereoselectivity through stereospecific anti-additions. (unboundmedicine.com)

The goal of my research was to demonstrate the utility of these molecules in new reactions that are not readily available to other electrophiles. (uwaterloo.ca)

The classic syntheses of aromatic N -heterocycles are frequently conducted with condensation reactions using pre-oxidized materials. (nature.com)
The aza-Friedel-Crafts reaction allows an efficient coupling of electron-rich aromatic systems with imines for the facile incorporation of aminoalkyl groups into the aromatic ring. (beilstein-journals.org)
Conventional semiconducting polymer synthesis typically involves transition metal-mediated coupling reactions that link aromatic units with single bonds along the backbone. (nature.com)
Reaction of tetrafluoropyridazine with catechol gives a tricyclic 9,10-dioxa-1,2-diaza-anthracene system by a sequential nucleophilic aromatic substitution ring annelation process, further extending the use of perfluoroheteroaromatic derivatives for the synthesis of unusual polyfunctional heterocyclic architectures. (beilstein-journals.org)

Aluminium(I) nucleophiles are a group of inorganic and organometallic nucleophilic compounds containing at least one aluminium metal center in the +1 oxidation state with a lone pair of electrons strongly localized on the aluminium(I) center. (wikipedia.org)
The synthesized compounds were examined with respect to their substitution reactions with sodium ethoxide, sodium methoxide, methylamine, and t-butylamine in dioxane. (omu.edu.tr)
A non-mathematical, mechanistic approach is used in the course to explain the reactions of these compounds. (bucks.edu)

This chapter begins with a brief introduction and mechanistic details about the iridium-catalyzed allylic substitution reactions followed by our approach towards utilizing Reformatsky reagents for the construction of enantioenriched homoallylic ester motifs. (queensu.ca)
What are the exact conditions and reagents used in this reaction? (physicsforums.com)

As a beta-hydrogen is given out, the reaction is named beta-elimination. (bartleby.com)
At the spectrum of product from experiment 3, where the reaction was accomplished with heating, we verified the absence of signal relative to hydrogen C3-H of the isomer 4a indicating total isomerization of 4a to 4b . (hindawi.com)

In addition, a high electron affinity is also required for ambient stability, as it prevents common redox reactions involving water and oxygen which can occur under device operation, and lead to degradation. (nature.com)
In all of these reactions an oxygen in the alcohol's hydroxyl group is retained in the ester linkage [1] . (citizendium.org)

The reaction is known as dehydrogenation reaction as it involves loss of dihydrogen from an alcohol molecule. (topperlearning.com)

Phenols exhibit this type of reaction only with zinc. (topperlearning.com)
Phenols show electrophilic substitution reactions. (topperlearning.com)
In a reaction that exploits the acylating ability of Meldrum's acid, a domino addition of phenols to alkylidene Meldrum's acids was developed. (uwaterloo.ca)

To provide the student with a working knowledge of important classes of organic transformations and illustrate how the rate and mechanism of a chemical reaction can be understood in terms of the chemical structure of molecules. (bath.ac.uk)
The instructor builds molecules or reactions with the Marvin Sketch editor and selects certain objects as the answer. (moodle.org)
The student is then presented with the molecules or reactions and must select according to question text. (moodle.org)
The solution discusses organic molecules an reactions. (brainmass.com)
338656 Catabolic reactions Catabolic reactions involve the: a. breakdown of large organic molecules to simple building blocks b. breakdown of life sustaining processes within cells c. (brainmass.com)
Homolysis and heterolysis are two words used to mean rupture reactions in organic molecules . (brainmass.com)

This thesis is focused on the development of transition metal-catalyzed allylic substitution reactions with unstabilized nucleophiles, which is divided into four chapters: a comprehensive review followed by two research chapters and a chapter with future directions. (queensu.ca)
Chapter 1 commences with an introduction about the transition metal-catalyzed allylic substitution reactions that includes mechanistic aspects of the process and a comprehensive review on using unstabilized nucleophiles. (queensu.ca)
Chapter 2 highlights the development of a regio- and diastereoselective rhodium-catalyzed allylic substitution with unstabilized benzyl nucleophiles. (queensu.ca)
Following a brief introduction and mechanistic features of rhodium-catalyzed allylic substitution reactions, our work with unstabilized benzyl nucleophiles for the construction of ternary benzyl motifs will be discussed. (queensu.ca)
Configuration inversions were observed in the substitution reactions. (omu.edu.tr)
Bimolecular substitution reaction (S N 2). (bartleby.com)
Unimolecular substitution reaction (S N 1). (bartleby.com)
This type of substitution reaction generally happens in two stages. (bartleby.com)

Based on the present kinetic model for a bimolecular reaction the fraction of substrate and nucleophile bound to the micelle have been calculated. (ias.ac.in)

Reported here is a Pt‐Au heterobimetallic catalyst system for the synthesis of a family of multi‐heteroaromatic structures through tandem cyclization/C−X coupling reaction. (uea.ac.uk)
We investigate the reaction conditions of the sortase-mediated ligation and demonstrate a useful application by the synthesis of a peptide nucleic acid-cell-penetrating peptide chimera, the reaction equilibrium of which can be shifted in favor of the product by dialyzing out the low molecular weight byproduct. (nih.gov)
Optimization of reaction conditions for carboxylate and phenolate substrates led to distinct conditions that were leveraged for the preparative-scale synthesis of nsAAs. (rcsb.org)

When methyl chloride is attacked by the hydroxide ion (nucleophile), the product is methanol and the chloride ion. (bartleby.com)

Reaction profiles agree with several experimental observations, offering evidence for the formation of molecular I 2 , interpreting the necessity to increase the temperature to finalize the reaction, and revealing thermodynamic aspects allowing higher yields for alkynes with para-electron-donating groups. (mdpi.com)

The above results suggest that reaction occurs between the substrate solubilised into the micelle and the nucleophile residing at the Stern layer rather than at the micelle-water interface. (ias.ac.in)

In the 2nd stage, the carbocation is attacked by the nucleophile & the product is produced. (bartleby.com)

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies to probe a potential free radical mediated binding mechanism of BQD to nucleophiles were also performed. (cdc.gov)

In these reactions a carboxylate ion substitutes instead of an alkoxide . (citizendium.org)

In this work, electrochemistry was used to drive a 4-electron oxidation reaction that is hard to access by other protocols, providing a parallel pathway to nitrene chemistry. (nature.com)

The ease of a chemical transformation depends on the thermodynamic instability of a chemical bond owing to its fast cleavage under mild reaction conditions. (beilstein-journals.org)
Cech showed that RNA could have an independent catalytic function, a "ribozyme", aiding a chemical reaction without being consumed or changed. (todayinsci.com)

However, many disadvantages are associated with metal-mediated organic transformations including harsh reaction conditions (e.g., high temperature) and toxic solvents. (beilstein-journals.org)

For instance, the ester ethyl acetate (shown in the figure) can be produced from the condensation reaction between acetic acid and ethanol . (citizendium.org)

To apply their experience in synthetic organic chemistry to other organic reactions. (bath.ac.uk)
Doc Brown's Chemistry Advanced Level Pre-University Chemistry Revision Study Notes for GCE IB advanced A level organic chemistry students US K12 grade 11 grade 12 organic chemistry the chemistry of amino acids structure and reactions 20 which amino acids are in proteins? (docbrown.info)

Here we show that a simple aldol condensation reaction can prepare polymers where double bonds lock-in a rigid backbone conformation, thus eliminating free rotation along the conjugated backbone. (nature.com)

In summary, the thesis defines novel rhodium- and iridium-catalyzed protocols for the regioselective coupling of unstabilized nucleophiles with allylic alcohol derivatives in either a diastereo- or enantioselective manner. (queensu.ca)
Perfluoroheteroaromatic derivatives are either commercially available or can be accessed by halogen-exchange processes by reaction of the corresponding perchloroheteroaromatic system and potassium fluoride [13] . (beilstein-journals.org)

N-Diphenylphosphinyl-3-ethenyl-2-phenylaziridine (1) and N-diphenylphosphinyl-3-ethenyl-2-(4-bromophenyl)aziridine (2) are prepared by reaction of α-bromo allyllithium with N-diphenylphosphinyl aldimines in the presence of zinc chloride. (hud.ac.uk)

Reversible covalent reactions, in contrast, provide a strategy for recovering the reactive potential despite initial interaction with non-targeted constituents. (aacrjournals.org)

However the nucleophiles utilized in these processes are mainly stabilized nucleophiles rather than unstabilized nucleophiles. (queensu.ca)
Therefore, harsh reaction conditions and the necessity of an external activator like catalysts are common prerequisites for processes involving C-H bond breaking. (beilstein-journals.org)

This reaction has a great scope of forming aza-stereocenters which can be tuned by different asymmetric catalysts. (beilstein-journals.org)

CN(_3)- and is markedly different from that found for Sn2 reactions in protic solvents. (dur.ac.uk)
S N 1 reaction occurs in polar protic solvents. (bartleby.com)

The main advantages of organocatalyzed stereoselective reactions include mild reaction conditions and the use of a sole catalyst without the need of other chiral ligands [4,5] . (beilstein-journals.org)
In these reactions, stereoinduction in the products is achieved by the chiral environment present in the catalyst itself. (beilstein-journals.org)

Reactions involving cleavage of O-H bond i. (topperlearning.com)

In the absence of external nucleophiles, 1,n-enynes can form products of skeletal rearrangement in fully intramolecular reactions, which are mechanistically very different from metathesis reactions initiated by the [2 + 2] cycloaddition of a Grubbs-type carbene or other related metal carbenes. (unboundmedicine.com)

1) and (2) undergo efficient SN2' ring-opening reaction with several nucleophiles. (hud.ac.uk)

The moderate yield of this reaction (25%), in relation to high yields described for iodination of silyl enol ethers derived from ϵ -caprolactams [ 7 ] and δ -valerolactams [ 6 ], was attributed to the high tension of the γ -lactamic ring of 1 turning it more reactive and, therefore, susceptible to the formation of byproducts. (hindawi.com)

Organisms12

Chemicals and Drugs102

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Phenomena and Processes51

Disciplines and Occupations3

Information Science4

Health Care1

Reactivity6

Electrophile3

Intermediates7

Reacts3

Alkenes2

Alkyl9

Mechanisms5

Carbon12

Carbonyl5

Catalysis3

Nucleophilic substitu2

Alkene1

Carboxylic acid1

Alcohols6

Nitrogen2

Solvent3

Halide1

Adducts1

Electrophiles1

Aromatic4

Compounds3

Reagents2

Hydrogen2

Oxygen2

Dehydrogenation reaction1

Phenols3

Molecules6

Substitution8

Bimolecular1

Synthesis3

Methanol1

Alkynes1

Substrate1

Carbocation1

Free radical1

Carboxylate1

Oxidation1

Chemical2

Transformations1

Acetic acid1

Chemistry2

Aldol1

Derivatives2

Chloride1

Recovering the reactive1

Processes2

Scope1

Protic2

Catalyst2

Cleavage1

Carbenes1

Undergo1

Yields1