• In eukaryotes, transcription is performed in the nucleus by three types of RNA polymerases, each of which needs a special DNA sequence called the promoter and a set of DNA-binding proteins-transcription factors-to initiate the process (see regulation of transcription below). (wikipedia.org)
  • The murine S100{dollar}\beta{dollar} promoter drives a 4-fold higher level of transcription in C6 rat glioma cells than in non-glial 3T3 murine fibroblast cells, suggesting the existence of a cell type-specific regulatory element within the promoter region. (umaryland.edu)
  • However, the 5{dollar}\sp\prime{dollar}-flanking region exhibits cell-type specificity when suppressing the S100{dollar}\beta{dollar} promoter-dependent transcription, indicating its involvement in the regulation of the cell type-specific expression of the murine S100{dollar}\beta{dollar} gene. (umaryland.edu)
  • a transcriptional cis regulatory region that when located between an enhancer and a gene's promoter prevents the enhancer from modulating the expression of the gene. (insdc.org)
  • Rasd1 inhibited transcriptional repression by Ear2 on a renin promoter-luciferase reporter construct both in the presence and absence of all-trans-retinoic acid. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ear2 is an orphan nuclear hormone receptor that belongs to the chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factors (COUP-TF) gene family [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In uninfected and cells immediately post-infection all three DHS sites were open, then the CD3γ promoter became non accessible, and this was followed by a sequential closure of all the DHS sites corresponding to all three transcriptional control regions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In maize, a miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE) inserted into the promoter of the NAC gene ( ZmNAC111 ) has been found to enhance drought tolerance at the seedling stage [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The most-extensively studied core promoter element in eukaryotes is a short DNA sequence known as a TATA box, found 25-30 base pairs upstream from the start site of transcription. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • The conserved family of Transcription Intermediary Factors (TIF1) proteins consists of key transcriptional regulators that control transcription of target genes by modulating chromatin state. (elifesciences.org)
  • Mutations in splicing elements, for example, have been found in genes such as LKB1 , KIT , CDH17 , KLF6 and BRCA1 , and changes in trans-acting regulators can affect the expression of genes such as Ron , RAC1 and CD44 . (biologists.com)
  • These products are often proteins, but in non-protein-coding genes such as transfer RNA (tRNA) and small nuclear RNA (snRNA), the product is a functional non-coding RNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • This process is carried out by the human spliceosome machinery, in which over 300 proteins sequentially assemble with uridine-rich small nuclear RNA molecules (U snRNAs) to form distinct small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes (snRNPs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Silencing at mating locus HMR requires silencers, and one of the roles of the silencer is to recruit Sir proteins. (sdbonline.org)
  • Mutants of Sir1p were generated that are recruited to the silencer but are unable to silence, and these mutants were used to identify four proteins, Sir3p, Sir4p, Esc2p, and Htz1p, that when overexpressed, restored silencing. (sdbonline.org)
  • Mutations in cis-acting splicing elements or changes in the activity of constitutive or alternative splicing could have a profound regulatory proteins that compromise the accuracy of either impact on human pathogenesis, in particular in tumor development and progression. (biologists.com)
  • As splicing is linked to transcriptional and post-transcriptional steps, SR proteins are implicated in the regulation of multiple aspects of the gene expression program. (molcells.org)
  • In this mini-review, the essential functions of SR proteins in splicing regulation, with a focus on their roles as RNA binders in the ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) will be summarized. (molcells.org)
  • UDP-GlcNAc is then used for N-linked and O-linked glycosylation in the ER and Golgi and for O-GlcNAc modification of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins by OGT (O-GlcNAc transferase). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mutations in the major core histones relieve transcriptional repression and bypass the requirement for SNF/SWI and SAGA. (sdbonline.org)
  • Together, our work identified Bonus as a regulator of tissue-specific gene expression and revealed the importance of SUMOylation as a regulator of complex formation in the context of transcriptional repression. (elifesciences.org)
  • Maternal genes involved in dorsoventral (D/V) patterning of the Drosophila embryo interact to establish a stable nuclear concentration gradient of the Dorsal protein which acts as the morphogen along this axis. (silverchair.com)
  • Regulation of the Drosophila transcriptome by Pumilio and CCR4-NOT deadenylase. (rochester.edu)
  • This important study advances our understanding of the functions and regulation of the Drosophila transcriptional regulator Bonus, an ortholog of mammalian TIF1 family members. (elifesciences.org)
  • It was determined that Ear2 negatively regulates renin expression by competing with retinoic acid receptor/ retinoid X receptor (RAR/RXR) for binding to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) on the renin enhancer [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, ectopically expressed NPAS3 in PC12 cells produced parallel responses for nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells [NF-κB (P65)] expression, which specifies that NPAS3 regulates VGF through the NF-κB signaling pathway. (frontiersin.org)
  • What are exonic and intronic splicing silencers or enhancer sequences? (pressbooks.pub)
  • Regulation of gene expression gives control over the timing, location, and amount of a given gene product (protein or ncRNA) present in a cell and can have a profound effect on the cellular structure and function. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gel mobility shift assay with the cell type-specific regulatory element III (CSREIII, {dollar}-{dollar}1552/{dollar}-{dollar}1234) showed that a unique trans-acting protein factor may be present in 3T3 nuclear extract but absent in C6 nuclear extract. (umaryland.edu)
  • These findings suggest that the glial-specific expression of the murine S100{dollar}\beta{dollar} gene is probably mediated by both cis-acting silencer elements and trans-acting protein factors. (umaryland.edu)
  • This protein belongs to the rel proto-oncogene and NF-KB transcriptional factor family and acts by controlling zygotic gene expression. (silverchair.com)
  • In our recent study, it was revealed that PXR interacts with DAZ-associated protein 1 (DAZAP1), which is an essential component of the paraspeckle, a membraneless nuclear body, and the interaction was disassociated by rifampicin, a ligand of PXR. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Methyl CpG Binding Protein 2 (MeCP2) is a key transcriptional regulator in the brain [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, we contrast the regulatory properties of protein motifs and the regulatory elements of DNA and (pre-)mRNAs, advocating that co-regulation, co-operativity, and motif-driven regulatory programs are common mechanisms that emerge from the use of simple, evolutionarily plastic regulatory modules. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Though the VNTR resides in the 3'UTR and therefore does not affect the protein's amino acid sequence, regulatory factors such as mRNA stability and nuclear transport, and protein synthesis are potentially regulated by such variations [ 11 - 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition to its roles in the regulation of inflammatory diseases and the maintenance of local immune cells, CCL5 expressed by cancer cells plays diverse roles in shaping cancer microenvironments toward their own survival. (nature.com)
  • The purpose of this study was to clarify the roles of paraspeckles in PXR-mediated transcriptional regulation. (aspetjournals.org)
  • I will also discuss their emerging regulatory roles in mediating and connecting post-transcriptional processes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. (molcells.org)
  • Our results revealed a chromatin looping mechanism of long-range control and argue against models involving homogeneous spreading of PcG silencers across the INK4b-ARF-INK4a locus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Perhaps not surprisingly, the regulation of the INK4b-ARF-INK4a locus is highly complex. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The organization, sequence and transcriptional regulation of the murine S100{dollar}\beta{dollar} gene have been studied. (umaryland.edu)
  • This unmasks a nuclear translocation sequence on NF-jB, which facilitates its translocation to the nucleus. (lsd1receptor.com)
  • You should be able to draw /identify/annotate when given a gene sequence the elements of the gene above. (pressbooks.pub)
  • The extent of dorsal action is closely related to the affinity and the number of dorsal response elements present in these zygotic gene promoters. (silverchair.com)
  • In order to map the cell type-specific regulatory elements, transcriptional analyses of various deletions of the 5{dollar}\sp\prime{dollar}-flanking region were carried out in both C6 and 3T3 cells. (umaryland.edu)
  • Two cell type-specific negative regulatory elements, one active in non-glial cells and another active in glial cells, were mapped to the regions {dollar}-{dollar}1552/{dollar}-{dollar}1234 and {dollar}-{dollar}1234/{dollar}-{dollar}551, respectively. (umaryland.edu)
  • A strong negative regulatory element and a relatively weak negative regulatory element were located in the regions {dollar}-{dollar}551/{dollar}-{dollar}157 and {dollar}-{dollar}1669/{dollar}-{dollar}1552, respectively. (umaryland.edu)
  • These results lead to the conclusion that the murine S100{dollar}\beta{dollar} gene is under complex transcriptional regulation involving tonic negative control exerted by a combination of multiple cis-acting regulatory elements including cell type-specific elements. (umaryland.edu)
  • Associated regulatory elements may include differentially methylated regions and non-coding RNAs. (insdc.org)
  • transcripts, and known regulatory elements (REs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • (B) Regulatory elements of the MECP2/Mecp2 gene. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We find that during normal lifespan of CMs gene regulation is mainly orchestrated by dynamic mCpG and canonical histone marks at distal regulatory and genic regions. (nature.com)
  • Transposable elements (TE) are important components of livestock and poultry genomes, contributing to their genetic diversity, chromatin states, gene regulatory networks, and complex traits of economic value. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Gene expression regulation is highly connected process. (molcells.org)
  • New allelic variants will be useful in fundamental investigations into the regulation of VRN1 expression, and provide a valuable genetic resource for practical breeding of wheat. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Transposable elements can be considered as a source of raw material for primitive genomes, tools of genetic innovation, and ancestors of modern genes (e.g., ncRNA) [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While BRCA2 expression is involved in cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair, the mechanisms of cell cycle-dependent regulation of BRCA2 gene expression remains elusive. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This factor can specifically bind to a 17 bp DNA fragment ({dollar}-{dollar}1513/{dollar}-{dollar}1497) which contains a consensus silencer element. (umaryland.edu)
  • More recently, fenretinide-induced apoptosis has been reported to be dependent on phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-jB) in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells [13]. (lsd1receptor.com)
  • PcG silencers bind and coordinately regulate INK4b and INK4a , but not ARF , during a variety of physiological processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These results suggest that paraspeckles play a role in trapping nuclear PXR in the absence of the ligand to negatively regulate transactivation of its downstream gene. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The NF-jB family of transcription factors are involved in the regulation of several physiological processes such as inflammation, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. (lsd1receptor.com)
  • Truncated NPAS3 lacking transactivation domain was also found to activate VGF, which suggested that not only transactivation domain but other structural motifs were also involved in the regulation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Consequently, motifs are indispensable for temporal, spatial, conditional and basal regulation at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational level. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We discuss how co-operativity allows simple static motifs to perform the conditional regulation that underlies decision-making in higher eukaryotic biological systems. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study uncovers distinct layers of epigenetic regulation not only during prenatal development and postnatal maturation but also in diseased human cardiac myocytes. (nature.com)
  • Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is an essential mechanism that guides cell differentiation during development. (elifesciences.org)
  • Thus, the first events of embryonic development along the D/V axis are controlled at the transcriptional level. (silverchair.com)
  • The major events in the regulation of the host response on a transcriptional level occur within the first 3 days after infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Previously, we have demonstrated that NPAS3 regulates VGF at the transcriptional level. (frontiersin.org)
  • Human pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a major nuclear receptor that upregulates the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes such as CYP3A4. (aspetjournals.org)
  • a chromatin boundary element or barrier that can block the encroachment of condensed chromatin from an adjacent region. (insdc.org)
  • Htz1 is enriched in these euchromatic regions and acts synergistically with a boundary element to prevent the spread of heterochromatin. (sdbonline.org)
  • The results suggest that their interactions are involved in renin transcriptional regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During progenitor cell differentiation and ageing, PcG silencer EZH2 attenuates, causing loss of PRC binding and transcriptional activation of INK4b and INK4a . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Development and homeostasis require the coordinate regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ease of motif acquisition simplifies access to basal housekeeping functions, facilitates the co-regulation of multiple biomolecules allowing them to respond in a coordinated manner to changes in the cell state, and supports the integration of multiple signals for combinatorial decision-making. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The construction of this cell line is the first promising step in the regulation of GAL secretion from hTERT-immortalized BMSCs, and the potential application of this system may provide a stem cell-based research platform for pain. (hindawi.com)
  • Transposable elements are able to affect conserved and divergent chromatin looping and contribute to cell- and species-specific gene regulation [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the underlying mechanism of this regulation remains unclear. (frontiersin.org)
  • A luciferase assay using a plasmid containing the PXR response elements of CYP3A4 revealed that the increased CYP3A4 induction by siNEAT1_2 or siDAZAP1 was due to the increased transactivation by PXR. (aspetjournals.org)
  • This is required for nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity of NF-jB. (lsd1receptor.com)
  • Each gene in the dorsal group displays a complete dorsalization as the lack-of-function phenotype: only elements that normally derive from the dorsalmost region of the egg are formed, while ventral and lateral elements are lacking ( Nüsslein-Volhard, 1979 ). (silverchair.com)
  • This work focuses on the function of Sir1p once it is recruited to the silencer. (sdbonline.org)
  • Solid evidence, leveraging both in vivo and in vitro studies, reveals the molecular requirements for Bonus' function as a transcriptional repressor, including a key role for sumoylation. (elifesciences.org)
  • Regulation of gene expression is the basis for cellular differentiation, development, morphogenesis and the versatility and adaptability of any organism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Down regulation of EZH2 causes release of the ~35 kb repressive chromatin loop and induction of both INK4a and INK4b , whereas ARF expression remains unaltered. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Altered expression of MeCP2 isoforms (MeCP2E1 and MeCP2E2) is associated with neurological disorders, highlighting the importance of proper regulation of both isoforms. (biomedcentral.com)