• The principal function of nuclear pore complexes is to facilitate selective membrane transportation of various molecules across the nuclear envelope. (wikipedia.org)
  • The count of nuclear pore complexes varies across cell types and different stages of the cell's life cycle, with approximately 1,000 NPCs typically found in vertebrate cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • This selectivity helps protect the DNA and is the job of machines that stud the envelope of the nucleus, called nuclear pore complexes. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The surface of the inner nuclear membrane is densely packed with nuclear pore complexes. (harvard.edu)
  • The nuclear membrane contains nuclear pore complexes, the bilateral gateways connecting the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm that allow transporting material into and out of the cellular nucleus. (atlasantibodies.com)
  • A cellular transport disease is caused by defects at the nuclear pore complexes resulting in traffic jams at the cellular and nuclear membranes. (atlasantibodies.com)
  • These channels, called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), are essential for life, tightly controlling which large macromolecules get in or out of the nucleus. (nih.gov)
  • Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are necessary for stem cell maintenance, cell fate determination, and the aging process. (upf.edu)
  • MINFLUX imaging of nuclear pore complexes of a mammalian cell shows that this true nanometer-scale resolution is obtained in three dimensions and in two color channels. (nature.com)
  • Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) facilitate nucleocytoplasmic transport. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Here, we describe a novel cell-free system to elucidate specific interactions between viruses and nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). (ox.ac.uk)
  • English The nuclear envelope harbors numerous large proteinaceous channels, the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), through which macromolecular exchange between the cytosol and the nucleoplasm occurs. (unifr.ch)
  • Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) regulate nuclear-cytoplasmic transport, transcription, and genome integrity in eukaryotic cells. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins are RNA-protein complexes that are subunits of the spliceosome involved in mRNA intron removal. (jrank.org)
  • The nuclear pore complex predominantly consists of proteins known as nucleoporins, with each NPC comprising at least 456 individual protein molecules, and 34 distinct nucleoporin proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other nuclear transport receptors include NTF2 and some NTF2-like proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Researchers have also shown that one member of the three-protein structure interacts promiscuously with two nucleoporins as do other proteins in the nuclear pore, supporting a model of a flexible complex that can rearrange itself into different formations. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The research, performed by Vivien Nagy, a visiting graduate student, André Hoelz, a research associate, and colleagues in Rockefeller University's Laboratory of Cell Biology, uncovered the molecular structure of three interacting proteins that form the centerpiece of the Nup84 complex - an important structural component of the nuclear pore complex. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Dysfunctional nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking of RNA-binding proteins might contribute to neurological disorders. (atlasantibodies.com)
  • These intracellular aggregations of misfolded proteins, such as the nuclear TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) that accumulates in the cytoplasm, are toxic to the affected neurons and are thought to contribute to neuronal cell death. (atlasantibodies.com)
  • Recently several novel autoantibodies against a variety of specific nuclear pore proteins have been described, including the nucleoporin p62. (openrheumatologyjournal.com)
  • The nuclear pore complex (NPC) serves as the sole gate between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm and contains several different nuclear pore proteins such as nucleoporin p62. (openrheumatologyjournal.com)
  • When the scientists treated astrocytes with TGF-beta, they saw p75NTR proteins bind to nucleoporins and open the pores of the astrocytes. (belmarrahealth.com)
  • The pores are filled with special proteins, called nucleoporins, which select what can move in or out of the nucleus. (rug.nl)
  • The pore itself is a big protein complex and the opening of the pore is filled with a dense network of disordered proteins called nucleoporins. (rug.nl)
  • The nucleoporins were tested for interactions with non-specific proteins and with chaperones, which are proteins that act as transport tickets through the pore. (rug.nl)
  • With our simulations, we showed what exactly happens inside the pore as the chaperones translocate, while the non-specific proteins do not interact with the pore at all. (rug.nl)
  • They import proteins and viruses into the nucleus and export ribonucleic acids and proteins into the cell cytoplasm," explained Lemke, describing the function of these pores. (uni-mainz.de)
  • Through mechanisms that remain poorly defined, defects in nucleocytoplasmic transport and accumulations of specific nuclear-pore-complex-associated proteins have been reported in multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including C9orf72 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia (ALS/FTD). (nih.gov)
  • Because maintenance of membrane homeostasis is essential for cellular survival, the fact that these three proteins are conserved in fungi that undergo closed mitoses, but are not found in metazoans or plants, may indicate that their functions are performed by proteins unrelated at the primary sequence level to Brr6, Brl1 and Apq12 in cells that disassemble their nuclear envelopes during mitosis. (unifr.ch)
  • Unexpectedly, CN shows SLiM-dependent proximity to centrosomal and nuclear pore complex (NPC) proteins-structures where Ca 2+ signaling is largely uncharacterized. (nih.gov)
  • CN dephosphorylates human and yeast NPC proteins and promotes accumulation of a nuclear transport reporter, suggesting conserved NPC regulation by CN. (nih.gov)
  • Much of our lab's previous work has focused on the study of individual events: single calcium channels or single vesicles being released or endocytosed, single proteins crossing or integrating into membranes, single nuclear pores r single phage crossing membranes or single viruses assembling. (rockefeller.edu)
  • The RANBP2 protein helps regulate the transport of proteins and other molecules through the nuclear pore and helps modify proteins coming into or out of the nucleus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This complex includes nuclear membrane integral and associated proteins including emerin, lamin A/C, SUN1, SUN2, nesprin-1, and nesprin-2 that are proposed to form a mechanical link between the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton. (medscape.com)
  • Emerin is a ubiquitous inner nuclear membraneprotein, presentin nearly all cell types, although its highest expression is in skeletal and cardiacmuscle.Emerin binds to many nuclear proteins, including several gene-regulatory proteins (eg, barrier-to-autointegration factor, germ cell-less, Btf), nesprins (proteins that act as molecular scaffolds), F-actin, and lamins. (medscape.com)
  • Whatever the true mechanism, the discovery of mutations in several different nuclear membrane proteins that cause similar diseases will likely eventually lead to a better understanding of nuclear membrane physiology and the pathophysiology of diseases caused by mutations in these proteins. (medscape.com)
  • Previous work in this area has been on modeling the assembly structure of the type III secretion system and prediction of the high-resolution structures of homo-oligomeric proteins using limited experimental data from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) in order to speed up the process of structure determination. (lu.se)
  • Los poros nucleares (NPCs) son necesarios para el mantenimiento de las células madre, la determinación del destino celular y el proceso de envejecimiento. (upf.edu)
  • La contribución específica de los NPCs en la fisiología de las células madre musculares (células satélites, SCs) es desconocida. (upf.edu)
  • En este estudio, demostramos que los NPCs son esenciales para la correcta función de las SCs y que sufren un deterioro durante el envejecimiento. (upf.edu)
  • Nuestros resultados identifican los NPCs como reguladores críticos de la correcta función de las SCs, el desarrollo de la senescencia en músculo, y el deterioro funcional de las SCs debido al envejecimiento. (upf.edu)
  • The method enables resolution of transport conduits through the ~60 nm diameter pore of NPCs by particle tracking on the millisecond timescale. (researchsquare.com)
  • The success of this approach is enabled by the high rigidity of fully active NPCs within the nuclear envelope of permeabilized cells. (researchsquare.com)
  • NPCs mediate the exchange of thousands of molecules per second between the nucleus and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells 1 with typical protein transit times of ~10 ms. 2-4 The human NPC scaffold has an outer diameter of ~110 nm, and a minimum diameter of ~50 nm, 5,6 although recent reports of ~60 nm 'dilated' pores are potentially more physiologically relevant. (researchsquare.com)
  • In most studies of NPC scaffold structures reported to date, nuclear envelopes were stabilized via fixation (e.g., see 16-19 ), thus eliminating the possibility of exploring the dynamics of the translocation process through unmodified NPCs. (researchsquare.com)
  • Therefore, RanBP2-deficient NPCs were generated by in vitro nuclear assembly in RanBP2-depleted Xenopus egg extracts. (mpg.de)
  • Our studies molecularly establish a role of NPCs in PC progression and give a rationale for NPC-regulated nuclear import targeting as a therapeutic strategy for lethal PC. (elsevierpure.com)
  • A nuclear pore is a channel as part of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), a large protein complex found in the nuclear envelope in eukaryotic cells, enveloping the cell nucleus containing DNA, which facilitates the selective membrane transport of various molecules across the membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • Efficient passage through the complex requires several protein factors, and in particular, nuclear transport receptors that bind to cargo molecules and mediate their translocation across the NPC, either into the nucleus (importins) or out of it (exportins). (wikipedia.org)
  • Jan. 31, 2022 The nucleus is guarded by a highly secure door, the so-called nuclear pore, that controls the transport of substances from the cytoplasm to the cell nucleus and back. (sciencedaily.com)
  • P.498 left column 2nd paragraph: 'Reaching the nuclear periphery is the first step on the way out of the nucleus. (harvard.edu)
  • Communication between nucleus and cytoplasm is achieved through a huge multiprotein complex, the nuclear pore complex (NPC), massive biological pores (~65 MDa) that act as gatekeepers of the nucleus. (ceesdekkerlab.nl)
  • Due to the substantial progress in elucidation of the structure of the nuclear membrane and pore complex, recently novel autoantigens localised within the nucleus and the nuclear envelope have been investigated in more detail. (openrheumatologyjournal.com)
  • But this rainbow design helps to answer a longstanding need for cell biologists: a comprehensive model of the thousands of pores embedded in the double-membrane barrier, or nuclear envelope, that divides the nucleus and its DNA from the rest of the cell. (nih.gov)
  • Pores in this membrane allow communication between the nucleus and the rest of the cell. (rug.nl)
  • The nucleus is the headquarters of a cell and molecules constantly move across the nuclear membrane through pores. (rug.nl)
  • The nuclear pore complex (NPC) mediates bidirectional macromolecular traffic between the nucleus and cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells. (mpg.de)
  • Nuclei reconstituted in vitro from egg extracts of Xenopus laevis, an established biochemical system to decipher nuclear functions, were incubated with GFP-tagged capsids of herpes simplex virus, an alphaherpesvirus replicating in the nucleus. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A typical mammalian cell has about 2,000 nuclear pores, which act as passageways from the cell cytoplasm into the cell nucleus and vice versa. (uni-mainz.de)
  • Molecules that have certain nuclear localization sequences on their surface can bind to structures within nuclear pores, allowing them to enter into the nucleus rapidly. (uni-mainz.de)
  • Capsid models without nuclear localization signals on their surface remained in the cell cytoplasm and did not enter the cell nucleus. (uni-mainz.de)
  • As the number of nuclear localization signals increased, the accumulation of the model capsid in the nucleus became more efficient. (uni-mainz.de)
  • But even more interestingly, the researchers found that the larger the capsid, the greater was the number of nuclear localization signals needed to enable efficient transport into the nucleus. (uni-mainz.de)
  • But even increasing the number of nuclear localization signals to 240 did not result in the transport of this capsid into the nucleus. (uni-mainz.de)
  • This corresponds with the results of earlier studies of the hepatitis B virus that have indicated that only the mature infectious virus is capable of passage through a nuclear pore into the nucleus. (uni-mainz.de)
  • Speckles are clusters of dense structures seen by electron microscopy that, when stained with fluorescent tags specific to small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNP), give rise to a "speckled" nucleus. (jrank.org)
  • The nuclear pore is a channel that allows transport of molecules in and out of the cell's nucleus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The first suggests that disruption of the inner nuclear membrane and the nuclear lamina causes disorganization of nuclear chromatin and gene expression, while the second proposes that the mechanical strength of the cell nucleus is disrupted when the nuclear lamina is weakened leading to structural and signaling defects in mechanically stressed tissue such as muscle and heart. (medscape.com)
  • The side of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) that faces the cytoplasm. (cyverse.org)
  • Eight filaments project from the NPC into the cytoplasm and are proposed to function in nuclear import. (mpg.de)
  • The twenty to fifty speckles per nuclei are typically found in the interchromatin compartment, where mRNA undergoes processing prior to transport through the nuclear pore and into the cytoplasm . (jrank.org)
  • While smaller molecules can passively diffuse through the pores, larger molecules are often identified by specific signal sequences and are facilitated by nucleoporins to traverse the nuclear envelope. (wikipedia.org)
  • Abstract: The nuclear envelope, which protects and organizes the genome, is dismantled during mitosis. (ijm.fr)
  • In the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote, nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD) of the parental pronuclei is spatially and temporally regulated during mitosis to promote the unification of the maternal and paternal genomes. (ijm.fr)
  • 2 ] differentiate the nuclear envelope (NE) into five regions, the outer nuclear membrane (ONM), an inter membrane space, the inner nuclear membrane (INM), the underlying nuclear lamina and the nuclear pore complex (NPC). (openrheumatologyjournal.com)
  • The region of the nuclear envelope situated in close proximity to a nuclear pore complex. (planteome.org)
  • Link to all annotated objects annotated to nuclear envelope adjacent to nuclear pore complex. (planteome.org)
  • Link to all direct and indirect annotations to nuclear envelope adjacent to nuclear pore complex. (planteome.org)
  • A decrease in GFP fluorescence associated with the nuclear envelope was observed along with an increase in the diffuse, cytoplasmic signal with GFP foci. (tamu.edu)
  • These pores in the nuclear envelope act as gatekeepers that control access and deny entry to larger molecules of around five nanometers in diameter and greater. (uni-mainz.de)
  • This double-membrane nuclear envelope is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum and thus functionally connected to such diverse processes as vesicular transport, protein maturation and lipid synthesis. (unifr.ch)
  • A third nuclear envelope membrane protein, Brl1, is related to Brr6, and is also required for NPC assembly. (unifr.ch)
  • EDMD1 is caused by mutations in the EMD gene on the X chromosome that codes for the nuclear envelope protein emerin. (medscape.com)
  • New mutations have been found in the synaptic nuclear envelope protein 1 ( SYNE1 ) gene and in the synaptic nuclear envelope protein 2 ( SYNE2 ) gene in a few families, also termed Nesprin-1 and Nesprin-2, respectively. (medscape.com)
  • Evolutionary conserved features in sequences which code for nucleoporins regulate molecular transport through the nuclear pore. (wikipedia.org)
  • Now that we realize that promiscuity may be a major factor in the nuclear pore complex - that the nucleoporins have different ways of interacting with each other - the complex is no longer just a three-dimensional jigsaw puzzle," Hoelz says. (sciencedaily.com)
  • We show here that NS1 forms an inhibitory complex with NXF1/TAP, p15/NXT, Rae1/mrnp41, and E1B-AP5, which are key constituents of the mRNA export machinery that interact with both mRNAs and nucleoporins to direct mRNAs through the nuclear pore complex. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Therefore, scientists constructed artificial pores in which they placed a designer protein that mimicked the most common characteristics of real nucleoporins. (rug.nl)
  • The simulations also revealed how the FG and the GLFG nucleoporins were distributed inside the pore. (rug.nl)
  • All the mutants showed temperature-dependent mislocalization of green fluorescence protein (GFP)-tagged nucleoporins (nups) and the pore-membrane protein Pom152. (tamu.edu)
  • Of the 23 nucleoporins evaluated, we observed a reduction in a subset of 8, including key components of the nuclear pore complex scaffold and the transmembrane nucleoporin POM121. (nih.gov)
  • Oeffinger M, Zenklusen D. To the pore and through the pore: a story of mRNA export kinetics. (harvard.edu)
  • The goal of the mRNA export project is to recreate a minimal nuclear export system that is able to drive transport of mRNPs in a biologically relevant mimicking of NPC (Fig.4). (ceesdekkerlab.nl)
  • The easiest way to explain the relationship between astrocytes and the protein is to think of the pores as gatekeepers and p75NTR as the key to unlocking a particular gate. (belmarrahealth.com)
  • Mitotic nuclear pore complex segregation involves Nup2 in Aspergillus nidulans . (bvsalud.org)
  • This nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking might contribute to neurological disorders. (atlasantibodies.com)
  • She employs human patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells to elucidate the nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking mechanisms in neurodegenerative disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). (atlasantibodies.com)
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease which is classically characterised by a variety of autoantibodies to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), other nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens. (openrheumatologyjournal.com)
  • Link to all annotated objects annotated to cytoplasmic side of nuclear pore. (cyverse.org)
  • Link to all direct and indirect annotations to cytoplasmic side of nuclear pore. (cyverse.org)
  • The cytoplasmic filaments of the nuclear pore complex are dispensable for selective nuclear protein import. (mpg.de)
  • This protocol describes a two-color astigmatic imaging approach that enables direct 3D visualization of cargo transport trajectories relative to a super-resolved octagonal double-ring scaffold structure of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). (researchsquare.com)
  • Nucleoporin-mediated transport does not entail direct energy expenditure but instead relies on concentration gradients associated with the RAN cycle (Ras-related nuclear protein cycle). (wikipedia.org)
  • Collectively, our data suggest that the expression of expanded C9orf72 ALS/FTD repeat RNA alone affects nuclear POM121 expression in the initiation of a pathological cascade affecting nucleoporin levels within neuronal nuclei and ultimately downstream neuronal survival. (nih.gov)
  • As a postdoc at the Salk Institute with Dr. F. H. Gage, I acquired and strong foundation in functional neuroscience, nuclear pore biology and systems biology/bioinformatics. (alzheimer-europe.org)
  • Three models have been suggested to explain the translocation mechanism: Affinity gradients along the central plug Brownian affinity gating Selective phase Any cargo with a nuclear localization signal (NLS) exposed will be destined for quick and efficient transport through the pore. (wikipedia.org)
  • 40 kDa) are normally excluded, unless they are bound to a Nuclear Transport Receptor (NTR). (ceesdekkerlab.nl)
  • We previously studied the pores in all their complexity, but for this study, we created a drastically simplified 'designer' pore to investigate the essential physical mechanisms of transport. (rug.nl)
  • This demonstrated that the NupX pores are fully functional: they are able to facilitate selective transport. (rug.nl)
  • De Vries: 'However, the experiments showed that transport through the artificial pores occurs but not what happens inside the pore. (rug.nl)
  • Nuclear pores are remarkable in the diversity of cargoes they can transport. (uni-mainz.de)
  • Our simple two-parameter biophysical model has recreated the requirements for nuclear transport and revealed key molecular determinants of the transport of large biological cargoes on cells," concluded first author Giulia Paci, who carried out the study as part of her PhD thesis at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Heidelberg. (uni-mainz.de)
  • Mechanistically, POM121 promoted PC progression by enhancing importin-dependent nuclear transport of key oncogenic (E2F1, MYC) and PC-specific (AR-GATA2) transcription factors, uncovering a pharmacologically targetable axis that, when inhibited, decreased tumor growth, restored standard therapy efficacy, and improved survival in patient-derived pre-clinical models. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In addition to its functions at the nuclear pore, the RANBP2 protein also plays multiple roles during cell division and helps transport materials within cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In situ structural analysis of the human nuclear pore complex. (nature.com)
  • In a fascinating study published in Acta Neuropathologicajournal, the research group led by Dr. Rita Sattler at the Barrow Neurological Institute of Arizona, USA, discovered that nucleocytoplasmic trafficking defects at the nuclear pores play a significant role in C9orf72-mediated neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia ALS/FTD disorder Moore S, et al Acta Neuropathol. (atlasantibodies.com)
  • 1] Integrative structure and functional anatomy of a nuclear pore complex . (nih.gov)
  • Previous work from one of our laboratories has revealed that an integral membrane protein Apq12 is important for the assembly of functional nuclear pores. (unifr.ch)
  • POM121- and importin β-mediated nuclear import of a subset of oncogenic transcription factors promotes prostate cancer aggressiveness and reveals a pharmacologically targetable dependency. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Gene loops function to maintain transcriptional memory through interaction with the nuclear pore complex. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Once mRNPs have reached the nuclear periphery, they have to encounter an NPC, interact with its structure and get access to the pore. (harvard.edu)
  • Furthermore, these MGLs interact with the nuclear pore complex through association with myosin-like protein 1 (Mlp1). (ox.ac.uk)
  • These nuclei efficiently imported nuclear localization sequence (NLS) or M9 substrates. (mpg.de)
  • Furthermore, this assay could be expanded to identify molecular cues triggering viral genome uncoating and nuclear import of viral genomes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Despite the fundamental biological relevance of the process, it has always been an enigma how large cargoes greater than 15 nanometers are efficiently transported, particularly in view of the dimensions and structures of nuclear pores themselves. (uni-mainz.de)
  • The pores can be biological or synthetic. (bvsalud.org)
  • Unexpectedly, extensive blocking of RanBP2 with gold-conjugated antibodies failed to inhibit nuclear import. (mpg.de)
  • The RANBP2 gene provides instructions for making a protein that interacts with a protein complex known as the nuclear pore. (medlineplus.gov)
  • RANBP2 gene mutations that are associated with acute necrotizing encephalopathy type 1 result in the production of a protein that cannot function normally either due to altered shape or because it cannot get to the nuclear pore where it is needed. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The Ran GTPase cycle is required for yeast nuclear pore complex assembly. (tamu.edu)
  • Nuclear pore complex number and distribution throughout the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle by three-dimensional reconstruction from electron micrographs of nuclear envelopes. (harvard.edu)
  • 57] M. Winey, D. Yarar, T. Giddings, D. Mastronarde, Nuclear pore complex number and distribution throughout the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle by three dimensional reconstruction from electron micrographs of nuclear envelopes, Mol. (harvard.edu)
  • We propose a model wherein a Ran-mediated vesicular fusion step is required for NPC assembly into intact nuclear envelopes. (tamu.edu)
  • It is surrounded by a barrier, the nuclear membrane. (rug.nl)
  • With this knowledge, it might, for example, be possible to design new pores that can act as selective filters. (rug.nl)
  • Remarkably, these defects in NPC assembly can be overcome by supplementing cells with a membrane fluidizing agent, benzyl alcohol, suggesting that Apq12 impacts the flexibility of the nuclear membrane, possibly by adjusting its lipid composition when cells are shifted to a reduced temperature. (unifr.ch)
  • The entire nuclear pore complex has a diameter of about 120 nanometers in vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Larger particles are also able to diffuse passively through the large diameter of the pore, at rates that decrease gradually with molecular weight. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nuclear pores as versatile reference standards for quantitative superresolution microscopy. (nature.com)
  • The human nuclear pore complex (hNPC) is a substantial structure, with a molecular weight of 110 megadaltons (MDa). (wikipedia.org)
  • Nuclear pores are extremely complicated structures. (rug.nl)
  • The nuclear pore complex is one of the biggest protein structures in the cell,' explains Patrick Onck, professor of Micromechanics at the University of Groningen. (rug.nl)
  • These findings suggest that more than one assemblage of its elements may be necessary for the function of the nuclear pore complex - to import and export macromolecules including ribosomes and messenger RNA. (sciencedaily.com)
  • How does the nuclear pore function? (rockefeller.edu)