AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
Cell CycleCell NucleusCell Cycle ProteinsS PhaseCell Cycle CheckpointsCell LineMolecular Sequence DataG1 PhaseDNA-Binding ProteinsBase SequenceMitosisMutationReplication Protein ACell DivisionHeLa CellsDNA, ViralViral ProteinsCyclinsNuclear ProteinsAmino Acid SequencePlasmidsTranscription, GeneticDNA DamageDNARNA, ViralG2 PhaseDNA Replication TimingNucleus AccumbensCells, CulturedApoptosisSaccharomyces cerevisiaeProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesProtein BindingCell Line, TumorTime FactorsRepliconMenstrual CycleCell ProliferationActive Transport, Cell NucleusSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsDNA HelicasesCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21Transcription FactorsRNA, MessengerRetinoblastoma ProteinThalamic NucleiReplication Protein CCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27Proliferating Cell Nuclear AntigenPhosphorylationInterphaseHydroxyureaSolitary NucleusChromatinG2 Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsSignal TransductionCDC2 Protein KinaseModels, BiologicalCytoplasmGenome, ViralTumor Suppressor Protein p53TransfectionGene Expression Regulation, ViralCyclin-Dependent Kinase 2DNA RepairFlow CytometryEscherichia coliGene Expression RegulationHIV-1KineticsTumor Cells, CulturedG0 PhaseCochlear NucleusGenes, cdcCyclin EHistonesDNA ReplicationCyclin BBromodeoxyuridineRaphe NucleiG1 Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsBlotting, WesternSchizosaccharomycesTumor Suppressor ProteinsCyclin AFibroblastsCyclin D1Recombinant Fusion ProteinsDNA-Directed DNA PolymerasePromoter Regions, GeneticAphidicolinCerebellar NucleiDNA PrimersSeptal NucleiRecombination, GeneticBinding SitesOrigin Recognition ComplexDNA, FungalArcuate NucleusCaudate Nucleus
CytoplasmMitosisGenome replicationProliferationNuclearProteinsGenesChromosomesChromosomeEukaryotesReplicateMammalianOccursChromosomalGeneDifferentiationSynthesisChromatin structurePhosphorylationEukaryotic cellsArrestPlasmodiumBiologySomatic cellProgressionEpithelialApoptosisSquamous Cell CarcRegion where replicationGenomicInitiationInterphaseReplicates viaVivoVitroBinary fissionRegulationConstitutivelyMechanismReplicativeKinaseCheckpointIntermediatesEnzymesEntersOccurInhibitorCell'sSpatiallyInfectionSuppressBaculovirusAsexualBiolEmbryonicAbnormal cellHistone octamerDivisionMembranesForksEndodermBasal
Cytoplasm7
  • The mature viroid then exits the nucleus into the cytoplasm and moves to neighboring cells through the plasmodesmata (9) and to distant parts of the plant through the phloem (10). (degruyter.com)
  • Here we report that both AtASF1A and AtASF1B proteins bind histone H3, and are localized in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. (nih.gov)
  • How do nuclei maintain independent cell cycle stages within a common cytoplasm? (iu.edu)
  • In addition, it is normally found in the nucleus except during mitosis, when it is released into the cytoplasm. (nih.gov)
  • We used isolated nuclei from virus infected cells supplemented with cytoplasm, and discovered that viral replicating chromosomes could continue replication in the absence of a nucleus. (nih.gov)
  • Fractionation of cells into nucleus and cytoplasm showed that polypeptides located in both the cytoplasm and nucleus were phosphorylated. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Since double-strand DNA breaks and a compromised nuclear membrane are both common characteristics of senescent cells, researchers at the Kunming University of Science and Technology investigated whether double-stranded DNA found outside of the nucleus in the cytoplasm (c-dsDNA) could be a useful marker of senescence [2]. (lifespan.io)
Mitosis15
Genome replication5
  • In schizogony a single parasite first generates many nuclei via independent, asynchronous rounds of genome replication, prior to cytokinesis which is the physical division of the cell. (europa.eu)
  • Aim 1: detailed characterisation, at the whole-cell level, of the asynchronous genome replication that occurs in schizogony and gametogenesis. (europa.eu)
  • CpGV encodes six genes required for genome replication, which includes DNA polymerase and helicase. (kenyon.edu)
  • The VP1- coding sequence required for EV71 genome replication was assayed with qRT- PCR . (bvsalud.org)
  • Genome replication is responsible for accurate transmission of genetic information through cell division cycles. (biomedcentral.com)
Proliferation12
  • The cell cycle is the process of accurate self-reproduction and proliferation of a cell. (intechopen.com)
  • Misregulation of the cell cycle may result in malignant cell proliferation, tumorigenesis or cell death. (intechopen.com)
  • Taken together, our study establishes crucial roles for the AtASF1A and AtASF1B genes in chromatin replication, maintenance of genome integrity and cell proliferation during plant development. (nih.gov)
  • The purpose of this study was to determine the acute and long-term effects of mitomycin C (MMC) on quiescent rabbit corneal keratocytes regarding cell proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation and DNA repair. (molvis.org)
  • MMC significantly blocked TGFβ-induced cell proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation in cultured quiescent keratocytes and altered the transcriptional regulation of macrophage chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA). (molvis.org)
  • DNA replication is the primary event that regulates cellular and viral proliferation. (nih.gov)
  • Failure of mammalian cells to regulate their proliferation cycle leads to cancer. (nih.gov)
  • Ki-67 protein plays an essential role in ribosomal RNA transcription and cell proliferation. (biolegend.com)
  • Among all of these, only absence of proliferation is accepted as a universal requirement of senescent cells. (lifespan.io)
  • These senescence inducers resulted in enlarged morphology, slowed proliferation, increased SA-ß-gal staining, an increase in the SASP gene MMP12, and an increase in the cell cycle inhibitor p16. (lifespan.io)
  • PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types. (lookformedical.com)
  • 10. Alters cell proliferation, cell death, or nutrient supply nomes with high accuracy. (who.int)
Nuclear23
  • and the nuclear matrix, a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the interior of the nucleus does not contain any membrane-bound subcompartments, a number of nuclear bodies exist, made up of unique proteins, RNA molecules, and particular parts of the chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The nucleus contains nearly all of the cell's DNA, surrounded by a network of fibrous intermediate filaments called the nuclear matrix, and is enveloped in a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. (wikipedia.org)
  • The nuclear envelope separates the fluid inside the nucleus, called the nucleoplasm, from the rest of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • The molecular replicative machinery utilized by the Plasmodium parasite, as well as whether the parasite uses local and global checkpoints to control the timing of DNA replication and nuclear division, remain a major gap of knowledge in the biology of the parasite. (iu.edu)
  • We also observed accumulation of nuclear actin within nuclei of infected cells which may indicate that it plays role in adenovirus infection and replication in neurons and A549 cells. (elis.sk)
  • MMC also induced phosphorylation of the nuclear histone marker of DNA damage, γH2AX (a member of the H2A histone family), without induction of cell cycle entry or immediate DNA repair measured by Comet assay. (molvis.org)
  • We report that the WNV-capsid (Cp) by itself induces rapid nuclear condensation and cell death in tissue culture. (cdc.gov)
  • The role of phosphorylation and the CDC28 protein kinase in cell cycle-regulated nuclear import of the S. cerevisiae transcription factor SWI5. (wikidata.org)
  • A number of polypeptides synthesized specifically in Trichoplusia ni multiple nucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus ( T. ni MNPV)-infected Spodoptera frugiperda cells are phosphorylated both early and late in infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Infection of Spodoptera frugiperda cells with Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Protein synthesis in cells infected by Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Ac-NPV): the effect of cytosine arabinoside. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Two tissue culture media for production of lepidopteran cell lines and nuclear polyhedrosis viruses. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Baculovirus replication: protein synthesis in Spodoptera frugiperda cells infected with Trichoplusia ni nuclear polyhedrosis virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • As a brand new graduate student starting in October 1956, my supervisor Michail Fischberg, a lecturer in the department of Zoology at Oxford, suggested that I should try to make somatic cell nuclear transplantation work in the South African frog Xenopus laevis . (biologists.com)
  • Even advanced donor cells from the endoderm of Xenopus tadpoles have nuclei that can sometimes yield normal individuals after nuclear transfer [data taken from Briggs and King ( Briggs and King, 1957 ) for Rana and from Gurdon ( Gurdon, 1962 ) for Xenopus ]. (biologists.com)
  • The nuclear protein Ki-67 was first identified by the monoclonal antibody Ki-67, which was generated by immunizing mice with nuclei of the L428 Hodgkin lymphoma cell line. (biolegend.com)
  • The viral DNA enters the nucleus through a nuclear pore and integrates (joins) with the DNA of the host cell. (rkm.com.au)
  • In the early embryo syncytium, rapid DNA replication and nuclear divisions occur, generating up to 5000 nuclei per embryo. (cherrybiotech.com)
  • Consistent with this, the binary nuclear compartments defined by chromatin spatial proximity maps, align precisely with the replication-timing program. (fsu.edu)
  • To this end, we first showed that there is a coordinated switch in nuclear compartment along with a switch in replication timing during differentiation. (fsu.edu)
  • It was also observed that regions of the genome that switch replication timing and nuclear compartment continue to maintain their structural boundaries. (fsu.edu)
  • Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. (lookformedical.com)
Proteins20
  • 14 Embedded within the inner membrane, various proteins bind the intermediate filaments that give the nucleus its structure. (wikipedia.org)
  • This size selectively allows the passage of small water-soluble molecules while preventing larger molecules, such as nucleic acids and larger proteins, from inappropriately entering or exiting the nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recent breakthroughs have uncovered more and more DNA replication licensing machinery proteins (ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, geminin, etc.) functioning in other cell cycle events, including centrosome replication, mitotic events, transcription and so on. (intechopen.com)
  • Studies in yeast and animals indicate that ASF1 proteins play important roles in various chromatin-based processes, including gene transcription, DNA replication and repair. (nih.gov)
  • Parvoviruses are single-stranded DNA viruses that utilize host proteins to vigorously replicate in the nuclei of host cells, leading to cell cycle arrest. (ebsco.com)
  • Certain non-structural proteins and the major basic internal protein are the main phosphoproteins detected in infected cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Many cell proteins continue to be phosphorylated throughout infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • After irradiation, the expression of DDR-related genes and proteins in ΔNp63α-expressing and control cells was analysed by RT-qPCR, Western blotting, and flow cytometry. (researchsquare.com)
  • The viral envelope joins the plasma membrane of the cell and the viral matrix proteins (bluish) and the viral core (purple) are thrust into the interior of the cell. (rkm.com.au)
  • The integrated viral genome (or provirus) instructs the cell to produce new viral gemomes (RNA) and new viral proteins. (rkm.com.au)
  • These viral proteins and viral genomic RNA raft together just beneath the cell membrane and assemble spontaeously into new virus particles. (rkm.com.au)
  • and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell. (lookformedical.com)
  • Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. (lookformedical.com)
  • Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. (lookformedical.com)
  • Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. (lookformedical.com)
  • Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus. (lookformedical.com)
  • Preeminent among these proteins are the cyclin dependent kinases, which upon binding to cyclins, phosphorylate numerous targets to trigger cell cycle progression. (smadpathway.com)
  • These proteins, including Aurora A and B, are serine/threonine kinases that are essential for cell division activities such as spindle construction, chromosome segregation, and cytokinesis. (smadpathway.com)
  • Cells depend on their DNA for coding information to make various classes of proteins that include enzymes, certain hormones, transport proteins, and structural proteins that support life. (cdc.gov)
  • Specialized cell structures called ribosomes are the cellular organelles that actually synthesize the proteins (RNA transcription). (cdc.gov)
Genes14
  • The genes within these chromosomes are structured in such a way to promote cell function. (wikipedia.org)
  • The nucleus maintains the integrity of genes and controls the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, the Atasf1ab-triggered replication fork stalling constitutively activates the DNA damage checkpoint and repair genes, including ATM, ATR, PARP1 and PARP2 as well as several genes of the homologous recombination (HR) pathway but not genes of the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway. (nih.gov)
  • Auxiliary genes include proteases, such as chitinase, which are dedicated to the degradation of host structures and the prevention of host cell death (Luque et al, 2001). (kenyon.edu)
  • DUSP4 alterations lead to hyperactivation of MAPK signaling in many cancers, including breast cancer, which often harbor mutations in cell cycle checkpoint genes, particularly in TP53. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Interestingly, replication stress in Brca2-null cells activates p53 and the expression of its target genes, including senescence-inducing Ink4/Arf. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In fact, amplification of genes by over replication of certain regions of DNA is one of the primary mechanisms by which cancer cells become resistant to drug therapy. (nih.gov)
  • SL originally described a relationship between two genes, where alteration of either gene alone results in viable cells, but alteration (mutation, loss, or inhibition) of both genes simultaneously was lethal. (nature.com)
  • Because BRCA mutations are observed in fewer than 10% of cancer patients (cBioPortal: 6.7%) 11 , 12 , 13 the identification of additional genes that share synthetic lethal sensitivity relationships with mutated oncogenes or tumor suppressors would greatly enhance the implementation of tumor cell-specific synthetic lethal sensitivity to improve an anticancer therapeutic response. (nature.com)
  • The very important question to be addressed at that time was whether all cell types in the body have the same set of genes. (biologists.com)
  • These findings suggest a scenario where collisions between DNA replication and transcription are frequent, leading to increased genetic variability, as seen by the increase SNP levels at chromosome subtelomeres and in DGF-1 genes containing putative origins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Transcriptomic analysis showed decreased RNA expression of cell cycle-related genes and increased expression of programmed cell death-related genes in sip63 cells compared to scr cells. (researchsquare.com)
  • For cell multiplication to occur, the genes in a DNA strand need to first be transcribed and translated (converted) into protein. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The total chromosomal content of a cell involves approximately 105 genes in a specialized macromolecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (cdc.gov)
Chromosomes6
  • In 1973, I continued these studies on the replication and structure of SV40 chromosomes at Harvard Medical School where they culminated in promotion to Full Professor with tenure in 1985. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, the overall goal of our work is to discover how DNA replication is regulated both in the large chromosomes of cells and in the "mini-chromosomes" of viruses and small extrachromosomal DNA molecules. (nih.gov)
  • Noteworthy, was our demonstration that although termination of DNA replication did not require specific DNA sequences, some DNA sequences did promote pausing of DNA replication forks in vivo (and DNA polymerase in vitro), and some sequences, such as thosewithin the termination region for SV40 DNA replication, did promote formation of catenated intertwines during separation of sibling chromosomes. (nih.gov)
  • In this work, we have directly examined replication timing of the prekinetochore domain of human chromosomes. (rupress.org)
  • During DNA replication, all chromosomes within the nucleus unwind and the DNA is copied. (crbdiscovery.com)
  • Each cell (except for red blood cells) contains a nucleus that houses these chromosomes. (cdc.gov)
Chromosome2
  • We found that Dusp4 loss alone is insufficient in mediating tumorigenesis, but alternatively converges with loss in Trp53 and MYC amplification to induce tumorigenesis primarily through chromosome 5 amplification, which specifically upregulates Dbf4 , a cell cycle gene that promotes cellular replication by mediating cell cycle checkpoint escape. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, replication timing and its association with chromatin structure are highly conserved and are observed even at the single chromosome level. (fsu.edu)
Eukaryotes5
  • In eukaryotes the nucleus in many cells typically occupies 10% of the cell volume. (wikipedia.org)
  • In all other eukaryotes, clear consensus sequences for origins are elusive, perhaps indicating there are no cis elements to initiate replication in most of these cells and organisms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In eukaryotes (cells with nuclei) there are two key periods: the interphase and the mitotic phase. (crbdiscovery.com)
  • In the cells of eukaryotes, such as the unicellular Plasmodium and humans, DNA, which can be as long as two meters, is closely packed to fit into the cell's tiny nucleus. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Eukaryotes have evolved complex regulatory systems to ensure the cell cycle continues in a timely and appropriate way. (smadpathway.com)
Replicate7
  • Members of the Pospiviroidae family replicate in the nucleus through double-stranded RNA intermediates, attracting the host RNA silencing machinery. (degruyter.com)
  • They are classified into two families, the Pospiviroidae and the Avsunviroidae, whose members replicate in the nucleus and the chloroplast, respectively (3). (degruyter.com)
  • The precise regulations of pre-RC protein levels and assembly are effective ways to prevent reassembly of de novo MCM2-7 onto the replicated origins to re-license and re-replicate the genomic DNA in the subsequent phases of the same cell cycle ( Figure 1) . (intechopen.com)
  • Malaria parasites replicate inside the cells of their human host via 'schizogony', which is fundamentally different from conventional binary fission - the replication mode used by most cells from human cells to yeast cells. (europa.eu)
  • Cytological analysis of DNA replication further demonstrated that centromeres replicate asynchronously in parallel with numerous other genomic regions. (rupress.org)
  • In trying to understand how the malaria parasite multiplies in red blood cells, Le Roch's team found that in Plasmodium a kind of "histone crash" takes place -- a massive breakdown of histone that explains how the parasite can replicate extensively its DNA and coding gene in human red blood cells. (sciencedaily.com)
  • HHVs replicate in the host cell nucleus. (medscape.com)
Mammalian4
  • Eukaryotic cells usually have a single nucleus, but a few cell types, such as mammalian red blood cells, have no nuclei, and a few others including osteoclasts have many. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our current research now focuses on two basic, interrelated questions: (1) How do mammalian cells decide where and when to initiate DNA replication? (nih.gov)
  • 2) What are the requirements for DNA replication and transcription at the beginning of mammalian development? (nih.gov)
  • In the past, our research focused on viral genomes as models for DNA replication in mammalian cell nuclei. (nih.gov)
Occurs7
  • DNA replication occurs once and only once per cell cycle mainly regulated by DNA replication initiation factors in eukaryotic cells. (intechopen.com)
  • However, the genome can also be copied extremely rapidly during the sexual cycle, which occurs in the malaria-transmitting mosquito. (europa.eu)
  • The budding phase occurs when the multi-nucleated syncytium is subjected to an asynchronous round of karyokinesis, coinciding with the segmentation of dozens of daughter cells known as merozoites. (iu.edu)
  • We demonstrated that DNA synthesis occurs discontinuously only on one arm of replication forks (the arm where the direction of synthesis is opposite to the direction of fork movement) through the repeated initiation, synthesis and joining of Okazaki fragments (transient nascent DNA chains of 40 to 300 nucleotides). (nih.gov)
  • This process is known to occur only in the cell nucleus, suggesting that some Pandoravirus transcription occurs in that organelle. (virology.ws)
  • Cellularization occurs after migration of nuclei to the periphery of the syncytium, generating the syncytial blastoderm in a process called cleavage. (cherrybiotech.com)
  • Le Roch's experiments in the lab show that 18 hours after Plasmodium enters a red blood cell, a huge eviction of nucleosomes occurs in the Plasmodium DNA. (sciencedaily.com)
Chromosomal3
  • 5 Nucleated cells divide after a sequence of seven phases: initial growth-G 2 , chromosomal replication-S, secondary growth-G 2 , prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. (icr.org)
  • In binary fission, sister chromatids are no longer involved in chromosomal replication. (differencebetween.net)
  • Opposite to the mitotic spindle, the separation of chromosomal replication is done through the cell membrane. (differencebetween.net)
Gene7
  • This gene thus plays a role in both cell-cycle and epigenetic regulation. (cancerindex.org)
  • Occlusion bodies are crystalline gene products that are responsible for the primary viral infection in the gut basal cells. (kenyon.edu)
  • MMC induces DNA damage to quiescent corneal keratocytes, which remains unrepaired, resulting in abnormal cell replication and gene transcription that leads to long-term effects on corneal repair. (molvis.org)
  • These data indicate that the effect of MMC on corneal scarring and haze is related to the generation of DNA ICLs leading to defective cell replication and gene expression. (molvis.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene corresponds to the p60 subunit and is required for chromatin assembly after replication. (nih.gov)
  • Capsid gene delivery into the striatum of mouse brain or interskeletal muscle resulted in cell death and inflammation, likely through capsid-induced apoptosis in vivo. (cdc.gov)
  • TP63 is a member of the tumour suppressor TP53 gene family, and ΔNp63α, a TP63 splicing variant, is constitutively expressed in the stem cell-containing basal layer of stratified epithelial tissues, including the mammary gland, where it plays a critical role in stemness and tissue development. (researchsquare.com)
Differentiation4
  • This protein also forms a core subunit of the nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylation (NURD) complex that epigenetically regulates embryonic stem cell differentiation. (cancerindex.org)
  • 2) HCMV dysregulates DNA repair in infected cells and 3) infection of neural progenitor cells by HCMV causes premature and abnormal differentiation of these important CNS cells. (uidaho.edu)
  • Replication Timing (RT) is a stable epigenetic property that is cell type specific and is extensively regulated during differentiation in units that range from 400-800kb called replication domains. (fsu.edu)
  • But the dynamics of this relationship during differentiation and cell cycle have been poorly understood. (fsu.edu)
Synthesis3
Chromatin structure5
  • Genome-wide analysis of replication domains revealed that they are indeed stable structural units corresponding to Topologically-Associating Domains (TADs) defined by Hi-C. Next we showed that the interphase chromatin structure consisting of TADs and their long-range contacts are established during early G1 coincident with the establishment of the replication-timing program. (fsu.edu)
  • In G2 phase, the replication timing-program is lost while inter-phase chromatin structure acquired in early G1 was retained. (fsu.edu)
  • This shows that interphase chromatin structure is not sufficient to dictate RT and lead us to hypothesize that the chromatin structure set-up during early G1 may act as a scaffold to seed the assembly of some factor capable of setting replication initiation thresholds. (fsu.edu)
  • In summary, the work descried in this thesis uncovers a model where replication-timing is regulated at the unit of chromatin structure called TADs, which are generally stable across cell-types, but the compartment that they reside in corresponds to the time of their replication. (fsu.edu)
  • Interphase chromatin structure is established along with the establishment of RT and may act as scaffold for replication regulation factors like Rif1. (fsu.edu)
Phosphorylation2
  • This protein was found to also interact with DNA polymerase alpha/primase and mediate the phosphorylation of the large p180 subunit, which suggests a regulatory role in DNA replication during the S-phase of the cell cycle. (cancerindex.org)
  • We find that together with loss-of-function mutations in p53 and, to some degree, potentiated by cMyc overexpression, Dusp4 deletion aids in cell cycle checkpoint escape while simultaneously potentiating hallmarks of replicative stress, including multinucleation and Chk1 phosphorylation. (biomedcentral.com)
Eukaryotic cells1
  • PL: nuclei) is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells. (wikipedia.org)
Arrest6
  • The Atasf1ab mutant plants exhibit cell number reduction, S-phase delay/arrest, and reduced polyploidy levels. (nih.gov)
  • Drugs that block DNA replication can arrest the spread of cancer cells and eliminate viral pathogens. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, compared to normal p53-proficient cells, p53-defective cells are more reliant on MK2 activity, which drives an alternative cell cycle checkpoint pathway that stabilizes the CKI inhibitors p27 Kip1 and Gadd45α in order to maintain G 1 /S and G 2 /M arrest after certain types of DNA damage 16 , 18 . (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, rheum emodin treatment markedly diminished cell cycle arrest at S phase in MRC5 cells , which was induced by EV71 infection and favored the viral replication . (bvsalud.org)
  • The DNA damage response (DDR) is a mechanism that protects cells against radiation-induced oxidative DNA damage by causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. (researchsquare.com)
  • Ionizing radiation is well known to induce oxidative DNA damage, such as DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), and consequently trigger the DNA damage response (DDR), including cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. (researchsquare.com)
Plasmodium8
  • Remarkably little is known about Plasmodium cell cycles, despite a wealth of knowledge on the subject in human cells. (europa.eu)
  • This project will reveal, with unprecedented resolution, how DNA replication is organised in Plasmodium and how it can be affected by changing conditions in the human host and exposure to antimalarial drugs. (europa.eu)
  • To do this, I have developed a method for labelling nascent DNA replication, which was not hitherto possible in Plasmodium. (europa.eu)
  • During the asexual stage of the life cycle, Plasmodium falciparum replicates via schizogony, a division mode that can be divided into a growth phase and a budding phase. (iu.edu)
  • Yet, how Plasmodium, the malaria parasite, regulates its infectious cycle has remained an enigma despite decades of rigorous research. (sciencedaily.com)
  • But now a research team led by a cell biologist at the University of California, Riverside has identified a mechanism by which Plasmodium intensively replicates itself in human blood to spread the disease. (sciencedaily.com)
  • If this mechanism can be stopped," said Karine Le Roch, an assistant professor of cell biology and neuroscience, who led the research, " Plasmodium replication would cease or be severely inhibited, thus controlling the spread of malaria. (sciencedaily.com)
  • If we can find a candidate enzyme that can regulate this massive histone eviction, we could halt or greatly limit Plasmodium replication. (sciencedaily.com)
Biology4
  • My laboratory has developed new technologies and applied them towards understanding the molecular biology and enzymology of DNA replication in animal cells and viruses (SV40, polyomavirus, papillomavirus, and herpes simplex virus), and at the beginning of animal development (mouse preimplantation embryos and frog eggs). (nih.gov)
  • Unfortunately, biology is complex, and identifying senescent cells is a practice riddled with exceptions and inconsistencies, often dependent on things like the cell type or mode of senescence induction. (lifespan.io)
  • The life cycle of drosophila, from egg fertilization to adult life, takes about 10 days at 25°C. Drosophila is a model organism particularly used in developmental biology because it is a holometabolous insect, with major morphological differences occurring between larvae and adult animal (metamorphosis) [1]. (cherrybiotech.com)
  • We already have many examples ure of a discrete action (lever press) to in the sensitivity of nucleus accumbens of how brain biology can affect behav- produce the expected results (cocaine). (lu.se)
Somatic cell1
  • It was clear that a definitive experiment required the replacement of a zygote nucleus by a somatic cell nucleus, asking whether the somatic nucleus could functionally replace the zygote nucleus by eliciting normal development of the enucleated recipient egg ( Fig. 1 )? (biologists.com)
Progression1
  • ADAR1 silencing in breast cancer cells leads to increased apoptosis, suggesting an anti-apoptotic function that promotes cancer progression. (cancerindex.org)
Epithelial8
  • Using a genetically engineered mouse model, we generated mammary-specific Dusp4 -deleted primary epithelial cells to investigate the necessary conditions in which DUSP4 loss may drive breast cancer oncogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • SA-ß-gal staining is perhaps the most well-known marker of senescence, but it is a notoriously technical stain to conduct appropriately and is questionably effective for certain cell types, such as epithelial cells and neurons. (lifespan.io)
  • This p53-repressive activity may cause genomic instability in epithelial stem cells exposed to radiation. (researchsquare.com)
  • To elucidate the role of the p53-repressive effect of ΔNp63α in radiation response, we performed a p63-siRNA knockdown experiment using human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) expressing ΔNp63α and then performed ectopic and entopic expression experiments using human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). (researchsquare.com)
  • Taken together, these results indicate that ΔNp63α represses p53-related radiation-induced DDR, thereby potentially causing genomic instability in epithelial stem cells. (researchsquare.com)
  • The early preinvasive stage was characterized by cell-cycle checkpoint activation triggered by DNA replication stress and dramatic downregulation of basic transmembrane signaling processes that maintain epithelial/stromal homeostasis in the normal mucosa. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a nonmelanocytic skin cancer (ie, an epithelial tumor) that arises from basal cells (ie, small, round cells found in the lower layer of the epidermis). (medscape.com)
  • In HHV-1 and HHV-2 oral infections, viral replication within the oral epithelium may cause lysis of epithelial cells, with vesicle formation. (medscape.com)
Apoptosis4
  • We also observed that expression of Cp protein in mouse muscle resulted in apoptosis and inflammation of muscle cells. (cdc.gov)
  • In vitro apoptosis in individual cells was determined by terminal desoxyriboxyl-desoxyriboxyl transferase-mediated DVTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay with the In Situ Cell Death Assay Kit (Roche Diagnostic Corp., Indianapolis, IN) and visualized by fluorescent microscopy. (cdc.gov)
  • Some senescent cells resist apoptosis through SCAPs, the pathways targeted by the well-known senolytics dasatinib and quercetin (D+Q). Many senescent cells also exhibit the SASP, releasing inflammatory cytokines. (lifespan.io)
  • On the other hand, both the ectopic and entopic expression of ΔNp63α in apoptosis-sensitive hiPSCs reduced the expression levels of BAX after irradiation and significantly decreased the number of apoptotic cells induced by radiation. (researchsquare.com)
Squamous Cell Carc3
  • An image depicting head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro can be seen below. (medscape.com)
  • Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro (cell culture). (medscape.com)
  • HPV infections have received particular attention in recent years, as high-risk strains have been linked to some cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma. (medscape.com)
Region where replication2
  • the region where replication forks terminate directs the mode of separation for the two sibling molecules. (nih.gov)
  • As originally proposed in 1963, cells rely on two genetic elements to duplicate their genome: the replicator, a DNA region where replication begins (now named the replication origin), and the initiator, a protein or a protein complex that recognizes the replicator [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Genomic2
  • In this chapter, we mainly discuss the coordination regulations between DNA replication initiation and other cell cycle events that ensure genomic integrity. (intechopen.com)
  • Rheum emodin (29.6 µmol/L) effectively protected MRC5 cells from EV71-induced cytopathic effects, which resulted from the inhibiting viral replication rheum emodin treatment decreased viral genomic levels by 5.34-fold, viral protein expression by less than 30-fold and EV71 virulence by 0.33107-fold. (bvsalud.org)
Initiation1
  • Here we have mapped sites of DNA replication initiation across the T. cruzi genome using Marker Frequency Analysis, which has previously only been deployed in two related trypanosomatids. (biomedcentral.com)
Interphase2
Replicates via1
  • In the nucleus, PSTVd replicates via an asymmetric rolling circle mechanism (7). (degruyter.com)
Vivo2
  • These findings establish a mechanism for co-targeting DNA damage-induced cell cycle checkpoints in combination with repair of cisplatin-DNA lesions in vivo using RNAi nanocarriers, and motivate further exploration of ASL as a generalized strategy to improve cancer treatment. (nature.com)
  • However, whether it also marks senescence in other cell types, in other species, in other modes of inducing senescence, and in vivo is not yet known. (lifespan.io)
Vitro3
  • In the current study we demonstrated for the first time that human adenovirus (HAdV) type 4, 5 and 7 exhibits tropism for neurons cultured in vitro followed by the extensive replication of all serotypes in the primary culture of murine neurons. (elis.sk)
  • As a post-doctoral fellow with Paul Berg, I developed a subcellular system that allowed simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA to continue replication in vitro. (nih.gov)
  • We were among the first to develop and exploit sub-cellular systems that allowed SV40 and polyomavirus to complete DNA replication in vitro. (nih.gov)
Binary fission2
Regulation2
  • Lastly, we explored the conservation of replication timing at single cell level that revealed a highly conserved yet stochastic regulation of replication timing. (fsu.edu)
  • This is consistent with a model of replication timing regulation where the timing is the outcome of stochastic origin firing and is not affected by the precise environment within a cell. (fsu.edu)
Constitutively1
  • DNA replication in trypanosomatids operates in a uniquely challenging environment, since most of their genomes are constitutively transcribed. (biomedcentral.com)
Mechanism2
  • This study identifies a novel mechanism for breast tumorigenesis implicating Dusp4 loss and p53 mutations in cellular acquisition of Dbf4 upregulation as a driver of cellular replication and cell cycle checkpoint escape. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Retroviruses are enveloped RNA viruses defined by their mechanism of replication via reverse transcription to produce DNA copies that integrate into the host cell's genome. (msdmanuals.com)
Replicative1
  • d) investigation of cell-cycle checkpoints and replicative responses to the changing environment in the human host and to antimalarial drugs. (europa.eu)
Kinase1
  • In response to DNA damage, a synthetic lethal relationship exists between the cell cycle checkpoint kinase MK2 and the tumor suppressor p53. (nature.com)
Checkpoint1
  • Given the previously reported role of DUSP4 as a p53 target, a potential cell cycle checkpoint, and in mediating senescence downstream of replication stress, we hypothesized that DUSP4 may be a critical oncogenic driver in breast cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
Intermediates1
  • Results from our lab, as well as from other labs, led to the identification of all of the various DNA replication intermediates in SV40 replication. (nih.gov)
Enzymes1
  • The inner core of the virus is a protein shell referred to as the hepatitis B core antigen or "HBcAg," which contains the hepatitis B virus DNA and enzymes used in viral replication. (hepatitisprohelp.com)
Enters2
  • When PSTVd enters the plant cell, a specific signal seems to direct it into the nucleus. (degruyter.com)
  • The virus enters the host liver cell and is transported into the nucleus of the liver cell. (hepatitisprohelp.com)
Occur1
  • Collision between replication and transcription is considered especially problematic, as each are catalyzed by large multiprotein machines, and can occur co-directionally, when the replication fork and transcription machinery are moving in the same direction, or on the leading strand and is head-on, when the fork and transcription are moving towards each other. (biomedcentral.com)
Inhibitor2
  • Quantitative fluorescence microscopy and transient transfection in the presence of aphidicolin, an inhibitor of DNA replication, show that CENP-A can assemble into centromeres in the absence of DNA replication. (rupress.org)
  • Cancer cells that are defective in p53 function are deficient in their ability to transcriptionally upregulate the CDK inhibitor p21 after genotoxic stress. (nature.com)
Cell's3
  • The cell nucleus contains nearly all of the cell's genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • 649 Together, these membranes serve to separate the cell's genetic material from the rest of the cell contents, and allow the nucleus to maintain an environment distinct from the rest of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inside a cell, a single protein emerges from from the cell's protein-making machinery, then another, and another. (acs.org)
Spatially1
  • DNA that replicates at distinct times during S-phase is also spatially separated in the nucleus. (fsu.edu)
Infection5
  • 2) in those centers, p53 binds site-specifically to the viral genome and 3) infection of p53 knockout cells show dramatic decreases in viral titers, in viral DNA replication and in viral protein expression. (uidaho.edu)
  • Immunofluorescent labelling and confocal microscopy revealed the changes in cell morphology, destruction of actin cytoskeleton and cell lysis as the final stage of infection. (elis.sk)
  • This study provides a comprehensive network model of IAV infection in human cells, identifying functional host targets for pan-viral HDT. (cdc.gov)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection results from 1 of 2 similar retroviruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) that destroy CD4+ lymphocytes and impair cell-mediated immunity, increasing risk of certain infections and cancers. (msdmanuals.com)
  • [ 5 , 6 ] In a localized primary infection, the virus penetrates the mucosal epithelium and invades the cells of the basal layer, where the viral DNA inserts into the host DNA. (medscape.com)
Suppress1
  • Finally, 16 compounds targeting our identified host factors suppress IAV replication, with two targeting CDK2 and FLT3 showing pan-antiviral activity across influenza and coronavirus families. (cdc.gov)
Baculovirus1
Asexual1
Biol2
Embryonic3
  • Cloned nuclei are plucked from a comfortable, differentiated cell and thrust into an egg primed for embryonic development. (rupress.org)
  • For a frog nucleus, part of that switch is a conversion into embryonic DNA replication mode, say Jean-Marc Lemaitre, Marcel Méchali, and colleagues (CNRS, Montpellier, France). (rupress.org)
  • But a frog's embryonic divisions differ from mature divisions in another sense: they take only 30 minutes each, in part because they use many more replication origins. (rupress.org)
Abnormal cell1
  • This, in turn, creates a clonal population of a single abnormal cell. (medscape.com)
Histone octamer1
Division6
  • In particular, it pursues a complex lifecycle with modes of cell division that differ at different lifecycle stages. (europa.eu)
  • Various phases of activity within a cell leading to division are called the cell cycle. (icr.org)
  • Whereas in protozoa the single cell becomes the offspring through division, in many-celled organisms (metazoa) select cells (usually sex cells) become the progenitors of the next generation. (icr.org)
  • Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growth and division of a cell, with extension beyond the normally limiting basement membrane and through the boundaries of normal cells. (medscape.com)
  • Mistakes within the cell cycle can be damaging, hence the process of cell division and the cell cycle is heavily regulated. (crbdiscovery.com)
  • Cells follow a process during cell division. (differencebetween.net)
Membranes2
  • Despite their close apposition around much of the nucleus, the two membranes differ substantially in shape and contents. (wikipedia.org)
  • The released virus particles can now land and dock with other cells that have the appropriate receptors on their plasma membranes. (rkm.com.au)
Forks2
Endoderm2
  • However, Briggs and King ( Briggs and King, 1957 ) had also found that the nucleus of an endoderm cell from a neurula embryo could no longer support normal development ( Fig. 2 ). (biologists.com)
  • During gastrulation, cells change shape and migrate establishing the mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm, which are the layers of the future body plan. (cherrybiotech.com)
Basal2
  • As a graduate student with Julius Adler, I identified the basal body of the bacterial flagellum, develop methods for its purification, and elucidate its fine structure and specific attachments to the bacterial cell envelope. (nih.gov)
  • Basal cell carcinoma of the right lower lid. (medscape.com)