Nuclear non proliferation treaty. Medical search. Frequent questions

The NPT was extended indefinitely only after the P-5 nuclear armed nations agreed to consider a nuclear weapons free zone, NWFZ, for the Middle East, and to adopt the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. (counterpunch.org)
The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty has been observed since 1996, but was never ratified by the U.S. Senate. (counterpunch.org)
7. They also reflected on the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) and the importance of its entry into force, twenty-five years after it was opened for signature, and recalled the importance of moratoria on nuclear tests to the achievement of disarmament and non-proliferation objectives. (state.gov)
Together with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), the regional treaties establishing nuclear-weapon-free zones (NWFZ) and the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), the NPT provides a solid framework for efforts towards the elimination of nuclear weapons. (icrc.org)
Turkmenistan joined the NPT in 1994, and has been a member of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization since 1998. (orient.tm)
Havana, Aug 29 (Prensa Latina) Cuban Foreign Minister Bruno Rodríguez on Sunday underscored the country's commitment to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), on the occasion of the international day against CTBT. (plenglish.com)
In a recent press briefing on the EU with the Article 14 Conference of the Comprehensive Nuclear Ban Test Treaty, Sri Lanka reaffirmed its unwavering commitment to nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation by announcing its ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). (gov.lk)
The nation was also the 13th to sign a facility agreement with the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) in 1996, leading to the establishment of an auxiliary seismic station in Pallekale, Kandy. (gov.lk)
The international instrument to put an end to all forms of nuclear testing is the 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). (ngocongo.org)

They emphasized the primacy of the NPT as the cornerstone of the international nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament regime. (state.gov)
The NPT is the cornerstone of the global nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament regime, making a vital contribution to international security. (dfat.gov.au)
Since 2015, he has co-edited, with Professor John Simpson, the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Briefing Book that is updated regularly and serves as a reference guide to diplomats, civil society and academics working on the nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament regime. (kcl.ac.uk)

The CTBT, adopted by the UN in 1996, commits the parties to not carry out nuclear weapon test explosions or any other nuclear explosion. (pathsoflight.us)
Minister of Foreign Affairs Mr. Ali Sabry who participated in this Press Briefing revealed that Sri Lanka's ratification of the CTBT aligns with the country's long-standing and consistent policy on nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation. (gov.lk)
Notably, Sri Lanka was among the first signatories of the CTBT in October 1996, mere days after the treaty was opened for signature. (gov.lk)
The CTBT represents a significant collective confidence-building measure against nuclear testing, effectively deterring the nuclear arms race during the Cold War era. (gov.lk)
In conclusion, Sri Lanka's ratification of the CTBT reflects its enduring commitment to global peace and security through nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament. (gov.lk)

Several additional measures have been adopted to strengthen the NPT and the broader nuclear nonproliferation regime and make it difficult for states to acquire the capability to produce nuclear weapons, including the export controls of the Nuclear Suppliers Group and the enhanced verification measures of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Additional Protocol. (wikipedia.org)
An effective nonproliferation regime whose members comply with their obligations provides an essential foundation for progress on disarmament and makes possible greater cooperation on the peaceful use of nuclear energy. (wikipedia.org)
Progress on disarmament reinforces efforts to strengthen the nonproliferation regime and to enforce compliance with obligations, thereby also facilitating peaceful nuclear cooperation. (wikipedia.org)
The ultimate purpose of the Treaty (and the elaborate international regime that grew around it) is for no new nuclear states to emerge beyond the five-United States, USSR/Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom-that had already developed nuclear weapons at the time the NPT came into force. (wilsoncenter.org)
Fifty years later, historians and political scientists still debate the role of the NPT regime in nuclear nonproliferation. (wilsoncenter.org)
Today, there are almost as many nuclear possessors outside of the NPT-Israel, India, Pakistan, and North Korea-as there are recognized nuclear weapons states within the regime. (wilsoncenter.org)
A collection of archival documents from Ukraine, transcribed and translated into English for the first time, provides an invaluable resource for scholars of nuclear proliferation who seek to understand why states chose to join the nonproliferation regime. (wilsoncenter.org)
Ukraine's ultimate decision to forgo nuclear weapons and join the NPT was a great boost for the nonproliferation regime, but did the existence of the NPT influence Ukraine's decision to disarm, in the first place? (wilsoncenter.org)
2. The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) is recognized as the cornerstone of the international nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation regime. (icrc.org)
Since its entry into force, the NPT has been the cornerstone of global nuclear non-proliferation regime. (un.org)
It was noted that 'despite the serious tests that the regime established by the NPT has recently been subjected to, the Treaty continues to be one of the foundations of the global architecture of international security and the non-proliferation regime,' the Russian Foreign Ministry said in a statement. (orient.tm)
Sri Lanka acknowledged the treaty's 26th anniversary this year and highlighted its importance as a cornerstone of the global nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation regime. (gov.lk)
Additionally, the treaty's verification regime has established a robust international monitoring system and an international data centre, with applications extending beyond nuclear disarmament to civilian and scientific purposes. (gov.lk)

The NPT is often seen to be based on a central bargain: the NPT non-nuclear-weapon states agree never to acquire nuclear weapons and the NPT nuclear-weapon states in exchange agree to share the benefits of peaceful nuclear technology and to pursue nuclear disarmament aimed at the ultimate elimination of their nuclear arsenals. (wikipedia.org)
The non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and technology, The right of nations to develop peaceful nuclear power, And the reduction and elimination of nuclear weapon arsenals. (counterpunch.org)
Currently the five largest nuclear armed states, the U.S., Russia, United Kingdom, France and China, the P-5 nations, are retooling their nuclear arsenals and modernize their delivery systems. (counterpunch.org)
While it sought to prevent non-nuclear states from ever getting the bomb, its main bargain also required the existing nuclear weapons states to reduce and ultimately eliminate their arsenals to hold up their own ends of the bargain. (brookings.edu)
The use of only a small fraction of existing nuclear arsenals against targets in an urban area would, in addition to spreading radiation around the world, lead to a cooling of the atmosphere, shorter growing seasons, food shortages and a global famine. (icrc.org)
The NWSs agreed to an "unequivocal undertaking" toward "total elimination of their nuclear arsenals" , but without a deadline or timetable. (pathsoflight.us)
Signatories of the NPT that do not already have nuclear weapons agree never to acquire them, while the states that possess them agree to share the benefits of peaceful nuclear technology and to pursue nuclear disarmament aimed at the ultimate elimination of their nuclear arsenals. (coventrycityofpeace.uk)
He legitimized the nuclear arsenals of Great Britain, Russia, China, France and the United States, securing the status of nuclear powers for these countries. (orient.tm)
6 Modernization of nuclear arsenals could increase risks: for example, hypersonic missiles decrease the time available to distinguish between an attack and a false alarm, increasing the likelihood of rapid escalation. (medscape.com)

The Tenth Review of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty begins August 1, 2022 at the United Nations in New York City. (counterpunch.org)
The Tenth NPT Review Conference, scheduled to take place in New York from 1 to 26 August 2022, will review progress on the implementation of the treaty. (un.org)
The DPRK's withdrawal from NPT in 2003, Pakistan and India being non-signatories, and the fact that the treaty allows certain states to maintain their arms, show evidence of this, as well as China's recent moves to update its nuclear arsenal mean that the upcoming NPT Review Conference, postponed to sometime in 2022, is set to hold an air of scepticism (Lucic and Onderco, 2021). (scrapweapons.com)
1 In August 2022, the UN Secretary-General António Guterres warned that the world is now in "a time of nuclear danger not seen since the height of the Cold War. (medscape.com)

Between 1965 and 1968, the treaty was negotiated by the Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament, a United Nations-sponsored organization based in Geneva, Switzerland. (wikipedia.org)
Opened for signature in 1968, the treaty entered into force in 1970. (wikipedia.org)
This year, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) is celebrating its 50th anniversary since it opened for signature on July 1, 1968. (wilsoncenter.org)
The NPT is the landmark 1968 nuclear arms control treaty that remains the only multi-lateral treaty in force. (counterpunch.org)
A treaty on the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons negotiated in 1968 went into effect in 1970 after being signed by ninety-seven countries. (wikisummaries.org)
Further negotiations among the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union resulted in another major diplomatic accomplishment in 1968, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). (wikisummaries.org)
The treaty was negotiated between 1965 and 1968 by the Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament, a United Nations-sponsored organization based in Geneva, Switzerland and it came into force in 1970. (coventrycityofpeace.uk)

Added to this, the overwhelming majority of technologically advanced states, capable of developing nuclear weapons, chose to abstain from doing so and joined the NPT instead. (wilsoncenter.org)

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT, is an international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament. (wikipedia.org)
Four UN member states have never accepted the NPT, three of which possess or are thought to possess nuclear weapons: India, Israel, and Pakistan. (wikipedia.org)
Four other states are known or believed to possess nuclear weapons: India, Pakistan, and North Korea have openly tested and declared that they possess nuclear weapons, while Israel is deliberately ambiguous regarding its nuclear weapons status. (wikipedia.org)
Instead, over forty years later, five states are not parties to the NPT, and they include the only four additional states believed to possess nuclear weapons. (wikipedia.org)
Critics argue that the NPT cannot stop the proliferation of nuclear weapons or the motivation to acquire them. (wikipedia.org)
They express disappointment with the limited progress on nuclear disarmament, where the five authorized nuclear weapons states still have 13,400 warheads in their combined stockpile. (wikipedia.org)
Several high-ranking officials within the United Nations have said that they can do little to stop states using nuclear reactors to produce nuclear weapons. (wikipedia.org)
Under Article I of the NPT, nuclear-weapon states pledge not to transfer nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices to any recipient or in any way assist, encourage or induce any non-nuclear-weapon state in the manufacture or acquisition of a nuclear weapon. (wikipedia.org)
The contract in the NPT comprises a two-fold obligation: nuclear possessors undertake steps to prohibit the transfer or control of nuclear weapons to non-nuclear weapons states (Article I), and non-nuclear weapon states agree not to receive, manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons (Article II). (wilsoncenter.org)
Does the existence of the Treaty contribute to curbing the spread of nuclear weapons around the world, and if so, how? (wilsoncenter.org)
A successor of the former Soviet Union, Ukraine acceded to the NPT as a non-nuclear weapons state in December 1994. (wilsoncenter.org)
1,240 nuclear warheads arming 176 intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) including their extensive launch control infrastructure, 700 nuclear cruise missiles arming 44 strategic bombers, and nearly 3,000 tactical nuclear weapons, including artillery shells, gravity bombs, and mines. (wilsoncenter.org)
While Ukraine lacked key elements of a fully-fledged nuclear weapons program, and Moscow retained operational control over the ICBMs in Ukrainian territory, recent research reveals that, due to the inherited defense industry and technological expertise, Ukraine had a much greater capacity to establish independent control over these weapons systems than has been previously assumed. (wilsoncenter.org)
I definitely feel that the development and use of nuclear weapons should be banned. (counterpunch.org)
For its part the United States though a principal negotiator in the drafting of the NPT has delayed and obstructed various efforts over many years to strengthen the treaty and fulfill the spirit and letter of the NPT: The complete elimination of nuclear weapons. (counterpunch.org)
Through obfuscation and delays by the P-5 a nuclear weapons free zone for the Middle East has not succeeded. (counterpunch.org)
Other Nuclear Weapons Free Zones, protecting one-half the world's people have developed on different continents in spite of or because of the failure of the NPT to outlaw and eliminate nuclear weapons stockpiles, and despite intense pressure from the U.S. to quash them. (counterpunch.org)
Whether President Biden's agenda included mention of the Nuclear Weapons Free Zone for the Middle East during his recent trip to Saudi Arabia could not be confirmed by the U.S. State Department for this article. (counterpunch.org)
And non-nuclear weapon states and non-governmental organizations have pleaded to the International Criminal Court that nuclear weapons, their use, or even the threat of using nuclear weapons is illegal. (counterpunch.org)
Indeed, the International Criminal Court found in 1996 that the threat of using nuclear weapons and in most every case the use of nuclear weapons are illegal. (counterpunch.org)
Calls from non-aligned and non-nuclear states for a "negative security strategy" for nuclear weapons policy, such as "no first use" of nuclear weapons, or no use of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear states have been roundly rejected by the nuclear powers, especially the U.S. (counterpunch.org)
Of course, the United States is not a member of the ICC and has ignored its ruling on nuclear weapons. (counterpunch.org)
They support the ultimate goal of a world without nuclear weapons with undiminished security for all. (state.gov)
By helping to ease international tensions and create conditions of stability, security and trust among nations, the NPT has made a vital contribution to nuclear disarmament and to reducing proliferation of nuclear weapons. (state.gov)
March 5, 2020 marks the 50th anniversary of the entry into effect of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). (brookings.edu)
Where is it succeeding in curbing the spread of nuclear weapons, and where might it be falling short? (brookings.edu)
North Korea probably has a couple dozen nuclear weapons, with enough fissile material to make a few dozen more. (brookings.edu)
1. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the entire International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement have continuously advocated for the prohibition and elimination of nuclear weapons since 1945, when they witnessed first-hand the horrific devastation and suffering caused by the atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. (icrc.org)
Evidence of the immediate and longer-term impacts of the use and testing of nuclear weapons has been the subject of extensive scientific investigation. (icrc.org)
The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), consisting of a brief eleven articles covering five pages, is the world's pre-eminent multilaterally negotiated nuclear arms control treaty. (sipri.org)
I ask you to stop and think for a moment what it would mean to have nuclear weapons in many hands, in the hands of countries large and small, stable and unstable, responsible and irresponsible, scattered throughout the world. (wikisummaries.org)
Although the initial exploitation of nuclear energy was focused on producing weapons, there were found to be many nonmilitary applications for medicine, agriculture, industrial processes, and electric-power production. (wikisummaries.org)
In 1958, Eisenhower and Soviet premier Nikita S. Khrushchev Khrushchev, Nikita S. [p]Khrushchev, Nikita S.;Cold War agreed to a moratorium on nuclear weapons testing in the atmosphere. (wikisummaries.org)
The NPT stated that signatory countries possessing nuclear weapons would not transfer technology or materials to any other nation, while nonnuclear signatories pledged to refrain from trying to acquire nuclear weapons. (wikisummaries.org)
Furthermore, they hoped to reduce the danger that a regional border dispute might escalate from conventional to nuclear weapons. (wikisummaries.org)
Austria is at the forefront of a global push to stigmatize, ban and eliminate nuclear weapons, whereas Australia is leading efforts to undermine this push. (onlineopinion.com.au)
Elaboration on these unambitious measures was saved for the 26-nation Statement on the Humanitarian Consequences of Nuclear Weapons , not to be confused with the much stronger Austrian-led 160-nation Joint Statement on the Humanitarian Consequences of Nuclear Weapons . (onlineopinion.com.au)
Both 'humanitarian statements' acknowledged the renewed focus on the humanitarian impacts of nuclear weapons, catalysed by the three conferences that have been held on the subject since February 2013 by the Norwegian, Mexican and Austrian Governments. (onlineopinion.com.au)
The Australian-led statement claims there are "no short cuts", implying that the slow, and thus far ineffective, steps to disarmament are the only way to reach a world without nuclear weapons. (onlineopinion.com.au)
Acknowledgement of the survivors of nuclear testing, including in Australia, was disappointingly absent, despite the moving testimony given before 158 nations by Kokatha-Mula woman Sue Coleman-Haseldine at the Vienna Conference on the Humanitarian Impact of Nuclear Weapons last December. (onlineopinion.com.au)
Most endorsers of the Australian-led humanitarian statement are similarly thwarted by their commitment to the nuclear weapons of their allies. (onlineopinion.com.au)
At the time of writing, 80 states have endorsed the Austrian Pledge to "fill the legal gap for the prohibition and elimination of nuclear weapons" and many national statements during the first week of the NPT Review Conference have proudly declared their readiness to address the disarmament stalemate. (onlineopinion.com.au)
There is an opportunity before us - as an international community - to prohibit nuclear weapons. (onlineopinion.com.au)
The explosion of more than 2,000 nuclear weapons since then has left an irrevocable legacy of radioactive contamination on land and peoples worldwide. (onlineopinion.com.au)
For four decades, the NPT has been the cornerstone of our collective efforts to prevent the proliferation of these weapons. (archives.gov)
A year ago in Prague, I therefore made it a priority of the United States to strengthen each of the treaty's key pillars as we work to stop the spread of nuclear weapons, and to pursue the peace and security of a world without them. (archives.gov)
Over the coming weeks, we will see whether nations with nuclear weapons will fulfill their NPT obligations to move toward nuclear disarmament. (archives.gov)
We will see whether nations without nuclear weapons will fulfill their obligation to forsake them. (archives.gov)
In short, do we seek a 21st century of more nuclear weapons or a world without them? (archives.gov)
Their refusal exacerbates suspicions that Iran is developing its nuclear capability to produce weapons rather than energy. (usccb.org)
Iran's bellicose statements, its failure to be transparent about its nuclear program and its possible acquisition of nuclear weapons are serious matters, but in themselves they do not justify military action. (usccb.org)
We believe nuclear weapons violate the just war norms of proportionality and discrimination in the use of force. (usccb.org)
Our Bishops' Conference has earlier indicated our strong objection to Iran's acquisition of nuclear weapons as it would further destabilize that volatile region and undermine nonproliferation efforts. (usccb.org)
Iran is an example of the significant threat posed to global security by a proliferation of nuclear weapons. (usccb.org)
A morally responsible nonproliferation strategy must be tied to a clear strategy for reducing and ultimately ending the reliance on nuclear weapons by any country. (usccb.org)
The resolution of the General Conference at the 53rd session entitled 'Israeli Nuclear Capabilities' clearly expressed the concern of the international community about the threat posed by the proliferation of nuclear weapons to security and stability in the Middle East region," Syria's representative to the UN organizations said in a statement. (syrianews.cc)
This week, I will travel to the United States to lead Australia's delegation to the tenth Review Conference of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) at the United Nations in New York. (dfat.gov.au)
When it comes to nuclear weapons, it is hard to find good news, but the treaty has acted as one deterrent of many to nation-states acquiring nuclear arms. (type3.audio)
Seek to achieve discontinuance of test explosions of test explosions of nuclear weapons. (pathsoflight.us)
There has always been an asymmetry between nuclear-weapon states (NWS, those with nuclear weapons before 1967: China, France, the USSR, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and non-nuclear-weapon states. (pathsoflight.us)
Each non-NWS is committed to not receive or build nuclear weapons, and to accept safeguards against the diversion of nuclear activities from peaceful to weapons purposes. (pathsoflight.us)
A call for a comprehensive test ban treaty by 1996 and a universal ban on production of fissile materials for weapons. (pathsoflight.us)
NWSs were called to make "systematic and progressive efforts to reduce nuclear weapons globally" with an eventual goal of eliminating them. (pathsoflight.us)
An every 5-year review to monitor progress in 2000 showed continuing tensions between NWSs and non-NWSs, but also pointed a finger at countries which had not adhered to the treaty: Cuba, India, Israel, and Pakistan for not signing, and India and Pakistan for weapons test. (pathsoflight.us)
these detected the 1998 nuclear weapons tests in India and Pakistan. (pathsoflight.us)
Some countries are unwilling to condemn, or may even help, allies: the USSR provided political and technical help to India, and the US has tolerated Pakistani and Israeli nuclear weapons programs. (pathsoflight.us)
During the meeting, the issues of the review process under the Treaty on the Non- Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) were considered. (orient.tm)
Damascus, Aug 5 (Prensa Latina) Damascus demanded today to pressure Israel to unconditionally join the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, since its nuclear program constitutes a threat to the stability of the region and the world. (plenglish.com)
Tehran, Oct 1 (Prensa Latina) Iran maintains its adherence to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) on nuclear weapons, Foreign Ministry spokesman Saeed Khatibzadeh ratified during an interview with French newspaper Le Monde reproduced by Hispantv on Friday. (plenglish.com)
Havana, Aug 9 (Prensa Latina) Cuban Foreign Minister Bruno Rodriguez on Monday favored the promotion of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons as a way for their total and definitive elimination. (plenglish.com)
From 2014 to 2016, Hassan ran an innovative research and training project on the role of human factors in nuclear verification in partnership with the Norwegian Institute of Energy Technology and the UK Atomic Weapons Establishment. (kcl.ac.uk)
This reference guide is published ahead of next year's review of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to be held at the United Nations. (kcl.ac.uk)
The recent deposit of Sri Lanka's instrument of accession to the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TNPNW) further underlines its dedication to a nuclear-free world. (gov.lk)
Despite its initial success, after more than 50 years of being in effect, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) has reached its limits. (scrapweapons.com)
unlike the NPT, which allows certain states to hold onto their arms, it pursues a total ban on nuclear weapons (Trezza, 2021). (scrapweapons.com)
The TPNW is also incredibly exclusive, not allowing nuclear umbrella states to join the treaty, despite the fact that they may have denounced nuclear weapons, leaving only 86 signatories, doing no favour to the people of the Asia-Pacific. (scrapweapons.com)
In addition, "building more nuclear weapons and beefing up American forces in Asia is not the answer" and "could lead to nuclear war. (scrapweapons.com)
Russian President Vladimir Putin says Moscow plans to station tactical nuclear weapons in neighboring Belarus. (cnn.com)
The US downplayed the move , saying there are no indications Russia will use nuclear weapons. (cnn.com)
Russia's announcement that it will move tactical nuclear weapons to Belarus is "dangerous and irresponsible," a NATO spokesperson told CNN Sunday. (cnn.com)
Belarus hosting Russian nuclear weapons would mean an irresponsible escalation & threat to European security. (cnn.com)
This was insurance in case of a rebellion, or change of heart, by States committed to an indefinite extension to back away either because of insufficient assurances from the nuclear-weapon States (NWS) to reduce their weapons or dissatisfaction with the NWS' intransigence in opposing agreement on an assessment of the qreview of the implementation of the NPT during the preceding quinquennium - 1990-1995. (indepthnews.info)
The Middle Powers Initiative is a network of international citizen organizations working to encourage the nuclear weapon states and their influential allies to move rapidly to eliminate nuclear weapons via practical steps including a Nuclear Weapons Convention. (gsinstitute.org)
The New Agenda Coalition is a group of middle-ranking nations whose governments have also called for the early elimination of nuclear weapons via similar steps. (gsinstitute.org)
The work of MPI and NAC at the United Nations and elsewhere is described, and their impact on NATO nuclear weapons policy discussed. (gsinstitute.org)
Some insist that a credible nuclear deterrent requires a sizeable stockpile of weapons. (npr.org)
President Obama announced earlier today he's open to further reductions in the nation's nuclear arsenal, that the country can deter its enemies and protect its allies with fewer weapons than the level specified in the most recent START agreement. (npr.org)
While much of the talk focused on the threat of nuclear terrorism, the president said that the massive Cold War arsenal his administration inherited is poorly suited to today's threats and that he wants to discuss not just strategic weapons when he meets with Russia's president in May but tactical weapons and stockpiles of warheads held in reserve, as well. (npr.org)
Does the U.S. arsenal need to mirror Russia's, and post-Cold War, what are nuclear weapons for? (npr.org)
So when we talk about the 19,000 or so nuclear weapons there are in the world, almost all of those are U.S. and Russian weapons. (npr.org)
The illicit nuclear activities of the Government of Iran-combined with its development of unconventional weapons and ballistic missiles, and support for international terrorism-represent a serious threat to the security of the United States and U.S. allies in Europe, the Middle East, and around the world. (govtrack.us)
The United States and other responsible nations have a vital interest in working together to prevent the Government of Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapons capability. (govtrack.us)
On September 26, 2023, Archbishop Paul Richard Gallagher, Secretary for Relations with States and International Organizations of the Holy See, addressed the General Assembly at the High-level plenary meeting to commemorate and promote the International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons. (holyseemission.org)
The Relationship of the 2017 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons with other Agreements: Ambiguity, Complementarity, or Conflict? (ejiltalk.org)
As discussed in Dan Joyner's recent blog entry, the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons was adopted by 122 States at a United Nations diplomatic conference in New York on 7 July 2017. (ejiltalk.org)
With apologies for the lengthy delay, the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA) is pleased to inform you that your organization's request for accreditation to the Tenth Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) has been provisionally approved, subject to a final decision by the Review Conference. (ngocongo.org)
Since nuclear weapons testing began on 16 July 1945, over 2,000 have taken place. (ngocongo.org)
Hindsight and history have shown us the terrifying and tragic effects of nuclear weapons testing, especially when controlled conditions go awry, and in light of the far more powerful and destructive nuclear weapons that exist today. (ngocongo.org)
Moreover, "convinced that nuclear disarmament and the total elimination of nuclear weapons are the only absolute guarantee against the use or threat of nuclear weapons," the General Assembly designated 26 September as the "International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons" , which is devoted to furthering the objective of the total elimination of nuclear weapons, through the mobilization of international efforts. (ngocongo.org)
The International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons was observed for the first time in September 2014. (ngocongo.org)
The International Day against Nuclear Tests, together with other events and actions, has fostered a global environment that strongly advocates for a world free of nuclear weapons. (ngocongo.org)
Nuclear weapons - where are we at? (beehive.govt.nz)
It is a pleasure to be with you today and to have the opportunity to talk to you about New Zealand's disarmament efforts, in particular our advocacy against nuclear weapons. (beehive.govt.nz)
In spite of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and the nuclear disarmament obligation enshrined in Article VI, we seem as far as ever from a world without nuclear weapons, and in real danger of moving backwards. (beehive.govt.nz)
I extend my warm congratulations to you on the assumption of the Presidency of this inaugural meeting of States Parties to the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. (beehive.govt.nz)
Disarmament and Arms Control Minister Phil Twyford will lead Aotearoa New Zealand's delegation to the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) First Meeting of States Parties in Austria later this month, following a visit to the Netherlands. (beehive.govt.nz)
During the Cold War, nuclear weapons dominated our national security perspective. (archives.gov)
The United States and the Soviet Union relied heavily on nuclear weapons to deter global conflict. (archives.gov)
Under the NPT, states with nuclear weapons agreed to reduce their inventories, and the remaining states agreed to use nuclear technology only for peaceful purposes. (archives.gov)
The challenge is not building nuclear weapons but managing the legacy of excess nuclear stockpiles and ensuring that dangerous materials do not leak into the black market and go to the highest bidder. (archives.gov)
Since the end of the Cold War, we have seen Libya develop an illegal nuclear program, North Korea conduct a nuclear weapons test, Iran enrich uranium, and Syria come close to completing a nuclear reactor that could have produced plutonium for nuclear weapons. (archives.gov)
As rogue states pursue nuclear weapons and other WMD capabilities, responsible states feel increasing pressure to pursue their own weapons programs to protect themselves. (archives.gov)
We don't have a paywall or run ads, which means we're not brought to you by the oil, gas, coal, or nuclear companies when we cover the climate catastrophe or by the weapons manufacturers when we cover war. (democracynow.org)
The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) commits each of the 190 participating nations "to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control. (medscape.com)
Any use of nuclear weapons would be catastrophic for humanity. (medscape.com)
Even a "limited" nuclear war involving only 250 of the 13,000 nuclear weapons in the world could kill 120 million people outright and cause global climate disruption leading to a nuclear famine, putting 2 billion people at risk. (medscape.com)
The prevention of any use of nuclear weapons is therefore an urgent public health priority and fundamental steps must also be taken to address the root cause of the problem-by abolishing nuclear weapons. (medscape.com)

As of August 2016, 191 states have become parties to the treaty, though North Korea, which acceded in 1985 but never came into compliance, announced its withdrawal from the NPT in 2003, following detonation of nuclear devices in violation of core obligations. (wikipedia.org)
190 states are parties to the treaty, more countries than to any other arms limitation and disarmament agreement. (coventrycityofpeace.uk)

When the treaty went into effect on March 5, 1970, ninety-seven countries had signed it. (wikisummaries.org)
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, activated in 1970, has been relatively successful in limiting nuclear proliferation. (type3.audio)
The Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was next, going into force in 1970. (pathsoflight.us)

5. They reaffirmed their commitment under the NPT to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to nuclear disarmament and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control. (state.gov)
further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament. (coventrycityofpeace.uk)

As required by the text, after twenty-five years, NPT Parties met in May 1995 and agreed to extend the treaty indefinitely. (wikipedia.org)
Even though the treaty was originally conceived with a limited duration of 25 years, the signing parties decided, by consensus, to unconditionally extend the treaty indefinitely during the Review Conference in New York City on 11 May 1995, in the culmination of U.S. government efforts led by Ambassador Thomas Graham Jr. At the time the NPT was proposed, there were predictions of 25-30 nuclear weapon states within 20 years. (wikipedia.org)
A conference was to be held in 1995, to determine whether to continue the treaty indefinitely, or to extend it for additional purposes. (pathsoflight.us)
The NPT was extended indefinitely in 1995, though many of the non-NWSs felt that nuclear disarmament should be more rapid, and Arab states objected to Israel's absence. (pathsoflight.us)

With 191 member states, the NPT is hailed as the most comprehensive arms control treaty in history. (wilsoncenter.org)
Increasing frustration among non-nuclear signatories of the NPT toward recalcitrant nuclear armed nations has caused a rift in the arms control community. (counterpunch.org)
Given the brutal invasion of Ukraine by Russia nuclear arms control will be more difficult but will be even more crucial today. (counterpunch.org)
Jayantha Dhanapala was a Distinguished Associate Fellow with the Disarmament, Arms Control and Non-Proliferation Programme. (sipri.org)
Tariq Rauf is the Director of the Disarmament, Arms Control and Non-Proliferation Programme. (sipri.org)
Prior to joining King's College London, Hassan worked as a senior researcher at VERTIC, focusing on the verification of international arms control treaties. (kcl.ac.uk)
Russia has consistently broken its arms control commitments, most recently suspending its participation in the New START Treaty ," she said. (cnn.com)
The U.S. and Russia just negotiated, as the president mentioned in his speech, the first - the most comprehensive arms control treaty in 20 years, set up new standards of verification. (npr.org)
Disarmament and Arms Control Minister Phil Twyford will lead Aotearoa New Zealand's delegation to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Review Conference at the United Nations in New York. (beehive.govt.nz)
Current nuclear arms control and nonproliferation efforts are inadequate to protect the world's population against the threat of nuclear war by design, error, or miscalculation. (medscape.com)

In January 2023, the Science and Security Board of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists moved the hands of the Doomsday Clock forward to 90 seconds before midnight, reflecting the growing risk of nuclear war. (medscape.com)

Syria continues to press the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) members to force Israel to join the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and abide by its rules, especially taking into consideration the aggressive nature of the Zionist state highlighting the world's grave concern over Israel's nuclear capabilities. (syrianews.cc)

There are still more than 10,000 nuclear warheads on Earth. (brookings.edu)
Many observers believe that Israel does have a military nuclear program, it does have in its possession an undeclared number of nuclear warheads, and it does openly operate a number of nuclear plants that are not under any international supervision. (syrianews.cc)

Achieve cessation of the nuclear arms race and move toward nuclear disarmament. (pathsoflight.us)

Nuclear weapon states then promise that they will help facilitate the development of civilian nuclear applications with all interested parties of the Treaty (Article IV). (wilsoncenter.org)
That does not mean the Court's determination that nuclear weapon are illegal is moot. (counterpunch.org)
1. Representatives from the five Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Nuclear Weapon States (NWS), or "P5", met in Paris on 2-3 December 2021 for the 10th P5 Conference, to discuss the preparations for the upcoming 10th NPT Review Conference and related matters. (state.gov)
4. The detonation of a nuclear weapon in or near a populated area would - as a result of the blast wave, intense heat, and radiation and radioactive fallout - cause massive death and destruction, trigger large-scale displacement and cause long-term harm to human health and well-being, as well as long-term damage to the environment, infrastructure, socio-economic development and social order. (icrc.org)
5. The effects of a nuclear weapon detonation cannot be contained. (icrc.org)
The use of even a single nuclear weapon could cause significant and long-term damage to the natural environment over a wide area due to the spread and impact of dust, soot and radioactive particles on the atmosphere, soil, water, plants and animals. (icrc.org)
6. No State, international or humanitarian organization could appropriately address the immediate humanitarian emergency and the long-term consequences of a nuclear weapon detonation in a populated area, nor provide appropriate assistance to those affected and ensure full environmental remediation. (icrc.org)
and the lack, or limitations, of regional preparedness and response measures to nuclear weapon use and testing. (icrc.org)
8. Nevertheless, there is a need for continued and scaled-up efforts to research and understand the effects of ionizing radiation on reproductive health, as well as the humanitarian and environmental consequences of nuclear weapon testing. (icrc.org)
The NPT represents the only binding commitment in a multilateral treaty to the goal of disarmament by the nuclear-weapon States. (un.org)
191 States parties have joined the Treaty, including the five nuclear-weapon States, making the NPT the most widely adhered to multilateral disarmament agreement. (un.org)
In September 2006, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan signed Treaties on a nuclear-weapon-free zone in Central Asia. (orient.tm)
however, this has further aligned the five original signatories of the NPT and non-NPT nuclear-weapon states with opposing the new treaty (Ibid. (scrapweapons.com)
It degrades the moral standards of Canada that the government believes there are circumstances when a nuclear weapon could be legitimately used. (hilltimes.com)
The resolution calls for increasing awareness and education "about the effects of nuclear weapon test explosions or any other nuclear explosions and the need for their cessation as one of the means of achieving the goal of a nuclear-weapon-free world. (ngocongo.org)
7,8 Once a nuclear weapon is detonated, escalation to all-out nuclear war could occur rapidly. (medscape.com)

Building on our new START Treaty with Russia and our Nuclear Posture Review, which reaffirms the central importance of the NPT, the United States is meeting its responsibilities and setting the stage for further cuts. (archives.gov)
Every single one of our nuclear-armed submarines can obliterate every major city in China and in Russia and eliminate most other nations if we so choose. (npr.org)
The Western states blamed Russia and Vladimir Putin's war on Ukraine for the failed Non-Proliferation Treaty conference. (hilltimes.com)
New Zealand is deeply disappointed the 10th Review Conference of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) has failed, with the adoption of the final text blocked by Russia. (beehive.govt.nz)
7,8 A large-scale nuclear war between the US and Russia could kill 200 million people or more in the near term, and potentially cause a global "nuclear winter" that could kill 5 to 6 billion people, threatening the survival of humanity. (medscape.com)

The NPT continues to help create conditions that are essential for further progress on nuclear disarmament. (state.gov)
They also express disappointment with the limited progress on nuclear disarmament. (coventrycityofpeace.uk)

All countries with nuclear activities, excepting North Korea, which withdrew in 1994, are among the 136 members. (pathsoflight.us)

Finally, we will work to ensure that nations that abide by their obligations can access peaceful nuclear energy. (archives.gov)
Those concerns center on Iran's refusal to acknowledge its obligations under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and open its facilities for inspection. (usccb.org)
and (2) the principle of not adding to or diminishing the rights and obligations provided for by other treaties. (who.int)

The Nuclear Security Culture Programme (NSCP) works in partnership with governments and industry around the world to strengthen nuclear security. (kcl.ac.uk)

President Dwight D. Eisenhower Eisenhower, Dwight D. [p]Eisenhower, Dwight D.;nuclear technology launched an Atoms for Peace program Atoms for Peace program in 1953 through the United Nations to publicize and advance peaceful uses of nuclear energy. (wikisummaries.org)
The parties also agree to share fully the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. (pathsoflight.us)

Moscow, Jun 28 (Prensa Latina) Russian President Vladimir Putin and his Chinese counterpart, Xi Jinping, agreed during a meeting on Monday to extend the Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation, signed by both countries twenty years ago. (plenglish.com)

The original term of the treaty was twenty- five years, expiring in 1995. (counterpunch.org)
The Treaty, particularly article VIII, paragraph 3, envisages a review of the operation of the Treaty every five years, a provision which was reaffirmed by the States parties at the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference and the 2000 NPT Review Conference. (un.org)
The process of deciding on the extension package is described below with a view to informing today's delegates attending NPT meetings as to what transpired 25 years ago because most of them are not sufficiently aware of the history and process in 1995 of deciding on the future duration of the Treaty and what bargains or agreements were the catalysts to enable the indefinite continuation in force of the NPT. (indepthnews.info)

2. For over fifty years since its entry into force, the NPT has made invaluable contributions to humanity as a whole by providing an international framework that is indispensable to curbing the threat of nuclear proliferation. (state.gov)
The effects of nuclear explosions on human health, the environment and medical infrastructure have been systematically documented by the ICRC and other international and non-governmental organizations and experts since 1945. (icrc.org)
Except for the United Nations Charter, the NPT has the largest number of states parties-India, Israel and Pakistan continue to defy the international nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament norms established through consensus by refusing to accede to the Treaty, and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) is the sole instance of a state party withdrawing from the NPT (in January 2003). (sipri.org)
The International Atomic Energy Agency International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was created by the United Nations in 1957 with the dual mission of promoting civilian nuclear technology while restraining the arms race. (wikisummaries.org)
As Pope Benedict XVI has stated: "As far as Iran is concerned, tireless efforts must be made to seek a negotiated solution to the controversy concerning the nation's nuclear program, through a mechanism capable of satisfying the legitimate demands of the country and of the international community. (usccb.org)
Dr. Hassan Khaddour, Permanent Representative of Syria to the United Nations Office and other international organizations in Vienna added: "The (IAEA General Conference) statement sent a clear message of grave concern over Israel's nuclear capabilities and demanded that Israel accede to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and place all its nuclear facilities under comprehensive IAEA safeguards. (syrianews.cc)
As a near universal instrument with 191 States Parties, the Review Conference of the NPT is an opportunity for the international community to redouble our efforts on nuclear risk reduction, non-proliferation and disarmament. (dfat.gov.au)
Bridgetown, Mar 10 (Prensa Latina) The Caribbean Community (CARICOM) on Friday heaped praise on the work done by the organization's experts in just-agreed international treaty on Marine Biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction, crucial to address climate change. (plenglish.com)
He is currently a member of the International Partnership for Nuclear Disarmament Verification (IPNDV). (kcl.ac.uk)
He also ran international professional development courses on nuclear safeguards and regulations. (kcl.ac.uk)
Hassan holds a PhD and MA in Science and Security from the War Studies Department, a Diplôme d'Université - (D.U.) in International Nuclear Law from the University of Montpellier, and M.B.B.Ch (M.D.) from Cairo University. (kcl.ac.uk)
Another generally recognized criterion in international treaty practice concerns the prevalence of a special rule over a general one (the so-called lex specialis rule). (who.int)
Moreover, Article 31, paragraph 3(c) of the Vienna Convention includes "any relevant rules of international law applicable in the relations between the parties" among the elements to be taken into account in the interpretation of a treaty. (who.int)
Dan Joyner is Professor of Law at the University of Alabama School of Law in the U.S. He is the author of two books on nuclear non-proliferation law, and of a monograph currently under contract with Oxford University Press, entitled Iran's Nuclear Program and International Law. (ejiltalk.org)
On 2 December 2009, the 64th session of the United Nations General Assembly declared 29 August the International Day against Nuclear Tests by unanimously adopting resolution 64/35 . (ngocongo.org)
2010 marked the inaugural commemoration of the International Day against Nuclear Tests. (ngocongo.org)
Concurrent efforts by the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, especially that of its founders, American cardiologist Bernard Lown and Russian cardiologist Yevgeniy Chazov, earned the Nobel Peace Prize in 1985. (medscape.com)

The treaty has witnessed a steady increase in the number of state parties, showcasing global dedication to nuclear disarmament. (gov.lk)
In the face of rising geopolitical tensions and recent challenges at the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) review conference, Sri Lanka emphasized the CTBT's critical role in maintaining global security. (gov.lk)
The Global Security Institute, the Middle Powers Initiative and the network of Parliamentarians for Nuclear. (gsinstitute.org)
Dear Friend: The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is essential to global security. (gsinstitute.org)

most disconcertingly, China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) have committed to modernising their nuclear capabilities, and show no fear of hiding it. (scrapweapons.com)

Recent news accounts speculating on the possible use of force against Iran, including an Israeli pre-emptive strike on Iranian nuclear facilities, are especially troubling. (usccb.org)
Iran should concretely demonstrate its willingness to provide IAEA inspectors access to all nuclear facilities. (usccb.org)
The specific situation of Iran should be viewed within the wider search for a just and peaceful world built on nuclear nonproliferation and disarmament. (usccb.org)
Israel managed to order its subject politicians in the western world to impose decades-long sanctions against Iran over an alleged military nuclear program the Islamic Republic has and imposed some of the harshest inspection measures only to prove the non-existence of such a military nuclear program. (syrianews.cc)
Dan Joyner on "What If Iran Withdraws from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty? (ejiltalk.org)
Obama, Netanyahu agree on blocking Iran nuclear program Associated Press. (nakedcapitalism.com)

South Africa to date is the only NPT signatory to have dismantled their own nuclear arsenal. (counterpunch.org)
They were spared the financial burden of acquiring a nuclear arsenal and could avoid the environmental hazards of testing. (wikisummaries.org)
Australia's claimed reliance on the US' nuclear arsenal hijacks any meaningful contribution to disarmament. (onlineopinion.com.au)
Speaking in South Korea, President Barack Obama said that the U.S. can further reduce its nuclear arsenal, while maintaining its security. (npr.org)

We urge the Administration to continue to seek to resolve concerns over Iran's nuclear program in ways that reduce the threat of nuclear non-proliferation while maintaining stability in the Middle East. (usccb.org)

The overarching result is that the Union has developed its general prerequisites for coherent action, more notably via provisions found within the Lisbon Treaty. (lu.se)

Since its establishment, many bilateral and multilateral governmental level developments as well as broad movements in civil society have helped to advance the cause of banning nuclear tests. (ngocongo.org)

Although the concept of "pillars" is not expressed anywhere in the NPT, the treaty is nevertheless sometimes interpreted as a three-pillar system, with an implicit balance among them: non-proliferation, disarmament, and the right to peacefully use nuclear technology. (wikipedia.org)

Subsequent negotiations between the superpowers led to a diplomatic breakthrough with the signing of the Limited Test Ban Treaty of 1963, which prohibited nuclear explosions in the atmosphere, in the ocean, and in outer space. (wikisummaries.org)
On 28 March, the negotiators at the Final UN Diplomatic Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty failed to adopt the Arms Trade Treaty (see BBC report here) by consensus. (ejiltalk.org)

8. They reviewed progress achieved concerning the different work streams under the P5 Process in preparation for the10th NPT Review Conference:They exchanged updates on their respective nuclear doctrines and policies and reiterated their commitment to the ongoing discussions in this area that contribute to strengthening predictability, confidence and mutual understanding among the NWS. (state.gov)
Australia has a proud history of promoting non-proliferation and disarmament, and we will continue to play an engaged and constructive role throughout the August Review Conference. (dfat.gov.au)
Dear Friends: The 2005 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Review Conference did not accomplish much needed. (gsinstitute.org)

India, Pakistan and Israel remain outside the treaty. (orient.tm)

Contents: Middle Powers Initiative Briefs and Reports Events at the Gathering of States Parties to the Nuclear. (gsinstitute.org)

Havana, Feb 14 (Prensa Latina) Foreign Minister Bruno Rodriguez on Monday ratified Cuba's commitment to nuclear disarmament on the occasion of the 55th anniversary of the Treaty of Tlatelolco. (plenglish.com)
Sri Lanka's commitment to nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament remains steadfast, and the nation pledged its unwavering support to achieving these critical objectives. (gov.lk)

The United States is committed to this goal and will pursue a new framework for civil nuclear cooperation that permits nations that uphold their responsibilities to enjoy the peaceful uses of the atom. (archives.gov)
Sure, it is not possible, in the current era, to eradicate nuclear capabilities from Nations who currently possess it. (theimperfectmessenger.com)
No treaty that allows certain nations to hold onto nuclear power, or is exclusionary, will work when states such as China are still playing their own game of catch up based on insecurities. (scrapweapons.com)
Russia's reference to NATO's nuclear sharing is totally misleading," Lungescu continued, referring to Putin's claims that his move would merely mirror those of Western nations. (cnn.com)
The IAEA safeguarded known nuclear facilities -- and ensured that the nations operating those facilities did not divert nuclear materials for non-peaceful uses. (archives.gov)

Anatomy43

Organisms13

Diseases14

Chemicals and Drugs94

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment32

Phenomena and Processes56

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Health Care1

Geographicals1

Comprehensive Nuclea9

Disarmament regime3

CTBT5

Regime13

Arsenals9

20224

19687

Developing nuclear weapons1

Weapons117

Parties to the treaty2

19703

General and complete disarmament2

Indefinitely4

Arms control10

20231

World's1

Warheads2

Move toward nuclear disarmament1

Weapon16

Russia5

Progress on nuclear disarmament2

North Korea1

Obligations3

Strengthen1

Peaceful uses of nuclear energy2

Extend1

19953

International17

Global4

DPRK1

Iran6

Arsenal4

Iran's1

Notably1

Multilateral1

Pillars1

Diplomatic2

Conference3

India1

Initiative1

Commitment2

Nations5