Nuclei from neuronal differentiated pc12 cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

Neurotransmitters are generally synthesized in neurons and are made up of, or derived from, precursor molecules that are found abundantly in the cell. (wikipedia.org)
Neuronal activity triggers an increase in astrocytic calcium levels, prompting the release of gliotransmitters, such as glutamate, ATP, and D-serine.These gliotransmitters diffuse into the extracellular space, interacting with nearby neurons and influencing synaptic transmission. (wikipedia.org)
When fully differentiated through axon and dendrite elongation, this unique morphology allows neurons to achieve precise connectivity between appropriate sets of neurons, which is crucial for the proper functioning of the nervous system. (biomedcentral.com)
It has recently been suggested that MAP kinase plays a role in coupling the synaptic excitation to gene expression in the nucleus of postsynaptic neurons. (asahq.org)
Herein, CT04 and Y27632 were used to inactivate RhoA and its downstream effector Rho-associated coiled coil-forming kinase (ROCK), while the RhoAQ63L lentiviral vector was utilized to overexpress the constitutively activated RhoA in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons or neuronal differentiated PC12 cells. (0hyeon.com)
Oxidative stress-induced cytoskeletal dysfunction of neurons has been implicated as a crucial cause of cell apoptosis or death in the central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. (ijbs.com)
Long before Samuel Morse put his telegraphic code to work, neurons and other cells were processing extracellular dash- and dot-type signals into instructions for cellular decisions. (reasons.org)
whereas when wired for a sustained signal, cells hit with EGF transformed into neurons. (reasons.org)
Seventy-five percent of these FGF-2-responsive cells were beta tubulin III (TuJ1)-positive neurons, and 25% expressed nestin, a marker for neuroepithelial precursors. (beauty104.com.tw)
Without Hes genes such as Hes1 , however, progenitor cells prematurely differentiate into certain types of neurons only, and are depleted before they have proliferated sufficiently and generated all neuronal and glial cell types. (biologists.com)
In hippocampal neurons, the accumulation of PIP 3 at the tip of neurite initiates the axon specification and neuronal polarity formation. (silverchair.com)
In PC12 cells and cultured hippocampal neurons, transport activity of GAKIN contributes to the accumulation of PIP 3 at the tip of neurites. (silverchair.com)
In hippocampal neurons, altered accumulation of PIP 3 by overexpression of GAKIN constructs led to the loss of the axonally differentiated neurites. (silverchair.com)
Together, these results suggest that, in neurons, the GAKIN-PIP 3 BP complex transports PIP 3 to the neurite ends and regulates neuronal polarity formation. (silverchair.com)
Here, we comprehensively examined human brain cell epigenomes by probing DNA methylation and chromatin conformation at single-cell resolution in 517 thousand cells (399 thousand neurons and 118 thousand non-neurons) from 46 regions of three adult male brains. (salk.edu)
A series of biochemical and cellular assays were employed to assess the ability of the herbal extracts to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, reduce β-amyloid aggregation, stimulate the differentiation of neural progenitor cells, suppress cyclooxygenase, and protect neurons against β-amyloid or N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced cytotoxicity. (biomedcentral.com)
EdU labeling and differentiated mobile markers (DCX labels neurons and GFAP labels astrocytes) have been utilized to evaluate the differentiation and fate selection of newly produced cells in NPCs and in DG of cultured hippocampal slices. (adenosine-receptor.com)

Therefore, this engineered protein adsorption approach allows for the facile preparation of tunable, quantifiable, and reproducible surfaces for in vitro studies of cell-ligand interactions and for potential application as coatings on neural implants. (frontiersin.org)
To explicit cell apoptosis trend in PC12 oxygen-glucose-serum deprivation/restoration (OGSD/R) model and provide experimental bases for neural cell simulation in ischemia reperfusion injury in vitro . (oncotarget.com)
OGSD/R model was constructed using the passage PC12 cells in vitro . (oncotarget.com)
Altered sodium and potassium, but not calcium currents in cerebellar granule cells in an in vitro model of neuronal injury. (sav.sk)
2. Yigit EN, Sonmez E, Cakir ZB, Aksan Kurnaz I, Cakir T (2023) Transcriptome study identifies quercetin and rutin as repurposed drugs for Parkinson Disease in vitro 6-OHDA model. (gtu.edu.tr)
The requirements for the successful culture of organoids in vitro differ significantly from those of traditional monolayer cell cultures. (mdpi.com)
The application of hydrogels as a matrix for 3-dimensional cell cultures has become an indispensable tool in tissue engineering, biotechnology and biomedical research due to the improved functionality and viability of the in vitro biological system. (heraldopenaccess.us)
In primary cultures of mouse embryonic day 14 (E14) striatum, maintained in vitro for 24 hr, 12% of the cells responded to FGF-2, whereas no response to EGF could be detected. (beauty104.com.tw)
Priming of striatal cells for 24 hr with FGF-2 but not with EGF was sufficient to induce the appearance of EGF- and FGF-2 responsive cells after only 2 d in vitro. (beauty104.com.tw)
Thus, neural precursor cells from the mouse E14 striatum initially responding to FGF-2 only acquire EGF responsiveness later during in vitro development. (beauty104.com.tw)
Moreover, the molecular mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation in vivo were further elucidated by treating BV2 and PC12 cells with ZnO NPs in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
PC12 cell model in vitro was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). (silverchair.com)

The profile of cell apoptosis was estimated by DAPI staining, Annexin V-FITC and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, as well as the levels of apoptosis-related proteins, including procaspase-3 and caspase-12. (oncotarget.com)
PC12 apoptosis was induced by OGSD and aggravated after restoration. (oncotarget.com)
DAPI staining suggested that apoptosis was the most serious after 1h of OGR, causing apoptotic cell nucleus pyknosis, particle spot formation, and fracture of cells with serious apoptosis forming pieces, and nucleus disintegration. (oncotarget.com)
PC12 apoptosis is induced by OGSD and aggravated after restoration. (oncotarget.com)
The apoptosis of PC12 reaches the highest at 1h after OGR, which may provide experimental bases for spinal cord ischemia reperfusion injury treatment. (oncotarget.com)
However, growing evidences have demonstrated that reperfusion can induce the production of free radical, toxin, and inflammatory, thus aggravating cell apoptosis. (oncotarget.com)
For example, NO represents an important free radical, which has been reported to be involved in various cell apoptosis through different ways thus leading to diverse diseases. (oncotarget.com)
It is generally accepted that the severe apoptosis of mucosal epithelial cells induced by over accumulation of NO and subsequent local cytotoxicity is an important pathogenic mechanism of necrotizing enterocolitis [ 2 ]. (oncotarget.com)
p53 is recognized as a critical regulator of the cell cycle and apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
We hypothesized that p53 contributed to PC12 differentiation through the regulation of gene targets distinct from its known transcriptional targets for apoptosis or DNA repair. (biomedcentral.com)
The tumor suppressor p53 is recognized as a critical regulator of cell cycle progression and apoptosis, incorporating signals from DNA damage and other cellular stressors to decide cell fate [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The current study is to reveal the regulatory effects of Rg1 on cytoskeletal and morphological lesion in oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis. (ijbs.com)
The results demonstrated that pre-treatment with Rg1 (0.1-10 μM) attenuated hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )-induced neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress through reducing the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) level. (ijbs.com)
The zinc compound reduces the degree of convulsive activity, neuronal death and the intensity of apoptosis. (ihna.ru)
Furthermore, GSOs protected cells against GLU-induced apoptosis by reducing the expression of the mitochondrial apoptosis-associated Bcl-2 family effector proteins and protected cells from GLU-induced oxidative damage by increasing the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. (sdbonline.org)
Functional autophagy mitigates neuronal apoptosis, which is reflected by the alterations of IAPs, Bcl-2, caspase-3, and so forth. (biomedcentral.com)
There is a signal crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis, which may be regulated to produce synergistic effect on the preconditioning of stem cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Intracellular insults can initiate neuronal apoptosis via mitochondrial dysfunction or intrinsic pathway (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)

Here, we report that Gβγ, an important component of the GPCR pathway, is critical for NGF-induced neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
In further support of a role of Gβγ-MT interaction in neuronal differentiation, it was observed that overexpression of Gβγ in PC12 cells induced neurite outgrowth in the absence of added NGF. (biomedcentral.com)
Over the years, pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells have been used as a model to study neuronal differentiation because they respond to nerve growth factor (NGF) and exhibit a typical phenotype of neuronal cells sending out neurites [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Mounting evidence also suggests a role for p53 in differentiation of cells including neuronal precursors. (biomedcentral.com)
We studied the transcriptional role of p53 during nerve growth factor-induced differentiation of the PC12 line into neuron-like cells. (biomedcentral.com)
The data show p53 protein was transcriptionally activated and contributed to NGF-mediated neurite outgrowth during differentiation of PC12 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
We conclude that receptor-mediated p53 transcriptional activity is involved in PC12 differentiation and may suggest a contributory role for p53 in neuronal development. (biomedcentral.com)
p53 transcriptional activity may be further involved in the differentiation of other non-neuronal cell types. (biomedcentral.com)
Despite data supporting the transcriptional activity of p53 protein in differentiation, few genetic targets have been described and fewer still within a neuronal context. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we developed a novel core/shell conduit to induce PC12 differentiation. (yjxinhua.com)
The effect of such engineered conduit on PC12 differentiation was investigated by analyzing differentiation markers Nestin and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) through immunocytochemistry and PCR-RT techniques. (yjxinhua.com)
The result revealed that such conduit could significantly induce Nestin and MAP2 gene expression in the PC12 cells and, thus, it is a viable option for effective cell differentiation and nerve regeneration. (yjxinhua.com)
Using a self-stimulated neural conductive channel to create a suitable scaffold for the growth and differentiation of neural-like cells can be desirable20. (yjxinhua.com)
This seems like a straightforward system, but scientists were surprised to find that the internal signals for growth (triggered by EGF) and differentiation (triggered by NGF) are sent to the nucleus via the same exact proteins, known as ERKs . (reasons.org)
Thus, exogenous AhR induced catecholaminergic differentiation in N2a-Rα cells. (biomedcentral.com)
The excessive activation of AhR resulted in neural differentiation of Neuro2a cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Activated AhR may disrupt the strictly regulated brain formation with irregular differentiation occurring rather than cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
A wide array of chemical substances can influence cell growth and differentiation. (beauty104.com.tw)
pointed out that Mage-D1 may participate in the proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and the differentiation of odontoblasts through the NF-κB signalling pathway 21 . (researchsquare.com)
Embryogenesis involves orchestrated processes of cell proliferation and differentiation. (biologists.com)
Embryogenesis depends on the timely proliferation of progenitor cells and their subsequent differentiation into multiple cell types. (biologists.com)
Regulation of the timing of cell differentiation and cell fate choice are key issues for making organs of the right size, shape and cell composition. (biologists.com)
In many organs, cell proliferation and differentiation are antagonistically regulated by multiple basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) activator and repressor genes. (biologists.com)
For example, in the developing nervous system of mouse embryos,progenitor cells proliferate and sequentially give rise to different types of cells by changing their differentiation competency. (biologists.com)
In this primer, we describe the key features of Hes factors and detail their roles in some representative processes of embryogenesis: namely, in the development of the nervous and digestive systems, two well-characterized processes, where Hes1 (and Hes3 and Hes5 in the nervous system) regulates cell proliferation and differentiation, and in the process of somite segmentation, where Hes7 functions as a biological clock. (biologists.com)

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, are devastating diseases in the elderly world, which are closely associated with progressive neuronal loss induced by a variety of genetic and/or environmental factors. (inrae.fr)
There is a strong urgency to find new alternative strategies to prevent progressive neuronal loss. (mdpi.com)

Postsynaptic density Voltage- gated Ca++ channel Synaptic vesicle Neurotransmitter transporter Receptor Neurotransmitter Axon terminal Synaptic cleft Dendrite A neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] Neurotransmitters are generally stored in synaptic vesicles, clustered close to the cell membrane at the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron. (wikipedia.org)
Neuronal outgrowth is a complex process in which two distinct domains emerge from the cell body: a long, thin axon that transmits signals, and multiple shorter dendrites, which are specialized primarily for receiving signals. (biomedcentral.com)
Since localized changes in the assembly and organization of MTs are sufficient to alter axon and dendritic specification and development [ 1 ], knowledge of the precise signaling mechanisms controlling MT assembly and organization is crucial for our understanding of neuronal plasticity and neurodegenerative diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
11. Kandemir B, Gulfidan G, Arga KY, Yilmaz B, Aksan Kurnaz I. (2020) Transcriptomic profile of Pea3 family members reveal regulatory codes for axon outgrowth and neuronal connection specificity. (gtu.edu.tr)
Morphologically, N2a-Rα cells bore spontaneous neurites exhibiting axon-like properties with the localization of NF-H. In addition, cdc42 expression was increased in comparison to the control cell line. (biomedcentral.com)

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) induce the proliferation of neural precursor cells isolated from specific regions of the embryonic and adult brain. (beauty104.com.tw)

It is assumed that the revealed changes in nitrite accumulation reflect changes in the activity of nitric oxide synthase in cerebellar cereal cells during ischemia and reoxygenation. (ihna.ru)
In this review, we summarize that the representative dimers, such as B3C, provide neuroprotection against a variety of neurotoxins via multiple targets, including the inhibitions of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor with pathological-activated potential, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and beta-amyloid cascades synergistically. (inrae.fr)

The mammalian Hes basic helix-loop-helix repressor genes play central roles in these processes by maintaining progenitor cells in an undifferentiated state and by regulating binary cell fate decisions. (biologists.com)
In particular,the Hes bHLH repressor genes play an essential role in the development of many organs by maintaining progenitor cells and by regulating binary cell fate decisions. (biologists.com)
To figure out regardless of whether ERK1/2 signaling pathway mediates the motion of taurine on cell proliferation, P5 hippocampal stem/ progenitor cells have been uncovered to the ERK1/two inhibitor PD98059 (ten mM) followed by taurine therapy. (adenosine-receptor.com)

Main hippocampal cells have been incubated for seven times to permit neurosphere formation. (adenosine-receptor.com)

Immune cells release reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to cytokine upregulation [29]. (encyclopedia.pub)
Cell damage was assessed using MTT assays, and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release rate and flow cytometry were used to detect the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential respectively. (sdbonline.org)
NPs may accelerate the process of neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases by promoting inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), microglial activation and neuronal loss [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

By definition, neurodegeneration disturbs the properties of the CNS and therefore affects neuronal function, which is associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal lobar dementia (FTLD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). (biomedcentral.com)

Collectively, this study provides the first evidence that transient levels of the evolutionarily conserved factor RACK1 are critical for adult SC activation and proper skeletal muscle regeneration, favoring the efficient progression of SC from a committed to a fully differentiated state. (sdbonline.org)

Signals from outside the cell control many intracellular programs, even directing how cells develop into organs and whole organisms. (reasons.org)
This can either occur by cell surface receptor interactions, as in the case with peptide growth factors, or by interactions with intracellular molecules, as in the case with steroid hormones. (beauty104.com.tw)
Time-lapse videography of living cells captures spectacular intracellular mitochondrial movement, and this movement promotes mitochondrial connections to form a dynamic mitochondrial network [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition to intracellular mitochondrial movement, intercellular mitochondrial transfer between mammalian cells has recently been discovered. (biomedcentral.com)
Intercellular mitochondrial transfer can be regarded as an extension of intracellular mitochondrial movement or intercellular communication, which undoubtedly increases the mtDNA content of the recipient cells and restores the respiration and survival of the recipient cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Identification of novel transcriptional targets of Pea3 in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. (gtu.edu.tr)

The neurotransmitter's effect on the target cell is determined by the receptor it binds to. (wikipedia.org)
Evidence suggests that nerve growth factor (NGF) induces neurite outgrowth from PC12 cells by activating the receptor tyrosine kinase, TrkA. (biomedcentral.com)
Immunolabeling detected this receptor in cells of both the ganglion cell layer and the photoreceptor cell layer in wild-type retinas. (molvis.org)
Receptor proteins on the cell surface comprise the first layer in signal-relays that control whether a cell grows, divides, specializes, or dies. (reasons.org)
When a receptor binds to its target molecule, it initiates an internal cascade of protein messengers that directs the cell to activate a genetic program. (reasons.org)
For example, when a growth factor like the epidermal growth factor (EGF) binds to a growth receptor, the signal induces the cell to grow and divide via the genetic growth program. (reasons.org)
DEC-205 (CD205), a member of the macrophage mannose receptor protein family, is the prototypic endocytic receptor of dendritic cells, whose ligands include phosphorothioated cytosine-guanosine (CpG) oligonucleotides, a motif often seen in bacterial or viral DNA. (uci.edu)
In our previous studies, EMSCs were obtained from rat embryonic facial process tissue by fluorescence p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) activated cell sorting, providing a good stem cell model for studies of dental mineralization. (researchsquare.com)
At nanomolar concentrations, A10E could inhibit Abeta oligomers-induced neurotoxicity via the activation of tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB)/Akt pathway in SH-SY5Y cells. (inrae.fr)

Because the effects of local anesthetics on cellular signal transduction in neuronal cells are not well-known, the authors investigated whether they affect the MAP kinase signaling pathway using PC12 cells. (asahq.org)
dGLYAT was found to regulate Gadd45 -mediated JNK pathway activation and cell invasion. (sdbonline.org)
Firstly, loss of dGLYAT suppressed scrib depletion- or Egr overexpression-induced JNK pathway activation and invasive cell migration. (sdbonline.org)
Therefore, nanoparticles tongue instillation is likely to be uptaken by taste bud cells and transported into CNS via the taste nerve pathway. (biomedcentral.com)

9.Savasan Sogut M, Venugopal C, Kandemir B, Gulfidan G, Yilmaz B, Arga KY, Singh S, Aksan Kurnaz I. (2021) ETS domain transcription factor Elk-1 regulates stemness genes in brain tumors and CD133+ brain tumor initiating cells (BTIC). (gtu.edu.tr)
In these processes, Hes genes function as effectors of Notch signaling, which coordinates cellular events via cell-cell interactions. (biologists.com)
For example, methylation altered by learning could flag genes for regulation only in certain conditions, priming the future activation of specific transcriptional states without disrupting baseline neural function by permanently altering synapses or cell homeostasis [ 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Single-cell sequencing could help to solve the fundamental challenge of linking millions of cell-type-specific enhancers with their target genes. (salk.edu)

Cell morphology shows that miR-27b-3p induces cell morphological changes in colorectal cancer cells through phase-contrast microscopy. (silverchair.com)

In this study, we investigate the effects of neural cell integration into the bioprinted skeletal muscle construct to accelerate functional muscle regeneration in vivo. (nature.com)
Despite recent achievements of microfluidic 2D cell culture systems [9], they still do not address the fact that in vivo cells coexist in 3D communities that are influenced by spatial orientation of cells and cell-to-cell contact within the extracellular matrix [10]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
In addition, mtDNA stress in TFAM-deficient mouse melanoma cells produces tumours that are more resistant to doxorubicin in vivo. (regenerativemedicine.net)

A nanoscale modular design strategy was employed to synthesize six engineered, recombinant proteins intended to mimic aspects of the extracellular matrix proteins fibronectin, laminin, and elastin as well as the cell-cell adhesive protein neural cell adhesion molecule. (frontiersin.org)
Proteins that act both at the cell surface and intracellularly will be discussed in this thesis, with particular emphasis on the fibroblast growth factors. (beauty104.com.tw)
The FGFs are heparin -binding proteins and interactions with cell-surface associated heparan sulfate proteoglycans has been shown to be essential for FGF signal transduction. (beauty104.com.tw)
Here, we show that APP can coimmunoprecipitate NEEP21 from nontransgenic mouse brain and from mammalian cells stably coexpressing both proteins. (jneurosci.org)

More recent research applications include microchips for genomics, proteomics and cell-based assays. (heraldopenaccess.us)

In fact, nearly every type of cell utilizes extracellular instructions. (reasons.org)
If instead a neuronal growth factor (NGF) is added to the extracellular environment, a cell differentiates (transforms) into a neuron. (reasons.org)
The main advantage of hydrogels for microfluidic cell cultures, however, is their mimicry of extracellular matrix structures including adequate porosity for cellular organization, biocompatibility, and representative stiffness, all key parameters that promote native-like tissue function. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Both cell-derived microstructures and extracellular matrix components play critical roles in the preorganization and oriented deposition of calcium phosphate and serve as passive supports in dentine and enamel. (researchsquare.com)

N2a-Rα cells expressed tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA as a functional marker of catecholaminergic neurotransmitter production. (biomedcentral.com)
Tenascin-C mRNA was not detectable at any time in the unlesioned or lesioned inferior olivary nucleus by in situ hybridization. (researchgate.net)
In the cerebellar cortex, tenascin-C mRNA in Golgi epithelial cells was down-regulated 3 days after the lesion and returned to control values 80 days after the lesion. (researchgate.net)
Tenascin-R mRNA was expressed by distinct neural cell types in the unlesioned olivocerebellar system. (researchgate.net)

The effects of ginseng oligosaccharides (GSOs) on neuronal oxidative injury induced by glutamate (GLU) and the molecular mechanisms involved were investigated. (sdbonline.org)
These findings indicate that GSOs protect against GLU-induced neuronal oxidative damage through Nrf2/HO-1 activation. (sdbonline.org)

The AhR is activated by binding to ligands, including dioxins, translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and then binds to the consensus sequence known as XRE (xenobiotic responsive element) [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The Rg1 treatment also abolished H 2 O 2 -induced morphological changes, including cell rounding, membrane blebbing, neurite retraction and nuclei condensation, which were generated by myosin IIA-actin interaction. (ijbs.com)
GSOs also mitigated the deleterious effects of GLU on the mitochondrial membrane potential and Cyt C release, thus alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased GSH levels and CAT activity in both cells and Drosophila brain tissue. (sdbonline.org)
MARV assembles and buds from the host cell plasma where MARV matrix protein (mVP40) dimers associate with anionic lipids at the plasma membrane inner leaflet and undergo a dynamic and extensive self-oligomerization into the structural matrix layer. (uci.edu)
From studies of APP trafficking and metabolism, the following pathways have emerged: in the first, a fraction of APP molecules residing on the cell surface are processed by ADAM/TACE "sheddases" N-terminal to the ectodomain-transmembrane domain to generate an 83 aa membrane-tethered stub, termed α-CTF. (jneurosci.org)

The cell receiving the signal, or target cell, may be another neuron, but could also be a gland or muscle cell. (wikipedia.org)

Here, we used the σR1-knockout mouse ( Sigmar1 −/− ) to demonstrate unambiguously the role of the σR1 in protecting the retinal ganglion cells against degeneration after acute damage to the optic nerve. (molvis.org)
Retinal ganglion cell death was induced by acute optic nerve crush in wild-type and Sigmar1 −/− mice. (molvis.org)
Quantification of cells remaining after optic nerve crush showed that 86.8±7.9% cells remained in the wild-type ganglion cell layer, but only 68.3±3.4% survived in the Sigmar1 −/− , demonstrating a significant difference between the wild-type and the Sigmar1 −/− in crush-induced ganglion cell loss. (molvis.org)
Our data indicated faster retinal ganglion cell death in Sigmar1 −/− than in wild-type mice under the stresses caused by optic nerve crush, providing direct evidence for a role of the σR1 in alleviating retinal degeneration. (molvis.org)
It is assumed that destructive changes in cultured nerve cells subjected to ischemia and reoxygenation are associated with the activation of caspase-3 (the data were obtained in collaboration with the laboratory of experimental neurocytology of the Research Institute of the Brain of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences). (ihna.ru)
To investigate whether tenascin-C and tenascin-R may play important functional roles in the lesioned central nervous system, we have analysed their expression in the olivocerebellar system of the adult rat after 3-acetylpyridine-induced degeneration of nerve cells in the inferior olivary nucleus. (researchgate.net)
In 1907 the zoologist Ross Granville Harrison demonstrated the growth of frog embryonic cells that would give rise to nerve cells in a medium of clotted lymph . (wikipedia.org)

Neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft where they are able to interact with neurotransmitter receptors on the target cell. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] In order to avoid continuous activation of receptors on the post-synaptic or target cell, neurotransmitters must be removed from the synaptic cleft. (wikipedia.org)

It takes two T to shape immunity: emerging role for T-type calcium channels in immune cells. (sav.sk)

Not long after FGF1 and FGF2 were isolated, another group isolated a pair of heparin -binding growth factors which they named HBGF-1 and HBGF-2, whilst a third group isolated a pair of growth factors that caused proliferation of cells in a bioassay containing blood vessel endothelium cells which they called ECGF-1 and ECGF-2. (beauty104.com.tw)
One of the most important functions of bFGF is the promotion of endothelial cell proliferation and the physical organization of endothelial cells into tube-like structures. (beauty104.com.tw)
Because prostate cancer has generally a low proliferation index, such as tapeworms or hookworms, are en- doparasites that live inside their host. (banglaforexacademy.com)
The NPCs are characterised by staining for proliferation and stem cell markers (Figure 1). (adenosine-receptor.com)

Multiple research groups have developed artificial mitochondrial transfer/transplantation (AMT/T) methods that transfer healthy mitochondria into damaged cells and recover cellular function. (biomedcentral.com)
In the field of stem cells, cumulative evidence has shown that mitochondrial transfer contributes to stem cell-triggered repair of damaged cells [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

While many signals are known to drive neuronal outgrowth, it is the assembly and disassembly of cytoskeletal structures embodied within neurite extension and growth cone formation that are essential for establishing appropriate synaptic connections and signal transmission. (biomedcentral.com)
3,4 MAP kinase is highly expressed in the central nervous system, primarily in such postsynaptic structures as neuronal cell bodies and the bases of the proximal dendrites. (asahq.org)
Integrative analyses revealed concordant changes in DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility, chromatin organization, and gene expression across cell types, cortical areas, and basal ganglia structures. (salk.edu)
Thousands of copies of the circular mtDNA are present in most cell types that are packaged by TFAM into higher-order structures called nucleoids1. (regenerativemedicine.net)

The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
The combination of 3-dimensional hydrogel cell cultures with microchip technology further allows (i) spatial and temporal control of cell growth, (ii) application of defined mechanical (e.g. shear, strain, stretch) and chemical (e.g. gradients) stimuli, as well as (iii) monitoring of dynamic cellular responses using integrated sensing strategies. (heraldopenaccess.us)
The elucidation and description of the molecular and structural features of gasotransmitters, their production pathways, signaling mechanisms, cellular and molecular targets, and functional impact in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are the focus of this book. (rsc.org)

As confirmation that ligand density in these engineered systems impacts neuronal cell behavior, we demonstrate that increasing the density of fibronectin-derived RGD ligands on coated surfaces while maintaining uniform protein surface coverage results in enhanced neurite extension of PC-12 cells. (frontiersin.org)
To confirm their theory that the signal types control cell behavior, the research team molecularly cross-wired the systems so that each growth factor would produce the opposite ERK profile. (reasons.org)

Discovery of non-genotoxic mechanisms through which p53 protein may be activated within tumor cells harboring wild-type p53 remains an important therapeutic objective, both in effort to alleviate traditional off-target chemotherapeutic side-effects and to prevent the unpredictable mutagenicity characteristic of these therapies. (biomedcentral.com)
12. Kandemir B, Davis S, Yigit EN, Ozturk G, Yilmaz B, Laroche S, Aksan Kurnaz I. (2020) Expression of Pea3 protein subfamily in hippocampus and potential role in LTP. (gtu.edu.tr)
When they hit (bio-slang for "dosed") rat brain cells with EGF, the ERK protein spiked in activation and then dropped back to pre-stimulated levels within fifteen minutes (equivalent to a dot in Morse code), causing the cells to grow and divide. (reasons.org)
In this study we used phosphorylation of the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein as a functional readout to identify cells responding to EGF and FGF-2. (beauty104.com.tw)

The percentage of apoptotic cells exhibited increased trend after restoration, and reached the highest at 1h of OGR. (oncotarget.com)
The role of apoptotic mechanisms in the functioning of the cells of the nervous system in normal and pathological conditions. (ihna.ru)
Apoptotic cell death is induced by aberrant Aβ peptides and tau aggregates in the hippocampus and temporal lobe. (biomedcentral.com)

METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy male and female subjects were separated using Hystopaque, and monocytes were isolated from PBMCs using a positive selection of CD14+ cells. (bvsalud.org)
The historical development and methods of cell culture are closely interrelated to those of tissue culture and organ culture . (wikipedia.org)
Since Haberlandt's original assertions, methods for tissue and cell culture have been realized, leading to significant discoveries in biology and medicine. (wikipedia.org)

On the model of ischemia reproduced on organotypic cultures of the hippocampus and primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells, it was shown that changes in the generation of nitrite during ischemia depend on the culture used. (ihna.ru)
The effects of ischemia on the accumulation of nitrites in cultures of cerebellar granule cells were studied. (ihna.ru)
The effects of ischemia (oxygen-glucose deprivation) and reoxygenation on the morphology of cultured rat cerebellar seed cells and the activity of caspase-3 in these cells were studied. (ihna.ru)
After a lesion, the density of cells containing tenascin-R transcripts increased significantly in the inferior olivary nucleus and in the white matter of the cerebellar cortex. (researchgate.net)

SIGNALS initiated by neurotransmitter release are transferred to the nuclei of the postsynaptic cells to activate specific programs of gene expression, thus influencing synaptic functions. (asahq.org)

An organoid is a 3D organization of cells that can recapitulate some of the structure and function of native tissue. (mdpi.com)

have discovered that miR-27b-3p promotes the migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells by targeting HOXA10. (silverchair.com)

N2a-Rα cells exhibited two significant functional features. (biomedcentral.com)
A central aspect is then the ability to optimize the functional properties with high spatial resolution, creating materials that are able to control the interaction with the biological surrounding at the nanoscale thus guiding the responses of biomolecules, cells and tissues. (european-mrs.com)
We sought to identify PKA phosphorylation sites in PLIN5 and assess their functional relevance in cultured cells and the livers of mice. (uci.edu)

The number of bacterial cells attached to each surface was determined by the XTT assay while bacterial viability was analyzed by fluorescence microscopy using the LIVE/DEAD® BacLightTM kit. (bvsalud.org)
CCK8 assay indicated that cell activity reached minimum after 1h of oxygen-glucose-serum restoration (OGR). (oncotarget.com)
Using a single-nucleus assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (snATAC-seq), we explored open chromatin landscapes across 1.1 million cells in 42 brain regions from three adults. (salk.edu)

The transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) alleviates neuropathology and improves cognitive deficits in animal models with Alzheimer's disease. (biomedcentral.com)

Among other outcomes, these signals lead to bone growth, wound healing, and programmed cell death. (reasons.org)

This study aims to understand the function and mechanism of Drosophila Glycine N-acyltransferase (GLYAT) in cell invasion. (sdbonline.org)
The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression pattern of Mage-D1 in rat tooth germ development and its differential mineralization ability to ectomesenchymal stem cells (EMSCs), and to explore its potential mechanism. (researchsquare.com)

These glial cells, usually astrocytes, absorb the excess neurotransmitters. (wikipedia.org)
Astrocytes, a type of glial cell in the brain, actively contribute to synaptic communication through astrocytic diffusion or gliotransmission. (wikipedia.org)

Both molecules support neurite outgrowth from several neuronal cell types when presented as uniform substrates. (researchgate.net)

More importantly, the bioprinted constructs with neural cell integration facilitate rapid innervation and mature into organized muscle tissue that restores normal muscle weight and function in a rodent model of muscle defect injury. (nature.com)

Also, a vascularization strategy using co-culture with endothelial cells (ECs) and fibroblasts improved the survival of the bioengineered skeletal muscle tissues 20 , 21 . (nature.com)

It has been repeatedly demonstrated that the presence of a 3D matrix promotes many biologically relevant functions otherwise not observed in 2D monolayer cell cultures [11]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Most cells require a surface or an artificial substrate to form an adherent culture as a monolayer (one single-cell thick), whereas others can be grown free floating in a medium as a suspension culture . (wikipedia.org)

BACKGROUND: M1 macrophages involved in pro-inflammatory processes can be induced by low-density lipoproteins (LDL), giving rise to foam cells. (bvsalud.org)
Interestingly, metabolic inflammatory processes are evident in the cardiovascular, neuronal, and neurovascular systems, indicating their possible involvement in the etiology of cardiac autonomic dysfunction in the metabolic syndrome [33-35]. (encyclopedia.pub)

Tissue culture commonly refers to the culture of animal cells and tissues, with the more specific term plant tissue culture being used for plants. (wikipedia.org)
[12] He suggested that the potentialities of individual cells via tissue culture as well as that the reciprocal influences of tissues on one another could be determined by this method. (wikipedia.org)
Tissues were then dissociated into one cells and centrifuged to receive cell pellet. (adenosine-receptor.com)
Therefore, we propose that damage to and subsequent release of mtDNA elicits a protective signalling response that enhances nDNA repair in cells and tissues, suggesting that mtDNA is a genotoxic stress sentinel. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Neurotransmitters are removed through one of three mechanisms: Diffusion - neurotransmitters drift out of the synaptic cleft, where they are absorbed by glial cells. (wikipedia.org)
This analysis indicated that ZnO NPs can transfer into the CNS, activate glial cells and cause neuroinflammation after tongue instillation. (biomedcentral.com)

Cell invasion is a crucial step of tumor metastasis , finding new regulators of which offers potential drug targets for cancer therapy. (sdbonline.org)
The main benefit of microfluidic systems for cell culture analysis is that they can perform a number of crucial liquid handling steps including cell loading, nutrient supply and waste removal under physiologically relevant shear force conditions, all while offering real time microscopy [4]. (heraldopenaccess.us)

It was found that GSOs reversed GLU-induced reductions in cell viability and the LDH release rate, and rescued ROS accumulation. (sdbonline.org)

Just like a telegraph system, these cells demonstrate that the intensity of the signal over time, not the initiator type, conveys the critical information. (reasons.org)

Integrating this data unveiled 107 distinct cell types and their specific utilization of 544,735 candidate cis-regulatory DNA elements (cCREs) in the human genome. (salk.edu)

Anatomy93

Organisms14

Diseases10

Chemicals and Drugs62

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment28

Psychiatry and Psychology6

Phenomena and Processes43

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science4

Health Care1

Neurons17

Vitro12

Apoptosis18

Differentiation25

Progressive neuronal loss2

Axon6

Induce1

Nitric oxide sy2

Progenitor cells3

Hippocampal1

Reactive oxygen3

Neurodegenerative diseases1

Fully differentiated1

Intracellular5

Transcriptional targets1

Receptor9

Pathway4

Genes4

Induces1

Vivo3

Proteins4

Genomics1

Extracellular4

MRNA4

Oxidative2

Cytoplasm1

Membrane4

Neuron1

Nerve7

Receptors2

Calcium channels1

Proliferation4

Mitochondrial2

Structures4

Cellular3

Behavior2

Protein4

Apoptotic3

METHODS3

Cerebellar4

Gene expression1

Organization1

Colorectal cancer cells1

Functional3

Assay3

Mesenchymal stem1

Signals1

Mechanism2

Astrocytes2

Molecules1

Neural cell1

Endothelial cells1

Monolayer2

Inflammatory2

Tissues4

Glial cells2

Crucial2

Viability1

Demonstrate1

Distinct1