Nuclear cells use genetic. Medical search. Frequent questions

Within cells, ALADIN is found in the nuclear envelope, the structure that surrounds the nucleus and separates it from the rest of the cell. (medlineplus.gov)
Researchers suspect that DNA repair proteins may be unable to enter the nucleus if ALADIN is missing from the nuclear envelope. (medlineplus.gov)
The vast majority of genes in eukaryotes are located within chromosomal structures in the nucleus of the cell. (nature.com)
Tiny pores in the cell nucleus play an essential role for healthy aging by protecting and preserving the genetic material. (mpg.de)
Human cells shield their genetic material inside the cell nucleus, protected by the nuclear membrane. (mpg.de)
As the control center of the cell, the nucleus must be able to exchange important messenger molecules, metabolites or proteins with the rest of the cell. (mpg.de)
Chromosomes, distinct structures made up of DNA and protein, are located in the nucleus of each cell. (medicinenet.com)
For a century, the nucleus has been the focus of extensive investigations in cell biology. (brookes.ac.uk)
The nucleus of an adult somatic cell (such as a skin cell) is removed and transferred to an enucleated egg, which is then stimulated with electric current or chemicals to activate cell division. (who.int)
However, an animal created through this technique would not be a precise genetic copy of the source of its nuclear DNA because each clone derives a small amount of its DNA from the mitochondria of the egg (which lie outside the nucleus) rather than from the donor of cell nucleus. (who.int)
The long term goal for this experiment was to do cell fusion in a way that would allow the elimination of the embryonic stem cell nucleus to create an embryonic stem cell from the somatic cell," said Melton. (news-medical.net)
Each of the 11 new human embryonic stem cell lines was created by transferring the nuclear genetic material from a non-reproductive cell of a patient into a donated egg, or "oocyte," whose nucleus had been removed. (scienceblog.com)
After all, some viruses manage to enter the cell nucleus despite the barrier," Hummer summed up. (sflorg.com)
The gene progerin caused the nucleus to be deformed, thereby weakening the ability of the cells to divide and proliferate. (medgadget.com)
The altered progerin protein makes the nuclear envelope unstable and progressively damages the nucleus, making cells more likely to die prematurely. (medgadget.com)
To trace the evolution and ancestry of humans, scientists study the DNA sequence of the mitochondria, a specialized cellular structure that produces energy for the cell and carries genetic information that is separate from the rest of the genome that resides in the nucleus. (eurekalert.org)
Working with mouse, fly and human cells and tissue, Johns Hopkins researchers report new evidence that disruptions in the movement of cellular materials in and out of a cell's control center - the nucleus - appear to be a direct cause of brain cell death in Huntington's disease, an inherited adult neurodegenerative disorder. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Moreover, they suggest, laboratory experiments with drugs designed to clear up these cellular "traffic jams" restored normal transport in and out of the nucleus and saved the cells. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
In 2015, Rothstein's team found out how a mutation in a gene - implicated in 40 percent of inherited ALS cases and 25 percent of inherited frontotemporal dementia cases - gums up transport in and out of the nucleus in neurons, ultimately shutting the cell down and leading to its death. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
RanGAP1 in turn helps move molecules through nuclear pores that serve as passageways in the nucleus, letting proteins and genetic material flow in and out of it. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
One of the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells is that they contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, that carry out specialized functions. (jove.com)
The genetic material of eukaryotic cells is compartmentalized within the nucleus, surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. (jove.com)
A heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoprotein found in the CELL NUCLEUS and the CYTOPLASM. (bvsalud.org)

They mapped the nuclear reads they generated to the human reference genome and the mtDNA reads to the Denisova 3 mitochondrial genome. (genomeweb.com)
As Pääbo and his colleagues reported high levels of contamination among their samples, the researchers restricted their nuclear DNA analyses to fragments carrying thymines at the first or last two residues where the human reference genome has cysteine residues. (genomeweb.com)
As the Denisova 3 genome was previously reported to carry a component from an unknown hominin that diverged some 1 million to 4 million years ago from the Neanderthal line, the differences between the Denisovan genomes - the Denisova 8 nuclear genome appears more deeply diverged from Denisova 3 than Denisova 4 - also bring up the possibility that this component differs among these individuals, the researchers added. (genomeweb.com)
Selfish genetic elements (historically also referred to as selfish genes, ultra-selfish genes, selfish DNA, parasitic DNA and genomic outlaws) are genetic segments that can enhance their own transmission at the expense of other genes in the genome, even if this has no positive or a net negative effect on organismal fitness. (wikipedia.org)
Though long dismissed as genetic curiosities, with little relevance for evolution, they are now recognized to affect a wide swath of biological processes, ranging from genome size and architecture to speciation. (wikipedia.org)
In the first-ever genome-scale analysis of the puberty process in humans, researchers at Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah outline distinct and critical changes to stem cells in. (utah.edu)
Most heritable information in eukaryotic cells is encoded in the nuclear genome, with inheritance patterns following classic Mendelian segregation. (nature.com)
We then describe the evolution of genomic organisation across lineages, how this process has been shaped by interactions with the nuclear genome and population genetics dynamics. (nature.com)
For decades, researchers have been fascinated by the three-dimensional structure and function of these nuclear pores, which act as guardians of the genome: substances that are required for controlling the cell are allowed to pass, while pathogens or other DNA-damaging substances are blocked from entry. (mpg.de)
The sequence of the human genome obtained by the Human Genome Project, completed in April 2003, provides the first holistic view of our genetic heritage. (medicinenet.com)
Nuclear DNA harbors most of the genetic information, while the much smaller mitochondrial genome is present in thousands of copies. (nobelprize.org)
The mitochondrial genome is small and contains only a fraction of the genetic information in the cell, but it is present in thousands of copies, increasing the chance of success. (nobelprize.org)
The mitochondrial genome is an independent genetic system in each eukaryotic cell outside the nuclear genome. (northwestern.edu)
NUMTs are a result of insertion of mtDNA sequence into the nuclear genome. (northwestern.edu)
Over the years, various selectable markers and cell lines for transformation of the nuclear or chloroplast genome of Chlamydomonas have been developed in the Purton group and made available to the research community. (ucl.ac.uk)
In a study published online today in Genome Research , researchers present the first genetic evidence for prehistoric gene flow between Africa and Europe, dating back as far as 11,000 years ago. (eurekalert.org)
While the nuclear genome is a mix of genetic information from both mother and father, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is passed directly from mother to child without any contribution of DNA from the father. (eurekalert.org)
The mitochondrial genome encodes the genetic information for the 13 polypeptide subunits essential for the process of oxidative phosphorylation. (medscape.com)

Similarly, this was also when it was first suggested that an intragenomic conflict between uniparentally inherited mitochondrial genes and biparentally inherited nuclear genes could lead to cytoplasmic male sterility in plants. (wikipedia.org)
We find that nuclear organization has the greatest impact, and that genes encoding for physically interacting proteins specifically tend to covary, suggesting importance for protein complex formation. (nih.gov)
Our results lend support to the concept of post-transcriptional RNA operons, but we further present evidence that nuclear proximity of genes may provide substantial functional regulation in mammalian single cells. (nih.gov)
Mutter suggested that these genes or the cells have only the maternal imprint because many teratomas arise from a parthenogenetically activated egg. (medscape.com)
Some people inherit genetic disorders from their parents, while acquired changes or mutations in a preexisting gene or group of genes cause other genetic diseases. (medicinenet.com)
Scientists were initially interested in somatic-cell nuclear transfer as a means of determining whether genes remain functional even after most of them have been switched off as the cells in a developing organism assume their specialized functions as blood cells, muscle cells, and so forth. (who.int)
The fact that the DNA of a fully differentiated (adult) cell could be stimulated to revert to a condition comparable to that of a newly fertilized egg and to repeat the process of embryonic development demonstrates that all the genes in differentiated cells retain their functional capacity, although only a few are active. (who.int)
Furthermore, Eggan noted that genetic analyses of the fused cells revealed that the somatic cell genes characteristic of adult cells had all been switched off, while those characteristic of embryonic cells had been switched on. (news-medical.net)
With the exception of a few genes one way or the other -- which is perhaps because these cells are now tetraploid -- the hybrid cells are indistinguishable from human embryonic stem cells," he said. (news-medical.net)
Alternatively, transgenesis and gene targeting techniques can be used to introduce the patient's genes into the stem cell line. (spiked-online.com)
Proteins active in mitochondrial structure and function originate both from mitochondrial genes and also from nuclear genes. (msdmanuals.com)
During lymphocyte development, the genes encoding immunoglobulins and T cell receptors are assembled from Variable (V), Diversity (D), and Joining (J) gene segments. (lu.se)
The model also predicts that reprogramming the network from a differentiated state, in particular the endoderm state, into a stem cell state, is best achieved by over-expressing Nanog, rather than by suppression of differentiation genes such as Gata-6. (lu.se)

In eukaryotic cells the genetic material is surrounded by a membrane system called the nuclear envelope (NE). (brookes.ac.uk)
The Nuclear Envelope is a hallmark of eukaryotic cells. (brookes.ac.uk)
Eukaryotic cells contain numerous internal compartments. (jove.com)
In eukaryotic cells , DNA is found in structures called chromosomes. (coursehero.com)

The image shows an artistic impression of the rocky scaffold structure of the nuclear pore complex filled with intrinsically disordered proteins in the central channel depicted as seaweeds. (mpg.de)
In this work, we "dived" into the dark hole of the nuclear pore complex to shine light on the disordered proteins. (mpg.de)
About 2000 pores are therefore built into the nuclear membrane, each consisting of about 1000 proteins. (mpg.de)
I'm using cell and molecular biology techniques, biochemistry as well as microscopy to characterise the plant SUN proteins. (brookes.ac.uk)
This includes finding out what other proteins the SUNs bind to and what functions they have during cell division. (brookes.ac.uk)
The genetic mutations associated with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, they found, disrupt this process which, in turn, prevents numerous immune and anti-inflammatory proteins from being made correctly. (sciencedaily.com)
The WASP protein is found throughout cells in the blood and immune system, and one of its functions is to maintain these cells' cytoskeletons, the microscopic networks of proteins that give cells their shape and organization. (sciencedaily.com)
Proteins in nuclear speckles cut and paste bits of the initial RNA strand into its final instructions for a protein. (sciencedaily.com)
The researchers also showed that many proteins related to RNA splicing were present at higher levels in the cells lacking WASP or with mutations in WASP. (sciencedaily.com)
In addition, specific proteins or biological substances can be added to these stem cell cultures to transform them in the laboratory into a large variety of specialized cell types, such as nerve, liver, muscle, bone, and blood cells. (jcpa.org)
By using antibodies with glowing markers that bind to specific proteins and viewing the neurons under the microscope, Grima saw that the mutant Huntingtin protein clumped up in the same location of the cell as abnormal clumps of RanGAP1, the nuclear transport protein. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
It also clumped up in the same location as abnormal clumps of nuclear pore proteins NUP88 and NUP62. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Grima also observed this same clumping of Huntingtin protein with RanGAP1 and nuclear pore proteins to the wrong place in the cell in brain tissue and cultured brain cells derived from deceased patients with Huntington's disease. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Proteins are then transported to their final destination within the cell through membrane-bound vesicles. (jove.com)

however, almost all mutations prevent this protein from reaching its proper location in the nuclear envelope. (medlineplus.gov)
Kind B, Koehler K, Lorenz M, Huebner A. The nuclear pore complex protein ALADIN is anchored via NDC1 but not via POM121 and GP210 in the nuclear envelope. (medlineplus.gov)
A team in Germany from the Department of Theoretical Biophysics at the Max Planck Institute of Biophysics in Frankfurt am Main and the Synthetic Biophysics of Protein Disorder Group at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz has literally filled a hole in the understanding of the structure and function of these nuclear pores. (mpg.de)
AD is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by extracellular amyloid protein deposition and intracellular tau protein aggregates (tangles) that, in accumulation, are associated with a variety of pathological processes including microtubular damage, axonal transport disruption and, ultimately, cell death. (frontiersin.org)
For a protein to be produced by a cell, the DNA encoding it is first transcribed into a strand of RNA. (sciencedaily.com)
Another function of protein is found in many structures inside the cell and the body. (bordercollies.nl)
Nuclear transport protein RanGAP1 (red) clumps up with mutant Huntingtin protein (green) in neurons. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Additionally, he realized that other researchers previously showed that mutations in the nuclear pore protein NUP62 caused Huntington's disease-like pathology. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Analyses of nuclear AhR demonstrated that cycloheximide increases nuclear AhR protein and functional AhR/Arnt DNA-binding complex, resulting in superinduction of CYP1A1. (cdc.gov)
In this regard, comprehensive studies of the impact of amino acid variation on protein PTMs will be helpful for further understanding of how genetic polymorphisms are involved in regulating biological and pathological processes and providing instructive information for drug development of various related diseases. (deepdyve.com)
A cell spends most of its time in interphase, during which it mostly performs its normal functions, such as protein synthesis. (coursehero.com)

Genetic mutations can occur either randomly or due to some environmental exposure. (medicinenet.com)
This type of genetic disorder is caused by mutations in the non-nuclear DNA of mitochondria. (medicinenet.com)
They also collected cells from two patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) containing the disease-associated mutations in WASP. (sciencedaily.com)
As each mitochondrion contains 2-10 copies of mtDNA and each cell contains hundreds to thousands copies, the presence of heterogeneous mtDNA sequences, due to different mutations in different copies, results in a condition called heteroplasmy. (northwestern.edu)
Mutations in a gene expressed in smooth muscle cells account for about 14% of cases of hereditary thoracic aortic aneurysm. (hum-molgen.org)
Mutations in the gene encoding one autoantigen within the PML-Sp100 nuclear body, designated Sp110, were found to cause an immunodeficiency disorder known as "VODI" (veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency). (massgeneral.org)
in Pearson syndrome, mutations occur in hematopoietic cells, explaining the different clinical phenotypes. (medscape.com)

Inspired by the gene-centred views of evolution popularized by George Williams and Richard Dawkins, two papers were published back-to-back in Nature in 1980 - by Leslie Orgel and Francis Crick and by Ford Doolittle and Carmen Sapienza - introducing the concept of selfish genetic elements (at the time called "selfish DNA") to the wider scientific community. (wikipedia.org)
The empirical study of selfish genetic elements benefited greatly from the emergence of the so-called gene-centred view of evolution in the nineteen sixties and seventies. (wikipedia.org)
Single-cell RNA sequencing studies on gene co-expression patterns could yield important regulatory and functional insights, but have so far been limited by the confounding effects of differentiation and cell cycle. (nih.gov)
We apply a tailored experimental design that eliminates these confounders, and report thousands of intrinsically covarying gene pairs in mouse embryonic stem cells. (nih.gov)
Fears over genetic engineering have been heightened by an Oxford scientist's plan to release a virus that carries a gene for scorpion venom. (newscientist.com)
Don Ayer, PhD, is a leader in the study of gene regulation and its role in normal and cancer cell growth. (utah.edu)
The genetic abnormality can range from minuscule to major -- from a discrete mutation in a single base in the DNA of a single gene to a gross chromosomal abnormality involving the addition or subtraction of an entire chromosome or set of chromosomes. (medicinenet.com)
To find out, they removed the WASP gene from stem cells and coaxed the cells to become macrophages or B cells, two types of immune cells impacted by the disease. (sciencedaily.com)
We first evaluated the expression of the gene coding for AP-2 γ (Tfap2c) in several bovine fibroblast donor cell lines and found it was not expressed. (usu.edu)
A gene that allows mice to accept human bone marrow cells more efficiently is presented online. (hum-molgen.org)
Genetic disorders determined by a single gene (Mendelian disorders) are easiest to analyze and the most well understood. (msdmanuals.com)

Interestingly, cytoplasmic genetic elements have been shown to have very different inheritance patterns to classic Mendelian nuclear chromosomes. (nature.com)
The results allowed comparison of replication timing between polytene chromosomes in salivary glands and chromosomes from cultured diploid cell lines and to observe a substantial similarity in the global replication patterns at the band resolution level. (sdbonline.org)
Because chromosomes are the carriers of the genetic material, abnormalities in chromosome number or structure can result in disease. (medicinenet.com)
Their analyses showed that the hybrid cells were "tetraploid" - meaning they contained the combined chromosomes of both the somatic cells and the embryonic stem cells. (news-medical.net)
Each of the cells now only contains half of the number of chromosomes. (bordercollies.nl)
Of the 78 chromosomes of the dog these cells only contain 39 of them. (bordercollies.nl)
During meiosis the chromosomes of each pair move to the centre of the cell. (bordercollies.nl)
The chromosomes are so close together that during the move to the new cell halves, parts of one chromosome are swapped with the other chromosome. (bordercollies.nl)
Interphase is characterized by cell growth and DNA replication , while M is the phase of the cell cycle in which the chromosomes of the cell prepare for the cell to divide into two new cells. (coursehero.com)
Mitosis is a form of nuclear division in which replicated chromosomes are carefully organized and separated in preparation for cytoplasmic division. (coursehero.com)
Such structures are a result of chromosome fragments or entire acentric chromosomes which are lost during a cell division. (bvsalud.org)

Histologically, ALCL is characterized by sheets of large pleomorphic cells with abundant cytoplasm, horseshoe- or wreath-shaped nuclei, and multiple prominent nucleoli. (medscape.com)
Mitochondria are small round or rod-like organelles that are involved in cellular respiration and found in the cytoplasm of plant and animal cells. (medicinenet.com)
During the G2 phase, a structure in the cytoplasm of animal cells that coordinates the formation of microtubules, called a centrosome , allows cell division to proceed during reproduction. (coursehero.com)
They have the same color, an intact nuclear membrane, and are within the cytoplasm [14]. (bvsalud.org)
For this reason they are not included in the daughter cells' nuclei, thus remaining in the cytoplasm of interphase cells [5, 10, 16, 35]. (bvsalud.org)
Mitochondrial DNA Abnormalities Each cell has 1000 to 2500 mitochondria in its cytoplasm. (msdmanuals.com)

Cytoplasmic genetic elements are generally maternally inherited, although there are several exceptions where these are paternally, biparentally or doubly-uniparentally inherited. (nature.com)
Finally, we discuss how both nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes have evolved to co-inhabit the same host cell via one of the longest symbiotic processes, and all the opportunities for intergenomic conflict that arise due to divergence in inheritance patterns. (nature.com)
Our studies used the antibodies in the serum from more than 700 patients with this organ specific autoimmune disease to study the structure and function of two novel cellular structures: the PML-Sp100 nuclear body and the cytoplasmic mRNA processing body. (massgeneral.org)

SCNT involves transferring the nuclei of adult cells, called somatic cells, into oocytes in which scientists have removed the nuclei. (news-medical.net)
In their new paper, Science author Woo Suk Hwang from Seoul National University in Seoul, Korea and colleagues replaced the nuclei from donated oocytes with nuclei from skin cells from male and female patients, ranging in age from 2 to 56, who had spinal cord injuries, juvenile diabetes and the genetic disease "congenital hypogamma-globulinemia. (scienceblog.com)
Former Salk Postdoctoral Fellow Mo Li, now the head of KAUST's Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regeneration, and Izpisua Belmonte wondered if WASP plays other roles -- particularly in the nuclei of blood and immune cells, where genetic material is stored and processed. (sciencedaily.com)
So now the transplantation of nuclei between human egg cells is possible which leaves behind the mitochondrial DNA. (realitypod.com)
BN are cells which have two similar-sized nuclei (almost the same size). (bvsalud.org)

For example, Down syndrome (sometimes referred to as ' Down's syndrome ') or trisomy 21 is a common genetic disorder that occurs when a person has three copies of chromosome 21. (medicinenet.com)
Genetic properties that are normally linked because they are situated on the same chromosome can be separated in this way. (bordercollies.nl)
Genetic variants in a region on chromosome 6 are associated with risk of rheumatoid arthritis. (hum-molgen.org)
The resulting recombinase-coated ssDNA filaments can invade the homologous chromosome dsDNA, searching for a complementary sequence (chromosome pairing), which will foster genetic material exchange. (nature.com)
A centromere , the point on a chromosome that attaches to the spindle fibers with a kinetochore during cell division, attaches the sister chromatids. (coursehero.com)

Anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs) are distinguished from other lymphomas by their anaplastic cytology and constant membrane expression of the CD30 antigen (an activation marker for B or T cells). (medscape.com)
The results highlight the importance of mid-SUNs as functional components of the ER and outer nuclear membrane. (brookes.ac.uk)

Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, the technique by which Dolly was created, was first used 40 years ago in research with tadpoles and frogs. (who.int)
if it implants and the pregnancy goes to term, the resulting individual will carry the same nuclear genetic material as the donor of the adult somatic cell. (who.int)
This approach could become an alternative to somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), a method that is currently used to produce human stem cells. (news-medical.net)
This method is called "somatic cell nuclear transfer" or SCNT. (scienceblog.com)
The single cell line generated in the 2004 Science paper resulted from nuclear transfer in which the oocyte and non-reproductive ("somatic") cell came from the same healthy female. (scienceblog.com)
Bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) efficiency remains very low despite a tremendous amount of research devoted to its improvement over the past decade. (usu.edu)
Here, the stem cell line is created using the genetic properties of the prospective recipient via somatic cell nuclear transfer. (spiked-online.com)
A method of reprogramming rhesus macaque adult fibroblasts into embryonic stem cells using somatic cell nuclear transfer is presented. (hum-molgen.org)

Scientists at Tufts University and Harvard University have created tiny "robots" out of human cells, that they call anthrobots. (boingboing.net)
The scientists knew that if their studies were successful, it would provide the research community with a new option for producing reprogrammed cells using embryonic stem cells, which are more plentiful and easier to obtain than unfertilized human eggs. (news-medical.net)
Scientists have isolated the first human embryonic stem cell lines specifically tailored to match the nuclear DNA of patients, both males and females of various ages, suffering from disease or spinal cord injury. (scienceblog.com)
The work also moves scientists one step closer to the goal of transplanting healthy cells into humans to replace cells damaged by diseases such as Parkinson's and diabetes. (scienceblog.com)
From the 31 nuclear-transfer blastocysts, the scientists derived 11 stem cell lines. (scienceblog.com)
Scientists working in basic, translational, and clinical cancer metabolism research are invited to join the Academy in New York on April 17th to discuss the intersection between cell signaling and metabolism. (nyas.org)
Scientists anticipate that in the future stem cell lines will provide a virtually unending supply of pancreatic cells for diabetic patients, neuronal cells for patients with neural disorders such as Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease, and a host of heart cells that may treat a variety of cardiac problems. (spiked-online.com)
The exact process of differentiation is not yet understood and although embryonic stem cells can, in principle, provide for all human tissue, scientists are some way from controlling the process. (spiked-online.com)
It might be expected that the richest nation on Earth would encourage its top scientists to pursue this work with vigor rather than limiting funding opportunities, creating legal barriers and fencing off any newly developed cell lines. (spiked-online.com)
This policy is similar to that of other countries, including Israel, where scientists are funded by Government to study embryonic stem cells despite the aforementioned bioethical issue. (jcpa.org)
Scientists have now figured out the method of transferring nuclear DNA of one human egg cell to another. (realitypod.com)

In addition, researchers must develop methods to efficiently direct the differentiation of embryonic stem cells to specific stable cell types. (scienceblog.com)

Pääbo and his colleagues extracted DNA from the samples and sequenced both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of these Denisovans. (genomeweb.com)
In this study, an international team of researchers performed the largest analysis of complete mtDNA genomes belonging to haplogroup L (a lineage of sub-Saharan Africa origin) in Europe to date, aiming to untangle the history of genetic links between the two contents. (eurekalert.org)
Long interspersed nuclear element-1 (L1) retrotransposons are a source of divergent genetic information in hominoid genomes, but their importance in physiological functions and their contribution to human brain evolution are largely unknown. (lu.se)

The lack of expression in oocytes and donor cells means Tfap2c must be induced in the zygote at the morula stage in properly reprogrammed embryos. (usu.edu)
SCNT embryos expressed Tfap2c at the eight-cell stage, 2 days earlier than control embryos. (usu.edu)
Embryonic stem cells are derived from early embryos and have the ability to differentiate into any cell type. (spiked-online.com)
Patterns are ubiquitous in living systems and underlie the dynamic organization of cells, tissues, and embryos. (mpi-cbg.de)
After intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), 48 embryos were evaluated on day 3 of their development, according to their cell number. (who.int)
Day 2 and day 3 CM corresponding to each one of the embryos was analyzed, by quantitative PCR, for estimation of Cell-free DNA levels. (who.int)
The results revealed a significant increase in Cell-free DNA levels on day 2 CM corresponding to 4 to 6 cell embryos compared to those corresponding to 7 to 8 cel embryos (p=0.04). (who.int)
As for day 3 CM, the results showed no significant difference between the Cell-Free DNA levels in CM of 7-8 and those of 4-6 cell embryos (p=0.4). (who.int)
In vivo and in organized cells, and proper symmetry are healthy individuals, macrophages can characteristics of higher-quality embryos, which phagocytize DNA that has been passively point to healthy development and higher rates of released into the blood from apoptotic or necrotic implantation. (who.int)
Low-quality embryos, on the other cells, thereby maintaining a relatively low basal hand, frequently display morphological level [16-18]. (who.int)

This, the researchers said, suggests that nuclear DNA diversity appears to be low among the archaic individuals, especially Neanderthals. (genomeweb.com)
Researchers at Huntsman Cancer Institute have found critical new insights into how cells defend against melanoma. (utah.edu)
Researchers have developed a new technique for creating human embryonic stem cells by fusing adult somatic cells with embryonic stem cells. (news-medical.net)
In theory, researchers can induce embryonic stem cells to mature into a variety of specialized cells. (news-medical.net)
For that reason, many researchers believe stem cells offer promise for creating populations of specialized cells that can be used to rejuvenate organs, such as the pancreas or heart, that are damaged by disease or trauma. (news-medical.net)
Stem cells also provide a model system in which researchers can study the causes of genetic disease and the basis of embryonic development. (news-medical.net)
Eggan, Melton and their colleagues decided to pursue their alternative route after other researchers had shown that genetic reprogramming can occur when mouse somatic cells are fused to mouse embryonic stem cells. (news-medical.net)
In the studies published in Science, the researchers combined human fibroblast cells with human embryonic stem cells in the presence of a detergent-like substance that caused the two cell types to fuse. (news-medical.net)
The researchers demonstrated that they had achieved fusion of the two cell types by searching the fused cells for two distinctive genetic markers present in the somatic fibroblast and stem cells. (news-medical.net)
The researchers were also able to further confirmed that fusion occurred by studying the chromosomal makeup of the fused cells. (news-medical.net)
The researchers also performed fusion experiments using pelvic bone cells as the somatic cells and a different human embryonic cell line, to demonstrate that their technique was not restricted to one adult cell type or embryonic cell line. (news-medical.net)
Before patient-specific stem cells can potentially be used in the clinic, a variety of issues must be addressed, the researchers emphasized. (scienceblog.com)
The Korean researchers who performed this stem cell research improved upon their protocols that yielded the first embryonic stem cell line from a cloned human blastocyst. (scienceblog.com)
From the 185 donated oocytes, endowed with the genetic material from a different person (or in one case, the same person), the researchers report development of 31 hollow balls of cells called "human nuclear-transfer blastocysts. (scienceblog.com)
The researchers generated these stem cell lines ten times more efficiently than in their 2004 Science study, using improved laboratory methods. (scienceblog.com)
Researchers have discovered a new underlying cause of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, a rare genetic disease that leads to bleeding and immune deficiencies in babies. (sciencedaily.com)
Researchers are currently working on determining how genetic changes further lead to the significant characteristic features of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. (medgadget.com)
For instance, in August 2019, researchers from the Houston Methodist Research Institute at the Texas Medical Center are focused on using RNA therapeutics-treatment that is focused on ribonucleic acids, a substance found in all living cells-to slow, and possibly reverse Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria. (medgadget.com)
Most researchers obtain embryonic stem cells from the inner mass of a blastocyst, an embryonic stage when a fertilized egg has divided into 128 cells. (jcpa.org)
Researchers have identified the cells responsible for rapid delivery of blood-borne antigens to specialized sites in the spleen. (hum-molgen.org)
Now, researchers have found abnormal immune cells may play a role. (hum-molgen.org)

By 1952, the evidence of various forms of cytoplasmically inherited elements (CIEs) had grown, leading Joshua Lederberg to synthesise the inheritance of cellular organelles and symbionts into one framework in his treatise "Cell genetics and hereditary symbiosis" (Lederberg 1952 ). (nature.com)
Cytoplasmically inherited elements vary in their level of integration with the host - in the case of organelles, the proteome is jointly encoded in nuclear and organellar DNA, in addition to integration into cellular physiology. (nature.com)
Rapamycin is one other drug used before, that demonstrated to reverse nuclear blebbing, retard cellular senescence, and facilitate degradation of progerin. (medgadget.com)
Stem cell research is, in part, a quest to understand cellular differentiation, the process by which a human being develops from one fertilized cell into a multicellular organism composed of over 200 different cell types - for example muscle, nerve, blood cell, or kidney. (jcpa.org)
Cellular differentiation begins with the fertilized egg which serves as the identifying characteristic of an embryonic stem cell. (jcpa.org)
Easing cellular traffic jams may save brain cells. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Other cellular structures are duplicated during G2, such that each replicated daughter cell produced during mitosis will have all necessary organelles (such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, etc. (coursehero.com)

My research focuses on the nuclear envelope in plants. (brookes.ac.uk)
Previous higher plant studies have associated them with functions at the nuclear envelope and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). (brookes.ac.uk)
This Frontiers Research Topic aims to highlight recent advances made to examine the role of the nuclear envelope (NE) as the "key border" in plants. (brookes.ac.uk)
The nuclear envelope with pores to control what molecules can enter and leave like mRNA's. (jove.com)

The nuclear pores can therefore be thought of as molecular bouncers, each checking many thousands of visitors per second. (mpg.de)
How do the nuclear pores manage this enormous task? (mpg.de)
Because of such clues from others' research, Grima took on the task of investigating whether problems with nuclear transport and the nuclear pores also happened in neurons with Huntington's disease. (hopkinsmedicine.org)

Abnormalities in an individual's genetic makeup cause genetic disease. (medicinenet.com)
Chromosomal abnormalities typically occur due to a problem with cell division. (medicinenet.com)
These abnormalities may account for the lack of organization of the three germ cell layers. (medscape.com)

Since egg cells, but not sperm cells, keep their mitochondria during fertilization , mitochondrial DNA is always inherited from the female parent. (medicinenet.com)
He decided to analyze DNA from Neanderthal mitochondria - organelles in cells that contain their own DNA. (nobelprize.org)
The process starts from extracted genomic DNA, which contains both mtDNA and nuclear DNA, without the need to purify mitochondria. (northwestern.edu)

Po-210 emits alpha particles, which carry high amounts of energy that can damage or destroy genetic material in cells inside the body. (cdc.gov)
Most natural cloning occurs in those species that produce their descendants asexually, that is, without combining the male and female genetic material. (who.int)
Next, oocytes with the patient's genetic material were allowed to grow to the blastocyst stage, an early stage of embryo development. (scienceblog.com)
Interphase comprises the gap 1 (G1), synthesis (S), and gap 2 (G2) phases, in which the cell grows and replicates its genetic material. (coursehero.com)
During the S phase, the replication of the cell's genetic material, DNA, occurs. (coursehero.com)
In parent-child or brother-sister unions (incest), the risk of having abnormal children is increased because so much of their genetic material is the same. (msdmanuals.com)

Their findings, published in the journal Nature Communications on June 25, 2022, revolve around how cells cut and paste strands of RNA in a process called RNA splicing. (sciencedaily.com)

ELF5 and nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) are two transcription factors proposed to regulate Aqp2 expression, but their role is poorly defined. (bvsalud.org)
that given the right morphogenesis or transcription factor, a cell could be induced to become anything at any point. (lifeissues.net)
Genetic Reprogramming of Transcription Factor AP-gamma in Bovine Somat" by K. I. Ashton, G-P. Li et al. (usu.edu)
Lastly, genetic analyses by using AhR- or Arnt-defective variant cells demonstrate that superinduction by cycloheximide requires the transcription activation (TA) domain of AhR, implicating the TA domain in the control of AhR turnover by ADPF. (cdc.gov)
Background: Recent studies have associated the transcription factors, Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog as parts of a self-regulating network which is responsible for maintaining embryonic stem cell properties: self renewal and pluripotency. (lu.se)

In recognition of its genetic and functional distinctness, the organism that causes human PCP is now named Pneumocystis jiroveci Frenkel 1999. (cdc.gov)
In mammals, functional analysis of the individual RAD51 paralogues in cell lines has shown similar but non-redundant contributions in DNA repair processes such as HR efficiency, RAD51 nuclear focus formation, sensitization to mitomycin C (MMC) and protection of perturbed replications forks [ 11 ]. (nature.com)
We also study the functional significance of genetic polymorphisms associated with hypertension. (massgeneral.org)
In collaboration with Christopher Holmes Newton-Cheh, MD, MPH, in the Division of Cardiology and Emmanuel Buys, PhD, in the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, we are characterizing the functional significance of genetic polymorphisms associated with increased blood pressure. (massgeneral.org)

Mouse embryonic stem cells are known to be tumorigenic - that is, they can grow uncontrollably and become cancerous. (spiked-online.com)
Accordingly, Rad51b-c.92delT variant reduced replication fork progression of patient-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines and pluripotent reprogramming efficiency of primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts. (nature.com)

Observations of what is now referred to as selfish genetic elements go back to the early days in the history of genetics. (wikipedia.org)

Replication studies identify several genetic variants in Arabs with obesity-linked diabetes. (who.int)

The team led by Gerhard Hummer, Director at the Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, and Edward Lemke, Professor for Synthetic Biophysics at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, and Adjunct Director at the Institute of Molecular Biology Mainz has now used a novel combination of synthetic biology, multidimensional fluorescence microscopy and computer-based simulations to study nuclear pore IDPs in living cells. (mpg.de)

The best evidence suggests that most are due to abnormal differentiation of fetal germ cells that arise from the fetal yolk sac. (medscape.com)
Normal migration of these germ cells may cause gonadal tumors, whereas abnormal migration produces extragonadal tumors. (medscape.com)
Current screening of potential new drugs is done using cell lines derived from animals or 'abnormal' human tissue such as tumor cells. (spiked-online.com)

While there is a great deal published on the potential medical applications of stem cell research to treat or cure diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer, and heart disease, much less has been published on the future impact of stem cell research in reproductive medicine. (jcpa.org)
There were no children with neurological diseases and related genetic alterations. (bvsalud.org)

Blastocytes obtained through nuclear transfers would be used to generate the embryonic stem cells that could be differentiated to specific tissues or organs for transfer to the nuclear donor. (spiked-online.com)

So, while this does not obviate the need for human oocytes, it demonstrates that this general approach of cell fusion is an interesting one that should be further explored. (news-medical.net)
The ten additional new lines resulted from nuclear transfer with skin cells of males or females and oocytes from biologically-unrelated females. (scienceblog.com)
This is not necessarily a problem for the cell or tissue because multiple copies of mtDNA are present in each cell (in oocytes, this is in the region of 100,000 copies per cell), and both wild type and mutated mtDNA can coexist, a situation known as heteroplasmy. (medscape.com)

Although Po-210 can be made in university or government nuclear reactors, it requires expertise to do so. (cdc.gov)
Man-made sources of radioactive materials are found in consumer products, industrial equipment, atom bomb fallout, and to a smaller extent from hospital waste and nuclear reactors. (cdc.gov)
90 Sr is formed in nuclear reactors or during the explosion of nuclear weapons. (cdc.gov)

10] reported that the K36M mutation of H3 impairs the differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells and promotes undifferentiated sarcoma through altered histone methylation landscape. (deepdyve.com)

The fusion causes the adult cells to undergo genetic reprogramming, which results in cells that have the developmental characteristics of human embryonic stem cells. (news-medical.net)
One of the key findings from the study was that the fusion cells have the characteristics of human embryonic stem cells. (news-medical.net)
The stem cell lines produced from patients with disease will likely display characteristics of the disease, so they will probably not be appropriate for direct use in treating patients. (scienceblog.com)
For example, the stem cells can differentiate into cells that display characteristics of skin and retina cells, muscle cell bundles, bone matrix cells and cells of the gastrointestinal and respiratory lining. (scienceblog.com)
Phenotype refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an individual, which are determined by both genetic and environmental factors. (proprofs.com)

They can produce exopolysaccharide capsules around the cell or slime that covers viral receptors and prevents viral binding. (benthamscience.com)

The term applies not only to entire organisms but also to copies of molecules (such as DNA) and cells. (who.int)
Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments ( molecular cloning ), cells (cell cloning), or organisms . (wikiquote.org)

So when I was recently contacted by an earnest and amiable member of a local school board who was concerned about the questionable manner in which the issue of "stem cell" research - both human embryonic and adult - was presented to the high school students in his district in a currently-used science textbook, I agreed to evaluate that section in the text for him. (lifeissues.net)
Our assays showed that the hybrid cells, unlike adult cells, showed the development potential of embryonic stem cells," said Eggan. (news-medical.net)
Contrary to popular belief, stem cells are present in the human body throughout life and are found in many adult organs. (jcpa.org)

In his original report, Thompson demonstrated that human embryonic stem cells could be coaxed into developing gut-like structures, bone, cartilage and muscle (1). (spiked-online.com)

NEW YORK (GenomeWeb) - Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences from two Denisovan individuals suggest that the ancient hominin population was more diverse genetically than Neanderthals, but not as diverse as modern humans, according to the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology's Svante Pääbo and his colleagues. (genomeweb.com)
Does the long-range PCR performed to enrich mtDNA from total gDNA amplify NUMTs (nuclear mitochondrial DNA sequences)? (northwestern.edu)

ALCL was recognized in 1985, when tumor cells consistently demonstrated labeling by the monoclonal antibody Ki-1, a marker later shown to recognize the CD30 antigen. (medscape.com)

My edited analysis of the section on "stem cell research" in this science textbook is copied below. (lifeissues.net)
In my opinion there is no question but that the scientific information on stem cell research included in this science text book being used in Illinois schools incorporates some inaccurate scientific facts, and seems to be very partial to the use of human embryonic "stem cell" research. (lifeissues.net)
In a Science "Policy Forum" related to the team's latest findings, David Magnus and Mildred Cho from Stanford University in Palo Alto, CA discuss international oversight and ethical issues in oocyte donation, including the need to promote realistic expectations of the outcomes of stem cell research. (scienceblog.com)
In order to better appreciate the role of stem cell research in reproductive medicine, there is a need to understand the critical biological principles of stem cell research and its potential applications to medicine. (jcpa.org)
In 2009, in a major reversal of U.S. policy, President Obama signed an executive order pledging to "vigorously support" embryonic stem cell research. (jcpa.org)

For the first time, we could visualize the gate to the control center of human cells. (mpg.de)
Previous to this I completed my BSc in Cell and Human Biology here at Oxford Brookes University. (brookes.ac.uk)
By revealing genetic differences that distinguish all living humans from extinct hominins, his discoveries provide the basis for exploring what makes us uniquely human. (nobelprize.org)
This was a considerable accomplishment, which allowed subsequent studies of the genetic relationship between different human populations. (nobelprize.org)
These cell lines will enable the study of human disease in cells in the laboratory. (scienceblog.com)
One of the next preclinical steps, according to the authors, is to evaluate, in the lab, differentiated patient-specific human embryonic stem cell lines for immune-system tolerance, therapeutic efficacy and safety. (scienceblog.com)
A renewable, tissue culture source of human cells capable of differentiating into a wide variety of cell types would have broad applications in basic research and therapeutic techniques. (spiked-online.com)
Human nuclear cell transfer is legal in the UK, but is liable to become a criminal act in the USA pending an upcoming vote in the Senate. (spiked-online.com)
It is likely that human stem cells will have similar properties. (spiked-online.com)
Should the use of nuclear transfer ever become widespread there will be an urgent need for human egg donors and it is unlikely that the willing population will be sufficient to meet demand. (spiked-online.com)
Alternatively, research using eggs may point the way to methods which mimic their properties using other human cells and chemical agents. (spiked-online.com)
Similarly, when the fertilized egg divides from two cells into four cells, each of these four cells has the potential to individually form a human fetus. (jcpa.org)
Human embryonic stem cells have been coaxed into becoming neural crest stem cells, an important cell type in the developing embryo. (hum-molgen.org)
Repair of mitomycin-C-induced chromosomal aberrations was impaired in RAD51B/Rad51b-c.92delT human and mouse somatic cells in vitro and in explanted mouse bone marrow cells. (nature.com)
It is also our view that there are no sound reasons for treating the early-stage human embryo or cloned human embryo as anything special, or as having moral status greater than human somatic cells in tissue culture. (wikiquote.org)
The genetic mechanisms underlying the expansion in size and complexity of the human brain remain poorly understood. (lu.se)

The resulting tissue will be an almost exact genetic match to the patient and will therefore not face rejection and transplantation can be made much safer without the need for immune suppression. (spiked-online.com)

Currently, the procedure for isolating non-reproductive cells for the nuclear transfer method involves animal enzymes and serum. (scienceblog.com)
Secreted extracellular enzymes can destroy pathogenic nuclear acids around the cell. (benthamscience.com)
What is the connection between enzymes and genetic properties? (bordercollies.nl)

In 1965, Teilum first suggested the germ cell origin of gonadal tumors. (medscape.com)
Kearns Sayre Syndrome (OMIM #530000) occurs as a result of large-scale single deletions (or rearrangements) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which are usually not inherited but occur spontaneously, probably at the germ-cell level or very early in embryonic development. (medscape.com)

Not only might stem cell technology obviate the need for cadaver donation - it could also resolve the problem of rejection. (spiked-online.com)

Normal tissue cells called fibroblasts can help to form a path for invading carcinoma cells, and may thereby promote tumour metastasis. (hum-molgen.org)
If there are intact cells in this tissue they have been 'stored' frozen. (wikiquote.org)

Recessive traits and dominant alleles refer to specific patterns of inheritance, while genotype encompasses the entire genetic makeup of an individual. (proprofs.com)

We provide the first evidence that miRNAs naturally induce transcriptome-wide covariations and compare the relative importance of nuclear organization, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation in defining covariations. (nih.gov)
So far, the central region of the nuclear pore has been represented as a hole because it was not possible to determine the organization of the IDPs in the opening. (mpg.de)

Salas said that it still remains unknown why there was genetic flow between the Africa and Europe in prehistoric times, but one possible scenario is that some bidirectional flow was promoted when the last glaciation pushed some Europeans southward, until the glacier receded and populations returned north. (eurekalert.org)
In certain populations, the percentage of heterozygotes (carriers) is high because of a founder effect (ie, the group started with few members, one of whom was a carrier) or because carriers have a selective advantage (eg, heterozygosity for sickle cell trait protects against malaria). (msdmanuals.com)

Genetic differences among Denisovan mtDNA also hinted that Denisovans might have been present in this stretch of Siberia for thousands of years. (genomeweb.com)
This, coupled with the very limited DNA damage repair capability in the organelle, leads to sequence alterations in mtDNA at a much higher frequency than that in the nuclear DNA. (northwestern.edu)
Virtually all DNA extractions contain both nuclear DNA and mtDNA. (northwestern.edu)
While there are numerous NUMTs existing in the nuclear DNA, the primers we use for mtDNA enrichment is highly specific to avoid any potential amplification of NUMTs from nuclear DNA. (northwestern.edu)

Although its genetic etiology has been extensively investigated, most POI cases remain unexplained. (nature.com)
The genetic etiology of isolated POI is highly heterogeneous. (nature.com)
This review summarizes the major pathological factors linking obesity to diabetes, focussing on current epidemiological data related to obese diabetic patients in the Arab world, the etiology of the disease and the genetic determinants of diabetes and obesity. (who.int)

Nucleus23

Genome18

Genes13

Eukaryotic4

Proteins14

Protein11

Mutations7

Gene11

Chromosomes11

Cytoplasm6

Cytoplasmic3

Nuclei5

Chromosome5

Membrane2

Somatic cell8

Scientists11

Differentiation of embryonic stem1

Genomes3

Embryos10

Researchers21

Cellular7

Envelope4

Pores3

Abnormalities3

Mitochondria3

Material6

20221

Transcription5

Functional4

Mouse embryonic2

Genetics1

Variants1

Molecular biology1

Abnormal3

Diseases2

Donor1

Oocytes3

Reactors3

Progenitor cells1

Characteristics5

Receptors1

Copies2

Adult3

Structures1

Sequences2

Antigen1

Stem cell res5

Human16

Immune suppression1

Enzymes3

Germ cell2

Obviate the need1

Tissue2

Inheritance1

Organization2

Populations2

MtDNA4

Etiology3