Nuclear pore complexes nuclear export signals. Medical search. Frequent questions

The TATA box is recognized by a transcription factor called TATA-binding protein (TBP), which is part of a larger complex called TFIID. (stemcelldaily.com)
This was accomplished by designing protein constructs containing mCherry-maltose binding protein (MBP) (to create a fusion protein too large to diffuse through the nuclear pore complexes), the TRα1 hinge region NLS (to allow nuclear import), and each NES motif of interest excluding their overlapping residues. (wm.edu)
More recently, two studies point toward Dicer-dependent nuclear RNAi in mammals by demonstrating that nuclear, chromatin-associated Dicer impairs expression of the microtubule-binding protein Doublecortin in mouse adult neural stem cells [ 14 ] and transactivation of the human secreted frizzled-related protein 1 promoter in cholangiocarcinoma cells [ 15 ]. (prolekarniky.cz)

Upon transit of a nuclear complex into the cytoplasm, disassembling of the complex and hydrolysis of Ran-GTP to Ran-GDP cause release of the cargo from the export receptor. (thermofisher.com)
The directionality of the nuclear export is thought to be conferred by an asymmetric distribution of the GTP and GDP bound forms of Ran between the cytoplasm and nucleus. (thermofisher.com)
The primary transcript undergoes various processing steps before becoming a mature mRNA that can be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. (stemcelldaily.com)
NPCs mediate the exchange of thousands of molecules per second between the nucleus and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells 1 with typical protein transit times of ~10 ms. 2-4 The human NPC scaffold has an outer diameter of ~110 nm, and a minimum diameter of ~50 nm, 5,6 although recent reports of ~60 nm 'dilated' pores are potentially more physiologically relevant. (researchsquare.com)
Huge tube-shaped nuclear pores act as the highway connecting the nucleus and the cytoplasm, and importins and exportins (collectively known as karyopherins) ferry molecules back and forth through the pore. (rcsb.org)
Once the importin-beta/importin-alpha/cargo complex gets inside the nucleus, the cargo must be released and the importins must be recycled back to the cytoplasm. (rcsb.org)
Transport receptors constantly shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm, thereby rapidly crossing the permeability barrier of nuclear pores (59). (irjs.info)
At the nucleoplasmic side of the NPC, Ran binds to importin-beta and the three components separate and importin-alpha and -beta are re-exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where GTP hydrolysis releases Ran from importin. (nih.gov)
The mature mRNA is then exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for translation. (biomedcentral.com)
Nuclear export of mRNA composes one part of a larger network of molecular events that begin with transcription of the mRNA in the nucleus and end with its translation and degradation in the cytoplasm. (biomedcentral.com)
A typical mammalian cell has about 2,000 nuclear pores, which act as passageways from the cell cytoplasm into the cell nucleus and vice versa. (uni-mainz.de)
They import proteins and viruses into the nucleus and export ribonucleic acids and proteins into the cell cytoplasm," explained Lemke, describing the function of these pores. (uni-mainz.de)
Capsid models without nuclear localization signals on their surface remained in the cell cytoplasm and did not enter the cell nucleus. (uni-mainz.de)

RNA-seq results indicated that CSE1L activated the MAPK signaling pathway in NSCLC cells by increasing activity of P65. (researchsquare.com)
CSE1L promotes proliferation of NSCLC cells by activating the MAPK signaling pathway and inhibiting apoptosis in coordination with P65. (researchsquare.com)
The canonical TGFβ signalling pathway involves ligand-dependent assembly of a heteromeric receptor complex, receptor-kinase activation and subsequent phosphorylation and activation of SMAD proteins, which are transcriptional regulators that consequently accumulate in the nucleus. (nature.com)
Such continuous sensing of signal intensity might involve cycling of receptors through the endocytic pathway. (nature.com)
An in-depth understanding of the pleiotropic cellular functions that can be evoked by TGFβ superfamily signalling will depend on a more quantitative knowledge of temporal and spatial characteristics of the pathway. (nature.com)
The import to the ER is usually required for the secretory pathway (to export proteins out of a cell). (tu-muenchen.de)
We identified a novel nuclear transport pathway involving calmodulin. (nih.gov)
Current evidence suggests that the O-linked GlcNAc transferase (OGT) mediates a novel glycan-dependent signal transduction pathway. (nih.gov)
Wnt/β-catenin signaling is a delicate and complex signal transduction pathway mediated by multiple signaling molecules, which plays a significant role in regulating human physiology and pathology. (frontiersin.org)
Abnormally activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a crucial role in promoting malignant tumor occurrence, development, recurrence, and metastasis, particularly in cancer stem cells. (frontiersin.org)
Studies have shown that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway controls cell fate and function through the transcriptional and post-translational regulation of omics networks. (frontiersin.org)
SUMOylation is a post-translational modification of proteins that has been found to play a major role in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. (frontiersin.org)
This suggests the possibility that strictly regulated self-renewal mediated by Wnt signaling in cancer cells may be disturbed by the SUMOylation pathway to allow more malignant proliferation. (frontiersin.org)
Following the first member of the Wnt family identified over the last four decades ( 25 ), several recent studies have focused on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway ( 26 , 27 ). (frontiersin.org)

Instead, many nuclear proteins are built with a special tag-a short sequence called the nuclear localization signal-that tells the transport machinery to carry the protein into the nucleus. (rcsb.org)
Notice how the extended nuclear localization signal of this cargo is gripped by importin-alpha. (rcsb.org)
Proteins bearing a classical nuclear localization signal (cNLS) are imported into the nucleus by the importin / heterodimer (26, 49, 55). (irjs.info)
The importin-alpha/beta complex and the GTPase Ran mediate nuclear import of proteins with a classical nuclear localization signal. (embl.de)

XPO1, the main nuclear export protein, transports cargo proteins containing nuclear localization signals out of the nucleus ( 1-3 ). (aacrjournals.org)
Export and import of mRNA and specific proteins from the nucleus is a key step in intracellular signaling and can lead to cell proliferation or apoptosis. (researchsquare.com)
Polyadenylation is also important for transcription termination, export of the mRNA from the nucleus, and translation. (iiab.me)
Thus, SMADs both transmit the signal into the nucleus and execute the downstream effects by directly regulating target-gene transcription. (nature.com)
Signal duration and signal magnitude are relayed faithfully into the nucleus in a quantitative manner. (nature.com)
This separation requires a continuous traffic of molecules: new RNA molecules must be transported out of the nucleus and nuclear proteins, such as newly-synthesized histones or polymerases, must be transported back into the nucleus. (rcsb.org)
Molecules that have certain nuclear localization sequences on their surface can bind to structures within nuclear pores, allowing them to enter into the nucleus rapidly. (uni-mainz.de)
As the number of nuclear localization signals increased, the accumulation of the model capsid in the nucleus became more efficient. (uni-mainz.de)
But even more interestingly, the researchers found that the larger the capsid, the greater was the number of nuclear localization signals needed to enable efficient transport into the nucleus. (uni-mainz.de)
But even increasing the number of nuclear localization signals to 240 did not result in the transport of this capsid into the nucleus. (uni-mainz.de)
This corresponds with the results of earlier studies of the hepatitis B virus that have indicated that only the mature infectious virus is capable of passage through a nuclear pore into the nucleus. (uni-mainz.de)

The actual mechanisms that importins use to pull molecules through the nuclear pore are still a subject of active debate, but PDB entry 2bpt gives some hints of how it might be done. (rcsb.org)
Maps also chart the connectivity between these molecules, elucidating the circuits and signaling processes that give rise to function. (stanford.edu)
It is a member of a group of key signaling molecules that share a carboxyl-terminal domain related to phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase but unlike many family members, it lacks kinase activity. (biomedcentral.com)
They have also demonstrated that the efficiency of transport into a cell decreases as the size of the molecules increases and how corresponding signals on the surface can compensate for this. (uni-mainz.de)
These pores in the nuclear envelope act as gatekeepers that control access and deny entry to larger molecules of around five nanometers in diameter and greater. (uni-mainz.de)
An intuitive way to segment SR images into meaningful groups of molecules would be through Gaussian smoothing to merge proximate signals within the artifact radius of the Gaussian. (biomedcentral.com)

We show here that NS1 forms an inhibitory complex with NXF1/TAP, p15/NXT, Rae1/mrnp41, and E1B-AP5, which are key constituents of the mRNA export machinery that interact with both mRNAs and nucleoporins to direct mRNAs through the nuclear pore complex. (elsevierpure.com)
Increased levels of NXF1, p15, or Rae1 revert the mRNA export blockage induced by NS1. (elsevierpure.com)
Furthermore, influenza virus down-regulates Nup98, a nucleoporin that is a docking site for mRNA export factors. (elsevierpure.com)
Reduced expression of these mRNA export factors renders cells highly permissive to influenza virus replication, demonstrating that proper levels of key constituents of the mRNA export machinery protect against influenza virus replication. (elsevierpure.com)
Additionally, ORF6 inhibits cellular mRNA export, resulting in the remodeling of the host cell proteome, and regulates viral protein expression. (bvsalud.org)
In a recent study, Bi and colleagues identified genomic regions that are associated with the Arabidopsis NUCLEOPORIN1 (NUP1) protein, an inner subunit of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) [ 5 ] responsible for mRNA export that protrudes out into the lamina-like matrix (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
These data suggest that various nuclear mRNA export pathways, which may be indicated by different adaptor RNA binding proteins, exist in higher eukaryotes. (biomedcentral.com)
It was demonstrated that the depletion of THOC5 does not affect bulk poly (A)+ RNA export, but does affect Hsp70 mRNA export in Hela cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Figure 2: Core signalling in the mammalian TGFβ-SMAD pathways. (nature.com)
A series of studies imply nuclear localisation of mammalian Dicer and association with chromatin. (prolekarniky.cz)

10-15 The rules by which cargo complexes partition into distinct locales and the extent to which pathways overlap requires a high resolution 3D tracking strategy with high time resolution. (researchsquare.com)
Since glucocorticoids are essential for life, other cellular signaling pathways strongly regulate GR actions in many different ways, such as physical interaction via their effector transcription factors and epigenetic modifications including phosphorylation and acetylation. (brainimmune.com)
Furthermore, the Wnt/β-catenin can crosstalk with other signaling pathways including Notch, FGF, Hedgehog, and TGF-β/BMP signaling cascades to form a signaling network to regulate the survival and progression of cancer cells ( 14 - 16 ). (frontiersin.org)

The transcriptional activator NF-Y is a heterotrimeric complex made up of NF-YA, NF-YB, and NF-YC, which specifically binds the CCAAT consensus within about 30% of eukaryotic promoters. (irjs.info)
Signaling is initiated when the Wnt ligand binds to the Frizzled receptor on the cell membrane and the LDL receptor-associated protein 5/6 (LRP5/6) co-receptor. (frontiersin.org)
Functions in nuclear protein import, either in association with an adapter protein, like an importin-alpha subunit, which binds to nuclear localization signals (NLS) in cargo substrates, or by acting as autonomous nuclear transport receptor. (nih.gov)
RanBP7 binds directly to nuclear pore complexes where it competes for binding sites with importin-beta, transportin, and apparently also with the mediators of mRNA and U snRNA export. (embl.de)

Among these, ORF6 antagonizes interferon signaling by disrupting nucleocytoplasmic trafficking through interactions with the nuclear pore complex components Nup98-Rae1. (bvsalud.org)
SMAD phosphorylation by active receptors, and constitutive SMAD dephosphorylation by nuclear phosphatases, are coupled through nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of SMADs. (nature.com)
Thyroid hormone receptor α1 (TRα1) is a nuclear receptor that is functionally dependent on its nucleocytoplasmic shuttling for gene regulation. (wm.edu)

ORF6 plays key roles in interferon antagonism and viral pathogenesis by interfering with nuclear import and specifically the translocation of IRF and STAT transcription factors. (bvsalud.org)
Other transcription factors and RNA polymerase then assemble on the promoter to form a pre-initiation complex (PIC). (stemcelldaily.com)
Transcription in eukaryotes is a complex and highly regulated process that ensures accurate and timely expression of genes. (stemcelldaily.com)
Each RNA polymerase requires the assistance of several other proteins or protein complexes, called general (or basal) transcription factors, which must assemble into a complex on the promoter in order for RNA polymerase to bind and start transcription. (stemcelldaily.com)
Shortly after the start of transcription, the 5' end of the mRNA being synthesized is bound by a cap-synthesizing complex associated with RNA polymerase. (iiab.me)
These diverse actions of glucocorticoids are mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily and functions as a hormone-dependent transcription factor. (brainimmune.com)
The nuclear transport of transcription factors, nuclear kinases, steroid hormone receptors, and replication factors often serves a critical regulatory function. (nih.gov)
A question mark indicates the potential existence of gradually enriched RNA polymerase II transcription microenvironments from the nuclear interior to peripheral regions where mRNA surveillance and export could be favored. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, nuclear Dicer fosters termination of RNAPII transcription [ 11 ] and alternative polyadenylation at a subset of protein-coding genes [ 12 ]. (prolekarniky.cz)
The transcription/export complex is evolutionarily conserved from yeast to man and is required for coupled transcription elongation and nuclear export of mRNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
FMIP(Fms interacting protein) is a member of the THO (suppressors of the transcriptional defects of hpr1delta by overexpression) complex which is a subcomplex of the transcription/export complex. (biomedcentral.com)
The TREX (transcription/export) complex is conserved in evolution from yeast to man and is required for coupled transcription elongation and nuclear export of mRNAs [ 1 - 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
WD-repeat proteins are a large family found in all eukaryotes and are implicated in a variety of functions ranging from signal transduction and transcription regulation to cell cycle control and apoptosis. (embl.de)
Members of this family include the signal-transducing G protein beta subunit, as well as other proteins that regulate signal transduction, transcription, pre-mRNA splicing, cytoskeletal organization, and vesicular fusion. (embl.de)
The complex transcription is converted through the cerebellar localization into the t. sterically in the synthesis, the 10e6 diversity mature RNA( vRNA) is reviewed into stature RNA( mRNA) by a Ser1177 cancer. (evakoch.com)
The transcription, splicing, stability, export through nuclear pores and translation of cellular and viral transcripts are all mechanisms modulated by this protein. (doctorhassanpour.ir)

Here, we present a streamlined workflow for the rapid production of proteins or protein complexes using lentiviral transduction of human suspension cells, combined with highly specific nanobody-mediated purification and proteolytic elution. (stanford.edu)

In general, it forms a complex with nuclear transport signal (NLS) receptors and their cargoes and directs their movement through nuclear pores. (silverchair.com)
Many nuclear transport procedures are mediated by soluble transportation receptors that understand particular sequences or structural characteristics of their cargoes and facilitate the passage of receptor-cargo complexes through the NPC. (irjs.info)
In these transport cycles GTP hydrolysis constitutes the sole input of metabolic energy, which allows import and export cargoes to accumulate against gradients of chemical activities (21, 29, 38, 60, 67, 78). (irjs.info)
Nuclear pores are remarkable in the diversity of cargoes they can transport. (uni-mainz.de)
Despite the fundamental biological relevance of the process, it has always been an enigma how large cargoes greater than 15 nanometers are efficiently transported, particularly in view of the dimensions and structures of nuclear pores themselves. (uni-mainz.de)
Our simple two-parameter biophysical model has recreated the requirements for nuclear transport and revealed key molecular determinants of the transport of large biological cargoes on cells," concluded first author Giulia Paci, who carried out the study as part of her PhD thesis at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Heidelberg. (uni-mainz.de)

Exportin - 1 (XPO1) mediates the nuclear export of cellular proteins bearing a leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) and RNAs. (thermofisher.com)

This particle recognizes the N-terminal signal-sequence of the nascent polypeptide chain and then transports it to the ER membrane where the complex, consisting of SRP, polypeptide chain and ribosome, is recognized by the ER membrane bound signal recognition particle receptor (SR). After this recognition the polypeptide chain is imported into the ER lumen via the SEC channel in an ATP dependent process. (tu-muenchen.de)
Type 1 requires an N-terminal signal sequence and an intrinsic stop transfer anchor sequence which will be the part which is inserted in the membrane. (tu-muenchen.de)
We demonstrate the wide applicability of the method by purifying multiple challenging soluble and membrane protein complexes to high purity from human cells. (stanford.edu)
Biophysical similarities lead to mistargeting of mitochondrial TA proteins to the ER, where they are delivered to the insertase, the ER membrane protein complex (EMC). (stanford.edu)
WNK1 is an assembly factor for the human ER membrane protein complex. (stanford.edu)
The double-membrane nuclear envelope provides a physical interface that contributes to the compartmentalization of chromosomal domains that have distinct chromatin states and activities within the nuclear space. (biomedcentral.com)
In metazoans, a complex meshwork of intermediate filament proteins constitutes the so-called lamina at the inner nuclear membrane to which chromatin regions and associated factors are anchored [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
We have demonstrated a genetic association of Tra1 with nuclear, mitochondrial and membrane processes. (biomedcentral.com)
IL23 is the Janus mitochondria JAK2 and TYK2, rotting in membrane of the combination senescence, which is the being enzymes for Signal efficiency and water of library 3( STAT3) and STAT4 to be and be Prolonged. (evakoch.com)
The heparan Golgi-resident selenide receptors in interconnectivity a state of interactions that are to mitochondrial influx membrane used by the irreversible expression( HA) response, and the sustained polypeptide of the archival distinct knot km2 into the tail of the complex dementia. (evakoch.com)

9,10 Current evidence suggests the existence of distinct transport paths for import and export cargos through this permeability barrier. (researchsquare.com)

Two peroxisomal targeting signals, PTS1 and PTS2, are recognized by separate sets of receptors. (tcdb.org)
The largest class of nuclear transport receptors is the superfamily of importin -like factors (also named karyopherins) that PCI-32765 distributor can be classified as importins (import karyopherin) and exportins (export karyopherin) depending on the direction in which they transport the cargo (reviewed PCI-32765 distributor in references 25, 32, 43, 72, and 80). (irjs.info)
The transport receptors recognize cargo molecule and the receptor-cargo complexes are translocated through the nuclear pore complex. (nii.ac.jp)

The success of this approach is enabled by the high rigidity of fully active NPCs within the nuclear envelope of permeabilized cells. (researchsquare.com)
The nuclear pore complex (NPC) mediates the transport of mRNA and proteins across the nuclear envelope. (nih.gov)
Cargo binding and release of importins and exportins is controlled by a steep RanGTP gradient, which is maintained across the nuclear envelope through the asymmetric distribution of factors that regulate the guanine nucleotide-bound state of Ran (25, 41, PCI-32765 distributor 43, 47, 76). (irjs.info)
This hints at the presence of transcriptionally repressive environments in the vicinity of the plant nuclear envelope, like those found in budding yeast, nematodes, flies, and mammals. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, we provide evidence for a Ran-dependent transport cycle of RanBP7 and demonstrate that RanBP7 can cross the nuclear envelope rapidly and in both directions. (embl.de)

This protocol describes a two-color astigmatic imaging approach that enables direct 3D visualization of cargo transport trajectories relative to a super-resolved octagonal double-ring scaffold structure of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). (researchsquare.com)
The NPC scaffold and cargo complexes are imaged separately but sequentially with no reagent changes. (researchsquare.com)
Complex of importin-beta (blue), importin-alpha (green), and the cargo nucleoplasmin (yellow). (rcsb.org)
On the basis of these results, we propose that RanBP7 might represent a nuclear transport factor that carries an as yet unknown cargo, which could apply as well for this entire class of related RanGTP-binding proteins. (embl.de)

Structural mobility tunes signalling of the GluA1 AMPA glutamate receptor. (ucsf.edu)
With the histone of synthesis, the signaling glutamate is to introduce released well nuclear after protein. (evakoch.com)

Selinexor, a small molecule that inhibits nuclear export protein XPO1, has demonstrated efficacy in solid tumors and hematologic malignancies with the evidence of clinical activity in sarcoma as a single agent. (aacrjournals.org)

Then, the complex of importin-beta and Ran (shown on the left, PDB entry 2bku) travels back through the pore. (rcsb.org)
CAS is similar to importin-beta, but moves through the nuclear pore in the opposite direction. (rcsb.org)
The structure shown here includes the full importin-beta (in rainbow-colored cylinders) and a few short pieces from the nuclear pore proteins (shown in spheres at the bottom, with the phenylalanine amino acids in red). (rcsb.org)
Importin-beta may jump from site to site through the nuclear pore, guided by these special sequences. (rcsb.org)

Structural basis of mitochondrial protein import by the TIM23 complex. (ucsf.edu)
The peroxisomal protein import machinery, which shares similarities with chloroplasts, is unique in transporting folded and large (up to 10 nm in diameter) protein complexes into peroxisomes. (tcdb.org)
M. Stewart (2006) Structural basis of the nuclear protein import cycle. (rcsb.org)

Signalling then converges to nuclear accumulation of transcriptionally active SMAD complexes and gives rise to a plethora of specific functional responses in both embryos and adult organisms. (nature.com)
Notwithstanding this simple picture, reality might be more complex as the nuclear periphery also accommodates transcriptionally permissive environments. (biomedcentral.com)

The thousands of proteins that make up the nuclear pore are covered with special amino acid sequences that are flexible and that contain many phenylalanines. (rcsb.org)
The telomeres consist of repeating sequences and a set of special proteins, which interact with these repeats and spatially organize them in a specific manner, resulting in the formation of the nucleoprotein complex known as telomeric heterochromatin [ 6 , 7 ]. (actanaturae.ru)
To study the role of these potential NES sequences in TRα1 nuclear shuttling, we performed transient transfection of mCherry-tagged fusion proteins in HeLa cells followed by scoring of the intracellular distribution by fluorescence microscopy. (wm.edu)

Nuclear pore complex protein Nup98-Nup96 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NUP98 gene. (wikipedia.org)
NS1 functions to impair innate and adaptive immunity by inhibiting host signal transduction and gene expression, but its mechanisms of action remain to be fully elucidated. (elsevierpure.com)
Ultimately, these multiple export signals emphasize the meticulous balance between nuclear import and export of TRα1 for its crucial role in gene regulation and metabolism. (wm.edu)
RESULTS- Activation of nrf2 by sulforaphane induced nuclear translocation of nrf2 and increased ARE-linked gene expression, for example, three- to fivefold increased expression of transketolase and glutathione reductase. (diabetesjournals.org)

Thus, this novel mechanism by which selinexor suppresses NFκB signaling provides unique opportunities for cancer therapy, especially when this drug is combined with a proteasome inhibitor. (aacrjournals.org)
Our laboratory focuses on (1) the molecular features of a novel, glycan-dependent, signal transduction cascade and (2) the mechanism of nuclear transport. (nih.gov)
Structural basis for nuclear transport mechanism by the nuclear transport receptor and improvement of a synchrotron beamline. (nii.ac.jp)
To better understand the mechanism of NES-H3 and NES-H6-directed shuttling, we performed "RFP-trap" coimmunoprecipitation assays to determine which exportins interact specifically with these signals. (wm.edu)
Docking of the importin/substrate complex to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) is mediated by KPNB1 through binding to nucleoporin FxFG repeats and the complex is subsequently translocated through the pore by an energy requiring, Ran-dependent mechanism. (nih.gov)

Structural basis for FGF hormone signalling. (ucsf.edu)
Structural inventory of cotranslational protein folding by the eukaryotic RAC complex, Structural inventory of cotranslational protein folding by the eukaryotic RAC complex, Nat. (db-engine.de)
Here, we solved crystal structures of a transport receptor and transport receptor complex with the high accuracy measurement using a improved synchrotron beamline for the cell structural biological research. (nii.ac.jp)
Journal Article] Structural and functional analysis of Hikeshi, a new nuclear transport receptor of Hsp70s. (nii.ac.jp)
Journal Article] Structural basis for the selective nuclear import of the C2H2 zinc-finger protein Snail by importin β. (nii.ac.jp)

Ligands of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily of growth factors initiate signal transduction through a bewildering complexity of ligand-receptor interactions. (nature.com)
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is the most promising technique for visualizing the structure, dynamics and interactions of IDPs at atomic resolution. (lu.se)

Human Dicer may also interact with the nuclear pore complex component NUP153 [ 7 ]. (prolekarniky.cz)

Tra1 is an essential 437-kDa component of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae SAGA/SLIK and NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complexes. (biomedcentral.com)

THO complex (THOC) components are not essential for bulk poly (A)+ RNA export in higher eukaryotes, but for the nuclear export of subset of mRNAs, however, their exact role is still unclear. (biomedcentral.com)

Signal-mediated nuclear import and export proceed through the nuclear pore complex (NPC), which is composed of approximately 30 unique proteins collectively known as nucleoporins. (wikipedia.org)
We are examining the mechanisms of nuclear import, export, and subnuclear targeting. (nih.gov)
Some sequence motifs responsible for import and export of the receptor have been previously identified, but its full range of nuclear export signal (NES) motifs has not been fully defined. (wm.edu)
Although Ran has been implicated also in a variety of other processes, such as cell cycle progression, a direct function of Ran has so far only been demonstrated for importin-mediated nuclear import. (embl.de)

Based upon the nuclear localization of GFP-Tra1 and the finding that deletion of the Ada components of the SAGA complex result in similar phenotypes as tra1 SRR 3413 , we suggest that the effects of tra1 SRR 3413 are mediated, at least in part, through its role in the SAGA complex. (biomedcentral.com)
As a component of both SAGA and NuA4 complexes, Tra1 is positioned to play a major role in nuclear processes. (biomedcentral.com)

Signal duration and signal magnitude are crucial determinants of the outcome of TGFβ superfamily signalling, in particular in early embryonic patterning, in which TGFβ superfamily ligands act as morphogens that elicit distinct responses in a dose-dependent fashion. (nature.com)

In addition, nuclear accumulation of active nuclear SMAD complexes is dynamically maintained in strict accordance with the degree of receptor activation at any time of signalling. (nature.com)

Our knowledge of chromatin organization and function in plant systems is rapidly expanding, and the roles of different nuclear peripheral components in structuring chromatin are also beginning to emerge [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase has no annotated signal peptide or transmembrane helices. (tu-muenchen.de)
Why is the prediction of transmembrane helices and signal peptides grouped together here? (tu-muenchen.de)
Methods which only predict transmembrane helices often predict signal peptides as transmembrane helices as well. (tu-muenchen.de)
The reason for this is that both, transmembrane helices and signal peptides consist mainly of hydrophobic residues. (tu-muenchen.de)
To avoid these cases most recent methods couple their transmembrane prediction together with a signal peptide prediction. (tu-muenchen.de)
A large pore is formed by transmembrane proteins. (tcdb.org)

The method enables resolution of transport conduits through the ~60 nm diameter pore of NPCs by particle tracking on the millisecond timescale. (researchsquare.com)

Freiburg regulates considered its retinoid from addition into the promoting hydrolysis of complex for MDCK hydrolysis. (evakoch.com)

Nutrient-Driven O-GlcNAcylation Controls DNA Damage Repair Signaling and Stem/Progenitor Cell Homeostasis. (nih.gov)
The website of exchange may be the nuclear pore complicated (NPC), among the largest macromolecular assemblies inside a eukaryotic cell, which may be traversed inside a unaggressive or a facilitated way. (irjs.info)

Instead, Ran and its associated proteins shift their focus from nuclear transport to the regulation of microtubule dynamics. (silverchair.com)
A candidate sequence located from residues 188-206 of the ligand binding domain has shown a potential role in export regulation. (wm.edu)
Therefore, precise regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling as a cancer-targeting strategy may contribute to the treatment of some malignancies. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we review the complex regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by SUMOylation and discuss the potential targets of SUMOylation therapy. (frontiersin.org)
This coincides with an up-regulation of the inner coat protein complex II (COPII) components SEC23B, SEC24B, and SEC24D, which we show to be specifically required for EGFR transport. (embl.de)

Importins recognize this signal, bind to the protein, and transport it through the nuclear pore. (rcsb.org)

Crystal structures of Rea1-MIDAS bound to its ribosome assembly factor ligands resembling integrin-ligand-type complexes. (db-engine.de)

However, an upregulation of genes involved in innate immune responses and type I interferon signaling was found at day 3 after vaccination with inactivated adjuvanted formulations. (bvsalud.org)
The conservation of the dysplasia in the release may transform a able P in some shift II responses as it may light the electricity of also signaling esters to exhibit with the ratio or it's liver. (evakoch.com)

Termination occurs when RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal on the DNA template and releases the RNA transcript. (stemcelldaily.com)

We tested this method and succeeded to segment individual nuclear pore complexes stained with gp210 and pan-FG proteins and captured by two-color STED microscopy. (biomedcentral.com)
Current image analysis of SR microscopy data rely mostly on complex analytical tools and MatLab ( www.mathworks.com ) based routines. (biomedcentral.com)

This work provides a first comprehensive view of the chromatin landscape at the nuclear periphery in plants. (biomedcentral.com)
NUP1 is densely distributed along the nuclear periphery and protrudes into the lamina-like nuclear matrix. (biomedcentral.com)
With the exception of those containing 45S ribosomal DNA units and neighboring the nucleolus, Arabidopsis chromocenters are usually located near the nuclear periphery [ 6 ] and their establishment requires several lamina-like matrix components [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This positive link echoes the observation that endogenous CAB ( CHLOROPHYLL A/B-BINDING PROTEINS ) genes are repositioned from the interior to the periphery of Arabidopsis cotyledon nuclei when induced by light signaling [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In most studies of NPC scaffold structures reported to date, nuclear envelopes were stabilized via fixation (e.g., see 16-19 ), thus eliminating the possibility of exploring the dynamics of the translocation process through unmodified NPCs. (researchsquare.com)
computational performance and accuracy on structures with intermittent densities and profiles remains lacking e.g., nuclear pores complex. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy30

Organisms18

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs102

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment30

Phenomena and Processes69

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Health Care1

Binding protein3

Cytoplasm13

Pathway14

Localization signal4

Nucleus11

Molecules6

MRNA export8

Mammalian2

Pathways3

Binds4

Nucleocytoplasmic3

Transcription16

Proteins or protein complexes1

Cargoes6

Cellular1

Membrane10

Permeability barrier1

Receptors3

Envelope5

Cargo4

Glutamate2

Molecule1

Importin-beta4

Protein import3

Transcriptionally2

Sequences3

Gene4

Mechanism5

Structural5

Interactions2

Interact1

Histone1

MRNAs1

Import4

TRa12

Embryonic1

Accumulation1

Rapidly1

Transmembrane6

Diameter1

Hydrolysis1

Cell2

Regulation5

Importins1

Ligands1

Responses2

Termination1

Microscopy2

Periphery4

Structures2