• This gene encodes a multifunctional protein that resides in multiple locations in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. (wikipedia.org)
  • At the level of the cell, Daxx is found in the cytoplasm, interacting with Fas-receptor or other cytoplasmic molecules, as well as in the nucleus, where it interacts with some subnuclear structures. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fas-receptor stimulation causes Daxx to translocate out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm. (wikipedia.org)
  • CDK4 shuttles between the cytoplasm and nucleus as part of its role in cell cycle regulation. (rndsystems.com)
  • We now provide evidence that two growth-regulated, nucleus- and cytoplasm-localized protein kinases, 90-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase), contribute to the serum-induced phosphorylation of c-Fos. (nih.gov)
  • We used isolated nuclei from virus infected cells supplemented with cytoplasm, and discovered that viral replicating chromosomes could continue replication in the absence of a nucleus. (nih.gov)
  • For example, when p27 is held (sequestered) in the fluid that surrounds the nucleus (the cytoplasm) instead of being transported into the nucleus, the protein is unavailable to block cell cycle progression. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Still other mutations prevent p27 from moving from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • During the G2 phase, a structure in the cytoplasm of animal cells that coordinates the formation of microtubules, called a centrosome , allows cell division to proceed during reproduction. (coursehero.com)
  • Cytoplasm and nucleus. (biolegend.com)
  • If cytoplasm is taken from mature eggs and injected into interphase cells in embryos they immediately go into mitosis. (wisdomanswer.com)
  • The results of fusing a G1 cell with a cell in the S or M phase of the cell cycle suggest that molecules present in the cytoplasm during the S or M phase control the progression to those phases. (wisdomanswer.com)
  • Fusing G2 cells with S phase cells, however, yielded a quite different result: The G2 nucleus was unable to initiate DNA synthesis even in the presence of an S phase cytoplasm. (wisdomanswer.com)
  • This suggests that the cytoplasm of the S phase cell contains an activator or regulator of DNA replication. (wisdomanswer.com)
  • Sometimes things like RNA need to traffic between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.There are pores in this nuclear membrane that allow molecules to go in and out of the nucleus. (topperone.com)
  • The period of the cell cycle when CELLS divide their nucleus and cytoplasm. (bvsalud.org)
  • The cells are usually large and polygonal, containing abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, a large nucleus with open chromatin, a prominent eosinophilic nucleolus, and an occasional intracellular lumina containing red blood cells 1,4-7 . (bvsalud.org)
  • The genes within these chromosomes are structured in such a way to promote cell function. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the interior of the nucleus does not contain any membrane-bound subcompartments, a number of nuclear bodies exist, made up of unique proteins, RNA molecules, and particular parts of the chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • In contrast, condensin is active largely in M phase and promotes the compaction of individual chromosomes. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, the overall goal of our work is to discover how DNA replication is regulated both in the large chromosomes of cells and in the "mini-chromosomes" of viruses and small extrachromosomal DNA molecules. (nih.gov)
  • In eukaryotic cells , DNA is found in structures called chromosomes. (coursehero.com)
  • Polytene chromosomes are structures found in highly specialized tissues in some animal and plant species, which are amplified through successive cycles of endoreduplication, finally producing several copies of each chromosome. (scielo.br)
  • In plants, polytene chromosomes have been observed in only a few species, and seemed to be restricted to ovary and immature seed tissues, e.g., in Phaseolus coccineus and P. vulgaris (Nagl, 1981), until relatively recently, when they were observed in the cells of the anther tapetum of Vigna unguiculata (Guerra and Carvalheira, 1994) and of some Phaseolus species (Carvalheira and Guerra, 1994). (scielo.br)
  • In the endoreduplication cycle, the chromatid number is duplicated, but they do not segregate, and after various endoreduplication cycles, larger and thicker chromosomes are produced, called polytenics. (scielo.br)
  • During telophase the nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes, two independent nuclei are formed. (ventolaphotography.com)
  • In Cell Division I: The Cell Cycle , we learned that Flemming observed how chromosomes became visible in patterns that repeated each time the cells of fire salamanders divided. (visionlearning.com)
  • 1) Fusing a cell in mitosis with an S phase cell caused the S phase cell to immediately enter mitosis, condensing even the unreplicated segments of the chromosomes. (wisdomanswer.com)
  • If a cell has not properly copied its chromosomes or there is damage to the DNA, the CDK will not activate the S phase cyclin and the cell will not progress to the G2 phase. (wisdomanswer.com)
  • When people look at a picture of the cell,it's found in the middle of the cell.The nucleus bears all of the cell's chromosomes, which encode the genetic material. (topperone.com)
  • The nucleus has a membrane surrounding it that keeps all the chromosomes inside and makes the distinction between the chromosomes being inside the nucleus,the other organelles and components of the cell staying outside. (topperone.com)
  • Cells are normally diploid - this means that they have a pair - two sets of homologous chromosomes, and hence two copies of each gene or genetic locus. (topperone.com)
  • In the nucleus, the encoded protein functions as a potent transcription repressor that binds to sumoylated transcription factors. (wikipedia.org)
  • This protein also associates with centromeres in the G2 phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • This protein was found to also interact with DNA polymerase alpha/primase and mediate the phosphorylation of the large p180 subunit, which suggests a regulatory role in DNA replication during the S-phase of the cell cycle. (cancerindex.org)
  • This protein also forms a core subunit of the nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylation (NURD) complex that epigenetically regulates embryonic stem cell differentiation. (cancerindex.org)
  • Tan IIA inhibited proliferation of mouse keratinocytes in a dose- and time-dependent manner and induced apoptosis, resulting in S phase arrest accompanied by down-regulation of pCdk2 and cyclin A protein expression. (hindawi.com)
  • The precise regulations of pre-RC protein levels and assembly are effective ways to prevent reassembly of de novo MCM2-7 onto the replicated origins to re-license and re-replicate the genomic DNA in the subsequent phases of the same cell cycle ( Figure 1) . (intechopen.com)
  • SAM domain and HD domain containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a deoxynucleotide triphosphohydrolase (dNTPase) that inhibits retroviruses by depleting intracellular deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) in non-cycling myeloid cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • Cells were transfected for expression of N-terminal HA- or YFP-tagged Rab28 and the tagged protein visualized with anti-HA (left panel) or anti-GFP (right panel). (estme.org)
  • This protein is found in cells and tissues throughout the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • studies suggest that certain endocrine cells may be particularly dependent on the p27 protein to control cell division. (medlineplus.gov)
  • However, changes in regulation that reduce the amount or function of the p27 protein in the nucleus are found in many types of cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
  • What happens when the protein machinery that drives the cell division cycle gets activated in non-dividing cells such as neurons? (alzforum.org)
  • Abrogation by c-myc of G1 phase arrest induced by RB protein but not by p53. (wdv.com)
  • Replacement of wild-type RB can suppress the tumorigenicity of some of these cells, suggesting that the RB protein (Rb) may negatively regulate cell growth. (wdv.com)
  • The c-myc protein is localized in the nucleus and can physically associate with RB protein in vitro, hence c-myc may functionally antagonize RB function. (wdv.com)
  • In whole cells, Dox treatment prevented p34cdc2 kinase dephosphorylation without altering its synthesis, and this effect was due to neither down-regulation of cdc25C nor inhibition of protein-tyrosine phosphatase activity. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Eiger is related to a protein called TNF that has been implicated in cycles of destruction and renewal of hair follicles in mice. (elifesciences.org)
  • During the G2 phase, extra protein is often synthesized, and the organelles multiply until there are enough for two cells. (ventolaphotography.com)
  • Initially in G1 phase, the cell grows physically and increases the volume of both protein and organelles. (ventolaphotography.com)
  • Western blotting assay was implemented to check the levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase B. Results revealed that piperine induced dose reliant cytotoxicity in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. (ijpsonline.com)
  • It induced apoptosis, suppressed cell migration and invasion, blocked cell cycle and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/ protein kinase B signaling pathway. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Whole cell extracts (15 µg protein) from NIH3T3 cells transfected with non-targeting control siRNA (siCON) or siRNA targeting Ahr (siAhr) were resolved on a 4-12% Bis-Tris gel, transferred to PVDF and probed with 1.0 µg/mL (1:500 dilution) of Purified anti-AHR Antibody, clone W16012A, overnight at 4°C. Proteins were visualized by chemiluminescence detection using HRP goat anti-rat IgG antibody (Cat. (biolegend.com)
  • Cells have a protein on their surface called PD-1 (in orange above). (shu.edu)
  • Uncoupled cell cycle without mitosis induced by a protein kinase inhibitor, K-252a. (rupress.org)
  • Reinitiation of DNA synthesis was inhibited by cycloheximide, actinomycin D, and serum deprivation, but not by Colcemid, suggesting that a functional G1 phase dependent on de novo synthesis of protein and RNA is essential for entry into the next S phase. (rupress.org)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are serine/threonine protein kinases that act as key regulatory elements in cell cycle progression. (proteopedia.org)
  • A potential submicrosecond for solvent-accessible carboxyl complication in such studies is the exchange of groups to years for deeply buried amide hydrogen hydrogen nuclei between water and protein. (lu.se)
  • and the nuclear matrix, a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support. (wikipedia.org)
  • The nucleus contains nearly all of the cell's DNA, surrounded by a network of fibrous intermediate filaments called the nuclear matrix, and is enveloped in a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. (wikipedia.org)
  • The nuclear envelope separates the fluid inside the nucleus, called the nucleoplasm, from the rest of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • It has been associated with heterochromatin and PML-NBs (Promyelocytic Leukaemia nuclear bodies) and has been implicated in many nuclear processes including transcription and cell cycle regulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • When the cell is treated with TGF-β, HIPK2, a nuclear kinase, phosphorylates Daxx and the activated Daxx in turn activates the JNK pathway (see "The Daxx Pathway" figure). (wikipedia.org)
  • Egg extracts, in which the cell cycle state can be manipulated, contain stockpiles of nuclear proteins (including condensin and cohesin) sufficient for the assembly of thousands of nuclei per microliter. (nih.gov)
  • Cellular morphology, time-lapse imaging, and nuclear staining demonstrated that this activity occurred in mitotically active cells. (jneurosci.org)
  • During this time, precursor cells undergo interkinetic nuclear migration ( Seymour and Berry, 1975 ) in which cells in the DNA synthetic S phase have their nuclei in the upper third of the VZ. (jneurosci.org)
  • Dr. Campbell and Sir Ian obtained U.S. Patent No. 7,514,258 for the method they used to produce Dolly: somatic cell nuclear transfer, which involves removing the nucleus of a somatic cell that has been arrested in the quiescent phase of the cell cycle and implanting that nucleus into an enucleated oocyte. (patentdocs.org)
  • It is, however, important to differentiate between the nuclear cycles that result in polyploid nuclei and those that produce polytene nuclei, because these two terms of the nuclear types are often used indiscriminately in the literature. (scielo.br)
  • In such a modified nuclear cycle, the chromatin duplicates its DNA content during the G 1 and S stages, but, instead of passing to the G 2 stage, the nucleus initiates a new G 1 phase, thus starting a new cycle of chromatin duplication. (scielo.br)
  • The essential difference between endomitosis and the normal cell cycle is the absence of nuclear membrane dissolution in endomitosis, with the whole cycle occurring inside the nucleus. (scielo.br)
  • The life cycle of animals and plants involves changes in chromosome number (nuclear phase) and sometimes even the karyotype, and consequently the DNA content of a nuclear genome is not static in time. (cas.cz)
  • Here, we propose an extension of the C-value terminology to handle a range of cytogenetic conditions, life cycle segments, and nuclear phases. (cas.cz)
  • During which phase of mitosis do nuclear envelopes in the nuclei appear? (ventolaphotography.com)
  • During which phase of mitosis do nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli reappear? (ventolaphotography.com)
  • During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope reform quizlet? (ventolaphotography.com)
  • As a brand new graduate student starting in October 1956, my supervisor Michail Fischberg, a lecturer in the department of Zoology at Oxford, suggested that I should try to make somatic cell nuclear transplantation work in the South African frog Xenopus laevis . (biologists.com)
  • Even advanced donor cells from the endoderm of Xenopus tadpoles have nuclei that can sometimes yield normal individuals after nuclear transfer [data taken from Briggs and King ( Briggs and King, 1957 ) for Rana and from Gurdon ( Gurdon, 1962 ) for Xenopus ]. (biologists.com)
  • An array of holes, or pores, in the nuclear membrane allows for the selective passage of some certain molecules (such as proteins and nucleic acids) into and out of the nucleus. (topperone.com)
  • It used to be thought that the nuclear membrane only allowed molecules to go out, but now it's realized that there is an active process also for bringing molecules into the nucleus. (topperone.com)
  • Nuclear is the descriptive term that relates to a nucleus. (topperone.com)
  • A centromere , the point on a chromosome that attaches to the spindle fibers with a kinetochore during cell division, attaches the sister chromatids. (coursehero.com)
  • The cell replicates its DNA, forming sister chromatids. (coursehero.com)
  • Depending on the behavior of the sister chromatids, polytene nuclei can be divided into two structural types. (scielo.br)
  • In S phase, the cell copies its DNA to produce two sister chromatids and replicates its nucleosomes. (ventolaphotography.com)
  • PL: nuclei) is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Eukaryotic cells usually have a single nucleus, but a few cell types, such as mammalian red blood cells, have no nuclei, and a few others including osteoclasts have many. (wikipedia.org)
  • DNA replication occurs once and only once per cell cycle mainly regulated by DNA replication initiation factors in eukaryotic cells. (intechopen.com)
  • Nucleus is specially found in eukaryotic cells. (topperone.com)
  • Cell biology breaks cell types into eukaryotic (those with a defined nucleus) and Prokaryotes(those with no defined nucleus). (topperone.com)
  • The nucleus is the control centre of the eukaryotic cell. (topperone.com)
  • So without the nucleus, most of the eukaryotic cells will die. (topperone.com)
  • Flemming did many of his experiments with tissue samples from Fire salamanders, a common species in Northern European forests, because the chromatin in their nuclei was large in comparison to other available study organisms . (visionlearning.com)
  • In embryonic stem cells, SMAD2/3-TIF1γ recognizes specific chromatin marks, promoting access of SMAD2/3-SMAD4 to otherwise repressed targets. (shu.edu)
  • 14 Embedded within the inner membrane, various proteins bind the intermediate filaments that give the nucleus its structure. (wikipedia.org)
  • This size selectively allows the passage of small water-soluble molecules while preventing larger molecules, such as nucleic acids and larger proteins, from inappropriately entering or exiting the nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recent breakthroughs have uncovered more and more DNA replication licensing machinery proteins (ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, geminin, etc.) functioning in other cell cycle events, including centrosome replication, mitotic events, transcription and so on. (intechopen.com)
  • Errors bars show s.e.m. from triplicate RNA extractions (B) Production of TbRab28HA (29 kDa) and TbRab28YFP (51 kDa) proteins of the correct size in trypanosomes was verified by western blot using anti-HA or anti-GFP on transfected BSF cells. (estme.org)
  • Regulation can occur through modification of the p27 protein's structure, its interaction with other proteins, or its localization within the cell. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Yang and colleagues used antibodies to test the presence of various cell cycle proteins in MCI, AD, and control brain samples taken at autopsy. (alzforum.org)
  • In the hippocampus, one of the first areas affected by the disease, both AD and MCI samples had robust staining for cyclin D1, DNA polymerase, and cyclin B1, proteins that are synthesized only during the G1, S and G2 phases of the cell cycle, respectively. (alzforum.org)
  • Invadopodia are cancer cell protrusions rich in structural proteins (e.g. (biorxiv.org)
  • created 'undead' cells in which one of these proteins was turned on, but other downstream proteins (that are responsible for the cellular execution phase of apoptosis) had been turned off: these cells were undergoing apoptosis, but could not complete the process and die. (elifesciences.org)
  • During G 2, the cell synthesizes a variety of proteins. (wisdomanswer.com)
  • Of particular significance to the cell cycle, most microtubules - proteins that are required during mitosis - are produced during G 2. (wisdomanswer.com)
  • It possesses DNA, which directs the formation of proteins and enzymes in the cell, it controls the gene expression and regulates other functions performed by the cell. (topperone.com)
  • Cytophotometry was us:ed to find mitotic index - at 1, 6 and l0 hr and.cycle and.phase durations. (erowid.org)
  • The mechanisms acting during the G2-phase checkpoint converge on the inhibition of the mitotic complex CDK1-cyclin B. (ventolaphotography.com)
  • In contrast, because chromosome condensation occurs spontaneously in M-phase extracts, sperm nuclei are added directly to CSF extracts to assay condensation. (nih.gov)
  • Although chromosome replication continued in the S nucleus of the heterokaryon, the G2 nucleus was unable to synthesize DNA, indicating that the G2 nucleus is prevented from entering further rounds of DNA replication. (wisdomanswer.com)
  • The aim of this process is to produce double the amount of DNA, providing the basis for the chromosome sets of the daughter cells. (wisdomanswer.com)
  • The large membrance enclosed organelle which contains the genetic material in the form of multiple linear DNA molecules with the structure of chromosome is called cell nucleus. (topperone.com)
  • TGF-β regulates a variety of different cellular developmental processes including growth, differentiation, proliferation, and cell death. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cell cycle is the process of accurate self-reproduction and proliferation of a cell. (intechopen.com)
  • Misregulation of the cell cycle may result in malignant cell proliferation, tumorigenesis or cell death. (intechopen.com)
  • Failure of mammalian cells to regulate their proliferation cycle leads to cancer. (nih.gov)
  • K405R mutant expressing cancer cells have reduced G1/S transition and slower proliferation compared to wildtype. (oncotarget.com)
  • Collectively, these findings suggest that SAMHD1 acetylation enhances its dNTPase activity and promotes cancer cell proliferation. (oncotarget.com)
  • As activation of c-myc expression promotes cell proliferation and blocks differentiation, it may positively regulate cell growth. (wdv.com)
  • Apoptotic cells can produce signals to instruct cells in their local environment, including ones that stimulate engulfment and proliferation. (elifesciences.org)
  • PD-1 expression by cancer cells blocks the proliferation of T-cells. (shu.edu)
  • P15 INK4 is a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor that blocks the activity of Cyclind-CDK4,6, inhibiting it from hypophosphorylating Rb, thereby, rendering the cell cycle unresponsive to external proliferation signals. (shu.edu)
  • Crucial role in orchestrating a fine balance between cellular proliferation, cell death, and DNA repair in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). (proteopedia.org)
  • Compound 51 inhibited the proliferation of 13 out of 15 cancer cell lines with IC50 values between 0.27 and 6.9 muM, which correlated with the complete suppression of retinoblastoma phosphorylation and the onset of apoptosis. (proteopedia.org)
  • Many factors are involved in causing and permitting the unregulated proliferation of cells that occurs in cancer. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Overview of Cancer Cancer is an unregulated proliferation of cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Loss of both CDK4 and CDK2 increases neural stem cell differentiation. (rndsystems.com)
  • Differentiation is the process that refers to the specialization of cells. (proprofs.com)
  • During differentiation, cells acquire specific structures and functions that allow them to perform specific tasks in the body. (proprofs.com)
  • Studies suggest that p27 is also involved in controlling cell differentiation, which is the process by which cells mature to carry out specific functions. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Its prominent properties are A lack of cell differentiation Local invasion of adjoining tissue Metastasis, which is spread to distant sites through. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The aim of the present investigation was to elucidate the cellular mechanisms whereby Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro in keratinocytes, the target cells in psoriasis. (hindawi.com)
  • We investigated the effects of various concentrations of Tan IIA (5-10 μ g/mL) on mouse keratinocytes and human HaCat cells in vitro to confirm this hypothesis. (hindawi.com)
  • If AD neurons in-vivo died as soon as 12 hours after entry into the cell cycle (as shown in vitro and in developing mouse brain in vivo), and five percent of cells were dying at any one time (as shown in this study), then it would take less than a year for complete neuronal ablation. (alzforum.org)
  • An image depicting head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro can be seen below. (medscape.com)
  • Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro (cell culture). (medscape.com)
  • In vitro studies and gene expression profiles showed that the transcriptional changes by the activated Ahr are ligand specific and are highly cell specific. (biolegend.com)
  • Human fibroblast monocultures were found to be insufficient to fully replicate in vivo fibrosis outcomes suggesting in vitro predictive potential depends upon more advanced cell culture in vitro models. (cdc.gov)
  • In eukaryotes the nucleus in many cells typically occupies 10% of the cell volume. (wikipedia.org)
  • Throughout the 19th century, as microscopes developed, scientists had been seeing clues of structures in dividing cells of eukaryotes . (visionlearning.com)
  • RBC and platelets present in eukaryotes also do not have the nucleus. (topperone.com)
  • It helps regulate the cell cycle, which is the cell's way of replicating itself in an organized, step-by-step fashion. (medlineplus.gov)
  • All of these mutations reduce the amount of functional p27 that is available in the nucleus to regulate the cell cycle. (medlineplus.gov)
  • found that TNF is produced by apoptotic cells in hair follicles, and that blocking TNF inhibits the death of other cells in the same cohort: this suggests that a common mechanism could regulate the communal death of cells in flies and mammals. (elifesciences.org)
  • Activated complexes accumulate in the nucleus where they cooperate with DNA-binding cofactors to regulate target gene transcription. (shu.edu)
  • S phase cyclins regulate progression through the cell cycle during DNA replication. (wisdomanswer.com)
  • Other studies showed that lack of Daxx gene caused a higher apoptotic rate in embryonic stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • There was also no translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria to the nucleus in apoptotic keratinocytes, indicating Tan IIA-induced apoptosis occurs mainly through the caspase pathway. (hindawi.com)
  • Obviously, this is not the case, leading Yang and colleagues to posit that these neurons are probably stuck for months or even a year in a cell cycle they cannot complete, and that they may not die by a typical apoptotic process. (alzforum.org)
  • We identified a novel mode of communication by which apoptotic cells induce additional apoptosis in the same tissue. (elifesciences.org)
  • Eiger is produced in apoptotic cells and, through activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, is able to propagate the initial apoptotic stimulus. (elifesciences.org)
  • We also show that during coordinated cell death of hair follicle cells in mice, TNF-α is expressed in apoptotic cells and is required for normal cell death. (elifesciences.org)
  • Although this process can occur in individual cells, apoptotic signals may also dictate the 'communal death' of many cells simultaneously. (elifesciences.org)
  • Apoptosis has been thought to resemble a form of silent suicide by cells, but more recent work suggests that apoptotic cells can also transmit signals. (elifesciences.org)
  • To explore whether apoptotic cells could communicate with other cells, Pérez-Garijo et al. (elifesciences.org)
  • Only more recently has it become clear that apoptotic cells are the source of signals that can have profound effects on their neighbors. (elifesciences.org)
  • Phase contrast microscopy evidenced some specific morphological modifications indicating apoptosis allied cytotoxicity of piperine like apoptotic bodies, condensed nucleus and membrane blabbing. (ijpsonline.com)
  • With the discovery of the polytenics in tapetum tissue, it was observed that in many other species of various angiosperm families the tapetal cells also display polytene, polyploid or both types of nuclei. (scielo.br)
  • The term endomitosis is, however, generally used to describe the formation of both polyploid and polytene nuclei (q.v. Nagl, 1974). (scielo.br)
  • Nagl (1978, 1981, 1987) has suggested the term endocycle rather than endomitosis, and D'Amato (1984) has adopted the term endomitotic and endoreduplication to distinguish between those that produce polyploid and polytene nuclei, respectively. (scielo.br)
  • In a src-transformed 3Y1 cell line, as well as other cell lines, giant cells containing polyploid nuclei with DNA contents of 16C to 32C were produced by continuous treatment with K-252a, indicating that the agent induced several rounds of the incomplete cell cycle without mitosis. (rupress.org)
  • However, cells can be haploid, polyploid or aneuploid. (topperone.com)
  • 5 Nucleated cells divide after a sequence of seven phases: initial growth-G 2 , chromosomal replication-S, secondary growth-G 2 , prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. (icr.org)
  • Cells with a shortage of functional p27 can divide too quickly or in an uncontrolled way, forming a tumor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • As a result, cells become more likely to divide abnormally and form a tumor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • once complete, the cell is ready to divide. (coursehero.com)
  • Cell cycle has different stages called G1, S, G2, and M. G1 is the stage where the cell is preparing to divide. (ventolaphotography.com)
  • It guides the cells to divide. (topperone.com)
  • The inventors on the '233 application, Dr. Keith H.S. Campbell and Sir Ian Wilmut, were the first to produce a cloned mammal from an adult somatic cell -- Dolly the sheep. (patentdocs.org)
  • It was clear that a definitive experiment required the replacement of a zygote nucleus by a somatic cell nucleus, asking whether the somatic nucleus could functionally replace the zygote nucleus by eliciting normal development of the enucleated recipient egg ( Fig. 1 )? (biologists.com)
  • Orderly progression through the cell cycle involves passage through sequential checkpoints. (shu.edu)
  • In addition, some of the MMR components participate in recombination and double-strand break repair as well as cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Furthermore, Tan IIA-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential changes were also further demonstrated by DNA fragmentation, single-cell gel electrophoresis assay (SCGE), and flow cytometry methods. (hindawi.com)
  • Therefore, based on clinical experience as well as cytotoxic activity against multiple human cancer cells, we hypothesized that induction of apoptosis is the underlying mechanism for the treatment of psoriasis. (hindawi.com)
  • Strong induction of apoptosis in one compartment of the Drosophila wing disc causes apoptosis of cells in the other compartment, indicating that dying cells can release long-range death factors. (elifesciences.org)
  • The tissues of developing organisms can be shaped by apoptosis, a form of regulated cell killing. (elifesciences.org)
  • Strikingly, undead cells in the posterior (back) region of the wing imaginal disc-the tissue in the larva that gives rise to the wing in the adult fruit fly-could trigger apoptosis in cells in the anterior (front) half. (elifesciences.org)
  • found that the JNK pathway activated apoptosis in anterior cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • when Eiger was absent from posterior cells in the wing imaginal disc, apoptosis in anterior cells ceased, indicating that Eiger might signal at long range. (elifesciences.org)
  • Apoptosis is a distinct form of programmed cell death in which cells activate an intrinsic suicide program to self-destruct. (elifesciences.org)
  • Acridine orange/ethidium bromine staining assay revealed that piperine induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells which was further investigated by Western blotting. (ijpsonline.com)
  • This revealed increased expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 associated X and reduced expression of B-cell lymphoma 2, indicating apoptosis induction by piperine. (ijpsonline.com)
  • and 2K2N that the kinetoplast replicates prior to the nucleus. (estme.org)
  • In many insects, ecdysis, such as egg-hatching, pupation, and eclosion, each of which takes place once in the life cycle, occurs at a certain time of the day. (bioone.org)
  • During the S phase, the replication of the cell's genetic material, DNA, occurs. (coursehero.com)
  • When cells pass from S to G 2 , the nuclei migrate toward the VZ surface where mitosis occurs. (jneurosci.org)
  • This occurs frequently in animal development: in human fetuses, for example, cells in the hand are directed to die to remove webbing between the fingers. (elifesciences.org)
  • The rate at which mitosis occurs depends on the cell type. (visionlearning.com)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • Other cellular structures are duplicated during G2, such that each replicated daughter cell produced during mitosis will have all necessary organelles (such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, etc. (coursehero.com)
  • This is the multihit theory of tumorigenesis, in which a series of multiple triggering events in the genetic and cellular makeup of a cell ultimately cause cancer. (medscape.com)
  • Finally, G2 phase involves further cell growth and organisation of cellular contents. (ventolaphotography.com)
  • The Ahr is well known to be involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as the cell cycle, epithelial barrier function, cell migration, and immune function. (biolegend.com)
  • Testing of IgG autoantibodies to human cellular antigens was performed by the HEp-2 cell immunofluorescence assay using slides from INOVA Diagnostics, San Diego, CA (Cat # 508100) following the manufacturer's instructions and evaluated primarily using their NOVA View system. (cdc.gov)
  • Cardiac muscle cells are branching striated, uninucleate (single nucleus) cells that contain myofibrils. (medscape.com)
  • Our current research now focuses on two basic, interrelated questions: (1) How do mammalian cells decide where and when to initiate DNA replication? (nih.gov)
  • In the past, our research focused on viral genomes as models for DNA replication in mammalian cell nuclei. (nih.gov)
  • The nucleus maintains the integrity of genes and controls the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
  • SL originally described a relationship between two genes, where alteration of either gene alone results in viable cells, but alteration (mutation, loss, or inhibition) of both genes simultaneously was lethal. (nature.com)
  • Because BRCA mutations are observed in fewer than 10% of cancer patients (cBioPortal: 6.7%) 11 , 12 , 13 the identification of additional genes that share synthetic lethal sensitivity relationships with mutated oncogenes or tumor suppressors would greatly enhance the implementation of tumor cell-specific synthetic lethal sensitivity to improve an anticancer therapeutic response. (nature.com)
  • In fact, amplification of genes by over replication of certain regions of DNA is one of the primary mechanisms by which cancer cells become resistant to drug therapy. (nih.gov)
  • Activates the expression of multiple phase I and II xenobiotic chemical metabolizing enzyme genes (such as the CYP1A1 gene). (biolegend.com)
  • Subsequently, T cells receiving PD-1 signals displayed impaired Cdk2 activation and failed to phosphorylate two critical Cdk2 substrates, the retinoblastoma gene product (Rb) and the TGFβ-specific transcription factor Smad3 , leading to suppression of E2F target genes but enhanced Smad3 transactivation (Figure 3). (shu.edu)
  • The phosphorylation of pRB, and relief of transcriptional repression by pRB induces genes involved in the induction of S-phase entry. (shu.edu)
  • The very important question to be addressed at that time was whether all cell types in the body have the same set of genes. (biologists.com)
  • It contains all of our genetic information and only genes that are necessary for skin cells are expressed.Thus, producing the unique cell type needed for the epidermis. (topperone.com)
  • Deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) are the precursors of DNA synthesis, and their strict balance is critical for proper DNA replication and repair in cells [ 1 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • activated by interaction with cyclin E during the early stages of DNA synthesis to permit G1-S transition, and subsequently activated by cyclin A2 (cyclin A1 in germ cells) during the late stages of DNA replication to drive the transition from S phase to mitosis, the G2 phase. (proteopedia.org)
  • This gene thus plays a role in both cell-cycle and epigenetic regulation. (cancerindex.org)
  • These results demonstrate distinct patterns of spontaneous [Ca 2+ ] i change in cortical precursor cells and raise the possibility that these dynamics may contribute to the regulation of neurogenesis. (jneurosci.org)
  • Our results suggest that anthracycline-induced cytotoxicity is cell cycle dependent and is mediated, at least in part, by disturbance of the regulation of p34cdc2/cyclin B1 complex, thus leading to G2/M phase arrest. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Involved in cell-cycle regulation. (biolegend.com)
  • In the nucleus, R-SMAD-SMAD4 complexes cooperate with transcriptional coregulators that further define target gene recognition and transcriptional regulation. (shu.edu)
  • 1 Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104. (nih.gov)
  • 3 Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104. (nih.gov)
  • My laboratory has developed new technologies and applied them towards understanding the molecular biology and enzymology of DNA replication in animal cells and viruses (SV40, polyomavirus, papillomavirus, and herpes simplex virus), and at the beginning of animal development (mouse preimplantation embryos and frog eggs). (nih.gov)
  • Directed cell migration is one of the earliest observations in cell biology, dating back to the late XIX century. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • It's a double-membraned organelle containing genetic material and other instructions required for celluar systems.Accordong to cell biology,the nucleus function is to act as the control center of the cell. (topperone.com)
  • The term mitosis refers specifically to the process whereby the nucleus of the parent cell splits into two identical nuclei prior to cell division. (visionlearning.com)
  • But what all these life forms have in common is that their genetic code is copied from cell to cell thanks to the process of mitosis, whereby the nucleus of a cell splits into two before the cell divides. (visionlearning.com)
  • These large molecules must be actively transported into the nucleus instead. (wikipedia.org)
  • Organoids from many organs have now been obtained from embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and organ progenitors. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • The cell nucleus contains nearly all of the cell's genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • 649 Together, these membranes serve to separate the cell's genetic material from the rest of the cell contents, and allow the nucleus to maintain an environment distinct from the rest of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Also known as taxis, directed cell migration has been commonly associated with chemotaxis, i.e. the ability of a broad variety of cell types to migrate following gradients of chemical factors. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • This new migration mode emerges only in cell collectives and, strikingly, does not require isolated cells to exhibit gradient sensing. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • We previously demonstrated that invasive cells oscillate between two distinct states, termed the Invadopodia state and the Migration state 10 . (biorxiv.org)
  • The Invadopodia state is characterized by cell stasis and the presence of invadopodia, whereas the Migration state is defined by cell translocation and the absence of invadopodia. (biorxiv.org)
  • Cell migration and invasion was monitored by transwell chambers assay. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Cell migration as well as cell invasive ability of MCF-7 cells was reduced to minimum by the application of piperine in dose dependent-manner. (ijpsonline.com)
  • This conjugation-ready format is designed for use with fluorochromes, metal isotopes, oligonucleotides, and enzymes, which makes them ideal for antibody labelling, functional and cell-based assays, flow-based assays (e.g. mass cytometry) and Multiplex Imaging applications. (abcam.com)
  • Most plant and animal cells replicate by splitting into two identical daughter cells. (visionlearning.com)
  • Some cells replicate faster and others slower, and the entire process can be interrupted. (visionlearning.com)
  • When the S phase cell is fused with a cell in G1, it reveals that both nuclei in the heterokaryon replicate DNA. (wisdomanswer.com)
  • Did you know that every organ and tissue in your body was formed as the result of individual cells making copies of their DNA and separating themselves into two identical cells? (visionlearning.com)
  • In cell division, a cell makes a copy of its DNA and then separates itself into two identical cells - each with its own copy of DNA enveloped inside a nucleus. (visionlearning.com)
  • then eight became 16 individual cells with identical DNA . (visionlearning.com)
  • The M phase consists of mitosis, in which the cell divides, producing two new, identical cells. (coursehero.com)
  • The endoreduplication cycle differs from endomitosis because it results in polytene cells (cells with many identical paired chromatids). (scielo.br)
  • 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay was executed for determination of effects of piperine on breast cancer cell viability. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Clonogenic assay was implemented for checking the effect of piperine on clonogenic potency of breast cancer cells. (ijpsonline.com)
  • advanced organisms-including animals, plants, fungi, and protists-whose cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. (visionlearning.com)
  • mostly one-celled organisms, bacteria for example, whose cells do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. (visionlearning.com)
  • Because most tumors are deficient in one or more aspects of the function of the p53 tumor suppressor, either as a consequence of mutations within p53, or impairment of upstream and downstream modulators of p53 activity 19 , targeting MK2 has the potential to selectively enhance tumor cell killing without increasing the genotoxic effects of chemotherapy on normal p53-wild type tissues. (nature.com)
  • Tumor cell invasion and metastasis require cancer cells to be both proliferative and invasive, i.e. migrate through the tissue and assemble invadopodia. (biorxiv.org)
  • Anti-PD-1 antibodies (dark green) or anti-PD-L1 antibodies (light green) can prevent the tumor cell from binding PD-1 and thus allow T cells to remain active. (shu.edu)
  • Cancer cell invasion and metastasis remain the leading cause of death in patients with cancer. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • Cyclin E/CDK2-mediated phosphorylation of NPAT at G1-S transition and until prophase stimulates the NPAT-mediated activation of histone gene transcription during S phase. (proteopedia.org)
  • The staurosporine analogues, K-252a and RK-286C, were found to cause DNA re-replication in rat diploid fibroblasts (3Y1) without an intervening mitosis, producing tetraploid cells. (rupress.org)
  • The authors found a similar pattern in cells outside the hippocampus, such as in the entorhinal cortex and the nucleus basalis of Meynert, areas where AD-related cell cycle reentry has previously been documented. (alzforum.org)
  • Bilirubin staining can be noted on autopsy of fresh specimens in the regions of the basal ganglia, hippocampus, substantia nigra, and brainstem nuclei. (medscape.com)
  • Prokaryotes(meaning 'before nucleus') are cells without a definite nucleus. (topperone.com)
  • Ki-67 is used as a marker for determining the growth fraction of a given population of cells. (thermofisher.com)
  • The growth-regulated enzymes responsible for this phosphorylation in early G1 phase of the cell cycle and the sites of phosphorylation have not been identified. (nih.gov)
  • The cascade continued until several weeks later, millions of cells were dividing - powering the exponential pattern of growth that eventually formed all of the organs and tissues of your body. (visionlearning.com)
  • Within cells, p27 is located primarily in the nucleus, where it plays a critical role in controlling cell growth and division. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The cell cycle is a series of carefully regulated events, including periods of growth, rest, and cell division. (coursehero.com)
  • The G in the G1 and G2 phases stands for 'gap' or 'growth. (coursehero.com)
  • Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growth and division of a cell, with extension beyond the normally limiting basement membrane and through the boundaries of normal cells. (medscape.com)
  • Because of its mutated aggressive genetics, this cell has a selective growth advantage over its neighbors. (medscape.com)
  • [ 6 ] These events lead the cancer cell to escape normal cell growth and control mechanisms, to avoid system control mechanisms (ie, immunologic surveillance), and to establish a nutrient supply. (medscape.com)
  • By combining these technologies with computational analysis of cell shape and velocity we obtain a full experimental characterization of epithelial dynamics during tissue growth, wound healing and cancer cell invasion. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • Flow cytometric analysis evidenced that piperine arrested the cell cycle at growth 2/mitosis phase, hence suppressed the breast cancer progression. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Clonal growth in primary SAEC cells was increased by 0.024 and 0.24 microg/mL HTMW and NDMW and 2.4 microg/mL HTMW. (cdc.gov)
  • Initial exponential tumor growth is followed by a plateau phase when cell death nearly equals the rate of formation of daughter cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Experiments suggest that the abilities to invade, migrate, and successfully implant and stimulate new blood vessel growth are all important properties of the cells that cause metastases, which are likely a subpopulation of the primary cancer. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The effect was that different parts of a cell would absorb more dye, in effect "highlighting" them, as in Figure 3, to reveal structures and processes that were invisible before. (visionlearning.com)
  • Scientists in the preceding years had already been seeing faint structures in cells , but their dyes were not good enough to reveal what any of these structures did. (visionlearning.com)
  • Unfortunately, the dyes killed the cells, and since the structures under the microscope were difficult to see as it was, Flemming's forerunners weren't sure they were seeing anything characteristic of a live, functional cell. (visionlearning.com)
  • controls the timing of entry into mitosis/meiosis by controlling the subsequent activation of cyclin B/CDK1 by phosphorylation, and coordinates the activation of cyclin B/CDK1 at the centrosome and in the nucleus. (proteopedia.org)
  • regulates homologous recombination-dependent repair by phosphorylating BRCA2, this phosphorylation is low in S phase when recombination is active, but increases as cells progress towards mitosis. (proteopedia.org)
  • Cdk phosphorylation triggers sequential intramolecular interactions that progressively block Rb functions as cells move through G1. (proteopedia.org)
  • translocated into the nucleus in response to phosphorylation. (lu.se)
  • PD-1 inhibition (Figure 1) has quickly become a front-line therapy for non-small cell lung cancer and melanoma . (shu.edu)
  • In response to DNA damage, a synthetic lethal relationship exists between the cell cycle checkpoint kinase MK2 and the tumor suppressor p53. (nature.com)
  • Therefore, compared to normal p53-proficient cells, p53-defective cells are more reliant on MK2 activity, which drives an alternative cell cycle checkpoint pathway that stabilizes the CKI inhibitors p27 Kip1 and Gadd45α in order to maintain G 1 /S and G 2 /M arrest after certain types of DNA damage 16 , 18 . (nature.com)
  • The G2-phase checkpoint, also known as G2/M-phase checkpoint, has the function of preventing cells with damaged DNA, lasting from the G1 and S phases or generated in G2, from undergoing mitosis. (ventolaphotography.com)
  • Before the cell commits to the S phase it goes through the G1/S checkpoint, also called Enter S, where the nutritional status of the cell and the DNA integrity are checked. (wisdomanswer.com)
  • This partnership is found mainly in the S-phase of the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • He began a series of live observations under the microscope using dyed samples of animal tissues and found that a particular mass of material inside the nucleus of cells absorbed the dye quite well. (visionlearning.com)
  • Inactivating mutations of the retinoblastoma gene (RB) are found in a wide variety of tumour cells. (wdv.com)
  • However, Briggs and King ( Briggs and King, 1957 ) had also found that the nucleus of an endoderm cell from a neurula embryo could no longer support normal development ( Fig. 2 ). (biologists.com)
  • Although, all MW were found to penetrate the nucleus. (cdc.gov)
  • Epithelioid angiosarcoma is a rare malignant neoplasm found in vascular endothelial cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our results also indicate that neither p53 status, nor cell cycle alterations correlate with the sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells to topoisomerase inhibitors. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Cancer cells that are defective in p53 function are deficient in their ability to transcriptionally upregulate the CDK inhibitor p21 after genotoxic stress. (nature.com)
  • Drugs that block DNA replication can arrest the spread of cancer cells and eliminate viral pathogens. (nih.gov)
  • Here, we demonstrate that the dNTPase activity of SAMHD1 is regulated by acetylation, which promotes cell cycle progression in cancer cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • One of our main lines of research is to study how tumours exploit the functions of non-cancer cells in their microenvironment to invade and metastasize. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • We focus on the interaction between epithelial cancer cells and Cancer Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs), the most abundant cell type in the tumour stroma. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • Breast cancer cells attached to a surface rich in collagen. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • Metastasis is a complex, multi-step process that is initiated when cancer cells in the primary tumor acquire invasive properties, including motility and the ability to breakdown the extracellular matrix (ECM) 1 , and is responsible for the majority of cancer-related mortalities 2 . (biorxiv.org)
  • In conclusion, the current investigation regarding anticancer effects of piperine against breast cancer revealed remarkable suppression of cancer cells. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Most cancer cells have PD-L1 on their surface and escape being killed by turning off the T cell in this way. (shu.edu)
  • Cancer cells, particularly those arising from the bone marrow or lymphatic system, may have a short generation time, and there usually are a smaller percentage of cells in G0 (resting phase). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Circulating cancer cells are present in many patients with advanced cancer and even in some with localized disease. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Although most circulating cancer cells die, an occasional cell may penetrate into tissues, generating a metastasis at a distant site. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Cancer cells often present neoantigens on their cell surface that can be detected as "non-self" by the immune system, resulting in an attack by the immune system. (msdmanuals.com)
  • After mitosis, daughter cells can either remain proliferative and re-enter the cell cycle or become terminally postmitotic and migrate out of the VZ ( McConnell, 1995 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Both intrinsic and extrinsic signals are likely to influence the proliferative potential and eventual fates of precursor cells within the VZ. (jneurosci.org)
  • Thus, these cells are capable of entering a proliferative state. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In this study, using invadopodia- and cell cycle- fluorescent markers, we show in 2D and 3D cell cultures, as well as in vivo , that breast carcinoma cells assemble invadopodia and invade into the surrounding ECM preferentially during the G1 phase of the cell cycle. (biorxiv.org)
  • Existence in multicellular organisms is measured as life cycles-from conception to death. (icr.org)
  • Whereas in protozoa the single cell becomes the offspring through division, in many-celled organisms (metazoa) select cells (usually sex cells) become the progenitors of the next generation. (icr.org)
  • This process is essential for maintaining concentration gradients across cell membranes and is crucial for various physiological processes in living organisms. (proprofs.com)
  • This process is essential for the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms, as it allows cells to differentiate into various types, such as muscle cells, nerve cells, or blood cells, each with its own specialized function. (proprofs.com)
  • Most of the cells that make up higher organisms, like vertebrate animals and flowering plants, reproduce via a process called cell division. (visionlearning.com)
  • Organisms also were seen in the alveolar septae, renal tubular cells, and parenchyma of the adrenal glands and liver ( 10 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Cell cycle-dependent cytotoxicity, G2/M phase arrest, and disruption of p34cdc2/cyclin B1 activity induced by doxorubicin in synchronized P388 cells. (aspetjournals.org)
  • We then studied the effect of Dox on the p34cdc2/cyclin B1 complex because it plays a key role in regulating G2/M phase transition. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Cell cycle progression is governed by a complex network of cyclin-dependent kinases that define not only the phase of the cell cycle, but also the timing of transitions between phases 13 . (biorxiv.org)
  • In recent years, cell cycle regulators have been shown to exhibit roles in both tumor suppression and tumor promotion, particularly cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKI) p27 kip1 and p21 cip1 14 . (biorxiv.org)
  • p27 is a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor that blocks the activity of Cyclin E-CDK2, which phosphorylates pRb, thereby ushering the cell from G1 into S phase through the Restriction point (Figure 2). (shu.edu)
  • It also blocks Cyclin A-CDK2 from further phosphorylating pRb to maintain S phase. (shu.edu)
  • To investigate genotoxicity of NDMW and HTMW compared to PMW we used two human lung epithelial cell types, an immortalized BEAS-2B and primary SAEC. (cdc.gov)
  • We develop new technologies to map and perturb the main physical properties that determine how cells and tissues grow, move, invade and remodel. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • For whole body (various tissues): #504 and #596 (Cell 2008). (riken.jp)
  • Which of the following types of tissues include cells of the immune system and of the blood? (naxlex.com)
  • On the other hand,our data showing that resistance to these drugs can be achieved by the functional complementation of hMLH1 in an hMLH1-defective cell line have allowed us to establish that MMR is a critical determinant for chemosensitivity. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Like the mutations that cause multiple endocrine neoplasia type 4, these genetic changes reduce the amount of functional p27 available to control cell division. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The blood contains oxygen, nutrients, wastes, and immune and other functional cells that help provide for homeostasis and basic functions of human cells and organs. (medscape.com)
  • This pathway normally regulates stress-induced cell death. (wikipedia.org)
  • Modulation of intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) may be part of the signaling pathway by which both local environmental factors and cell autonomous developmental programs influence corticogenesis. (jneurosci.org)
  • Thus, PD-1 targets Ras and PI3K/Akt signaling to inhibit transcription of Skp2 and to activate Smad3 as an integral component of a pathway that regulates blockade of cell cycle progression in T lymphocytes. (shu.edu)
  • CDK4 may be useful as a prognostic marker for hepatocellular carcinoma and its kinase activity has been reported to promote the progression of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (rndsystems.com)
  • In untreated control P388 cells, p34cdc2 kinase localizes in the nucleus and cytoplasms, particularly in the centrosomes, and p34cdc2 kinase activity is dependent on cell cycle progression, with the enzyme activity increasing steadily from G1/S to G2/M and markedly declining thereafter. (aspetjournals.org)
  • In a cell-free system, Dox did not inhibit p34cdc2 kinase activity, indicating that is has no direct effect on the enzyme function. (aspetjournals.org)
  • On the other hand, the cyclic fluctuation of partially activated p34cdc2 kinase activity peaking in S phase still continued. (rupress.org)