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Immunity, InnateImmunity, CellularImmunityAdaptive ImmunityImmunity, MucosalMice, Inbred C57BLCytokinesInterferon-gammaT-LymphocytesCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesDendritic CellsCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesMice, Inbred BALB CImmunologic MemoryMice, KnockoutSpleenLymphocyte ActivationMacrophagesDisease Models, AnimalCells, CulturedSignal TransductionImmunizationImmunity, HumoralAntigens, CD14Monocytes, Activated KillerPlant ImmunityLipopolysaccharidesFlow CytometryTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaImmunity, Maternally-AcquiredPhagocytosisInflammationMonocyte Chemoattractant ProteinsRNA, MessengerChemotaxis, LeukocyteImmunoglobulin GReceptors, CCR2Receptors, IgGCell LineMolecular Sequence DataLymphocytesAntigens, CDCell AdhesionLeukocytes, MononuclearNeutrophilsCell DifferentiationAntibodies, MonoclonalTime FactorsAntibody FormationInterleukin-1Adjuvants, ImmunologicEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayImmunity, HerdMacrophage ActivationGene Expression RegulationVaccinationInterleukin-10Antibodies, ViralLeukocytesInterleukin-6Recombinant ProteinsToll-Like ReceptorsMembrane GlycoproteinsB-LymphocytesInterleukin-12Hypersensitivity, DelayedAmino Acid SequenceChemokinesCytotoxicity, ImmunologicCell MovementAntigens, Differentiation, MyelomonocyticBase SequenceUp-RegulationKiller Cells, NaturalGranulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating FactorChemotactic FactorsPhagocytesKineticsInterleukin-4Immune ToleranceAntibodiesLungReceptors, ChemokineTh1 CellsGene ExpressionDose-Response Relationship, ImmunologicInterleukin-8Cell SeparationGranulocytesAntibodies, BacterialProtein BindingToll-Like Receptor 4Chemokine CCL7Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionInflammation MediatorsReceptors, Cell SurfaceNF-kappa BAntigens, BacterialCoculture TechniquesToll-Like Receptor 2
MacrophagesPathogensDendritic cellsLymphocytesDefenseInduceBone marrowAntigensClassical monocytesMacrophageGranulocytesDifferentiationPhagocytesBlood monocytesPlayers in innateLong-term immunityAdaptive immune responsesPhagocytosisAntimicrobialGranulocyteCell-mediatedInfection and ImmuEpigeneticNeutrophilsTissuesProtective immunityDifferentiateMucosalMicrobiotaBarriersCellsMechanismsPathwaysVaccine-inducedPassiveSecretionsRegulationInfectionsSusceptibleVaccinationContrastInductionSpecific protectiveInflammationCriticallyInfectious DiseasesSignificantly2023
Macrophages18
  • Monocytes circulate, whereas macrophages are fixed in lymphoid and mucosal tissues. (medscape.com)
  • Macrophages are white blood cells located in tissues and are derived from monocytes, which in turn are derived from precursor cells in the bone marrow. (voltrx-global.com)
  • Macrophages and monocytes are both phagocytes and are involved in non-specific defense (innate immunity) and specific defense (cellular immunity) in vertebrates. (voltrx-global.com)
  • Monocytes and their derivatives, including macrophages and dendritic cells, play diverse roles in the response to fungal pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
  • Upon entering affected tissues, classical monocytes can further differentiate into macrophages and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs). (frontiersin.org)
  • Macrophages that differentiate from monocytes in the adult bone marrow are distinguished from tissue resident macrophages (e.g., alveolar macrophages, glial cells) that originally derive from fetal yolk sac progenitor cells or monocytes from the fetal liver ( Hoeffel and Ginhoux, 2018 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • However, there is evidence that bone marrow-derived monocytes can help replenish the tissue-resident macrophages of specific organs including the gut, the skin, and the heart ( Ginhoux and Guilliams, 2016 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Classical "inflammatory" monocytes can give rise to non-classical "patrolling" monocytes or further differentiate into macrophages or monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs). (frontiersin.org)
  • However, the responses measured were significantly lower than those typically observed following BCG vaccination in adult rhesus macaques and infant profiles were skewed towards the activation and attraction of macrophages and monocytes and the synthesis in addition to release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α. (bvsalud.org)
  • Macrophages and monocytes are the major target cells for Ehrlichia , although this bacterium can infect other cell types such as hepatocytes and endothelial cells [ 4 ]. (scientificarchives.com)
  • Two major lineages are currently known: cells that are derived from myeloid progenitor cells in the bone marrow (BM) that give rise to blood-circulating monocytes that migrate to sites of host insult, and macrophages that are derived from the yolk sac and present in the tissues as resident macrophages [ 9 - 11 ]. (scientificarchives.com)
  • Classically activated macrophages (M1 macrophages) mediates host defense against several bacterial, viral and protozoal pathogens and they play a role in antitumor immunity [ 12 , 13 ]. (scientificarchives.com)
  • Macrophages are formed through differentiation of monocytes, one of the major groups of white blood cells of the immune system. (nobelhealthsolutions.com)
  • When there is tissue damage or infection, the monocytes leave the blood stream and enter the affected tissue or organ and undergo a series of changes to become macrophages. (nobelhealthsolutions.com)
  • Monocytes and macrophages are phagocytes , acting in both nonspecific defense (or innate immunity ) as well as specific defense (or cell-mediated immunity ) of vertebrate animals. (wikidoc.org)
  • Monocytes are attracted to a damaged site by chemical substances through chemotaxis , triggered by a range of stimuli including damaged cells, pathogens, histamine released by mast cells and basophils , and cytokines released by macrophages already at the site. (wikidoc.org)
  • Innate immunity is possessed by all types of multicellular organisms and is a primitive prophylactic system in which macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells are primarily responsible for its functioning [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The main players in innate immunity in the lungs include the airway epithelium itself, alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells. (vitamindwiki.com)
Pathogens7
  • Zinc plays an important role in innate immunity (the body's first line of fast defense against nonspecific pathogens). (wellbeingnutrition.com)
  • vaccines The immune system is complex, yet so simple in its ability to induce nonspecific (innate) immunity and specific immune responses against pathogens, including, bacteria, viruses and parasites. (studylib.net)
  • The high burden of infectious diseases and the extensive vaccination campaigns previously conducted in Africa could have induced specific and non-specific protective immunity to infectious pathogens in Africans. (cdc.gov)
  • To keep up with evolving threats, acquired immunity gained the ability to learn and remember literally millions of new pathogens. (ishinobu.com)
  • Adaptive immunity is a learned response, able to ferret out pathogens that the innate system leaves alone. (ishinobu.com)
  • A local defense system with components of both innate and adaptive immunity has evolved to discriminate between non-pathogenic antigens and potential pathogens and to clear pathogens. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • The innate immune system provides an immediate, nonspecific first line of defense against pathogens. (amboss.com)
Dendritic cells1
  • VSV infection triggered rapid differentiation of blood monocytes into immature dendritic cells as well as their apoptosis, which depended on caspase 3/7 activation. (karger.com)
Lymphocytes6
Defense1
Induce4
  • In contrast, trained immunity has been shown to be able to induce protection against reinfection in a lymphocyte-independent manner. (lih.lu)
  • Specific signaling mechanisms including the dectin-1/Raf1 and NOD2-mediated pathways induce trained immunity, through induction of histone modifications (methylation, acetylation) and epigenetic reprogramming of monocyte function. (lih.lu)
  • The aim of the project was to investigate whether bovine immunoglobulin G (bIgG) and compound X, alone or in combination, can induce trained immunity in human monocytes. (urv.cat)
  • COVID-19 related epidemiological studies showed an inverse relation- ship between national BCG vaccination policies and COVID-19 incidence and death, suggesting that BCG may induce trained immunity that could confer some protection against SARS-CoV-2. (uaeu.ac.ae)
Bone marrow1
  • During inflammation or infection, classical monocytes are mobilized from bone marrow reserves in response to chemokines that bind to the CCR2 receptor, such as CCL2 and CCL7 ( Shi and Pamer, 2011 ). (frontiersin.org)
Antigens4
Classical monocytes1
  • Infant macaques, vaccinated with BCG within a week of birth, possessed a significantly higher frequency of CD14+ classical monocytes and granulocytes which remained different throughout the first three years of life compared to unvaccinated age matched animals. (bvsalud.org)
Macrophage2
  • This type of immunity is a long-term immunity which is acquired when a macrophage digests a microbe and presents the microbe's antigen on its surface to alert other white blood cells to the presence of the invading particle. (nobelhealthsolutions.com)
  • When a monocyte enters damaged tissue through the endothelium of a blood vessel (a process known as the leukocyte adhesion cascade ), it undergoes a series of changes to become a macrophage. (wikidoc.org)
Granulocytes2
  • Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the influence of HMB on the chemotactic activity (MIGRATEST® kit), phagocytic activity (PHAGOTEST® kit) and oxidative burst (BURSTTEST® kit) of monocytes and granulocytes in the peripheral blood of calves by flow cytometry. (researchsquare.com)
  • HMB also had a positive effect on the oxidative metabolism of monocytes and granulocytes stimulated with PMA (4-phorbol-12-β-myristate-13-acetate) and Escherichia coli bacteria, expressed as MFI values and the percentage of oxidative metabolism. (researchsquare.com)
Differentiation2
  • Monocyte differentiation required infectious VSV, but loss of CD14+ cells was also associated with the presence of a cytokine/chemokine milieu produced in response to VSV infection. (karger.com)
  • Monocyte development and differentiation pathways. (frontiersin.org)
Phagocytes2
  • The importance of these species in innate immunity was first recognized in phagocytes that underwent a "respiratory burst" after activation. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • There are cells, such as phagocytes, that can invade bodies in a process in which the cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf the large particle, giving rise to an internal compartment called a phagosome, and then activating the acquired immunity system by presenting a portion of the phagocytosed and digested foreign substances from its membrane surface. (encyclopedia.pub)
Blood monocytes1
  • The effect of kisspeptin on the functional activity of peripheral blood monocytes and neutrophils in the context of physiological pregnancy // Journal of reproductive immunology. (iegm.ru)
Players in innate1
Long-term immunity1
  • The adaptive immune response that develops with infection by any DENV provides long-term immunity to the homologous virus and short-lived protection against heterologous DENV. (cdc.gov)
Adaptive immune responses2
  • Mucosal immunity consists of innate and adaptive immune responses which can be influenced by systemic immunity. (hindawi.com)
  • Mucosal immunity consists of innate and adaptive immune responses that can be influenced by systemic immunity [ 15 ] and by hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle. (hindawi.com)
Phagocytosis2
Antimicrobial1
  • Nonspecific antimicrobial systems are reflexive, in that their operation does not require prior contact with an infectious microbe. (ishinobu.com)
Granulocyte3
  • Results An analysis of granulocyte and monocyte chemotactic activity and phagocytic activity revealed significantly higher levels of phagocytic activity in calves administered HMB than in the control group, expressed in terms of the percentage of phagocytising cells and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). (researchsquare.com)
  • Monocytes can develop from either a granulocyte-monocyte progenitor (GMP) or a monocyte-dendritic cell progenitor (MDP). (frontiersin.org)
  • Common myeloid progenitor (CMP), granulocyte progenitor (GP), monocyte-committed progenitor (MP), common monocyte progenitor (cMoP), common dendritic cell progenitor (CDP), conventional dendritic cell (cDC), plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC). (frontiersin.org)
Cell-mediated1
  • Conclusion HMB stimulates non-specific cell-mediated immunity, which is a very important consideration in newborn calves that are exposed to adverse environmental factors in the first weeks of their life. (researchsquare.com)
Infection and Immu1
  • To provide insight into the possible reasons for the presumed immune sufficiency to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Africa, this review critically examines literature published from 2020 onwards on the dynamics of COVID-19 infection and immunity and how other prevalent infectious diseases in Africa might have influenced the outcome of COVID-19. (cdc.gov)
Epigenetic2
  • Regarding the immune mechanism, it seems to stimulate the induction of nonspecific innate immune response, whose epigenetic changes would influence the human reaction to other infectious agents. (sbmt.org.br)
  • This protection is a memory-like response in innate immune cells (trained immunity), which is caused by epigenetic reprogramming via histone modification in the regulatory elements of specific genes in monocytes. (uaeu.ac.ae)
Neutrophils1
Tissues2
  • big eaters", from makros "large" + phagein "eat") are cells within the tissues that originate from specific white blood cells called monocytes . (wikidoc.org)
  • The functions of zinc in the body range from building proteins, activating enzymes, repairing damaged tissues, making DNA, and growing cells to boosting immunity. (wellbeingnutrition.com)
Protective immunity1
Differentiate1
Mucosal1
  • Here we review the characteristics of mucosal immunity of the female genital tract, its alterations due to HIV/AIDS, and the characteristics of coinfections between HIV/AIDS and the most prevalent STDs. (hindawi.com)
Microbiota1
  • The effect of Escherichia coli ŽP strain with a conjugation-based colicin E7 delivery on growth performance, hematological, biochemical, and histological parameters, gut microbiota, and nonspecific immunity of broilers // Canadian Journal of Microbiology. (iegm.ru)
Barriers1
Cells9
  • Innate immunity resides in the skin, mucous membranes, polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells, complement system, and a select group of cells that possess cytotoxic capabilities. (medscape.com)
  • In some instances, fungi have developed mechanisms to evade the consequences of monocyte activation and subvert these cells to promote disease. (frontiersin.org)
  • Long-term reprogramming of innate immunity, that induces adaptive traits and has been termed trained immunity characterizes prototypical innate immune cells such as natural killer cells and monocytes, and provides protection against reinfection in a T/B-cell-independent manner. (lih.lu)
  • Zinc also has a role to play in adaptive immunity (the one that uses the memory of a pathogen encountered previously) to launch pathogen-specific attacks with the help of T cells and antibodies. (wellbeingnutrition.com)
  • These peptides are chemotactic for monocytes and T cells. (forex-consultant.com)
  • Cells involved in innate immunity recognize foreign substances such as bacteria with toll-like receptors (TLR) and regulate the activation of other cells by the production of various cytokines [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • If you work with FcR + cells, especially monocytes, you might consider avoiding cyanine-containing fluorochromes for the staining of your cells of interest. (sanguinebio.com)
  • All vertebrates have natural killer cells and acquired immunity. (ishinobu.com)
  • NK's smaller cousins work in the department of acquired immunity: B and T cells. (ishinobu.com)
Mechanisms3
  • Considerable research has been done into preparations that simulate immune mechanisms, in particular non-specific cell-mediated and humoral immunity, in the youngest animals [1,2,3,4,5]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Innate immunity mechanisms are ever vigilant. (ishinobu.com)
  • To cite this article: Martin SF, Esser PR, Weber FC, Jakob T, Freudenberg MA, Schmidt M, Goebeler M. Mechanisms of chemical-induced innate immunity in allergic contact dermatitis. (cdc.gov)
Pathways1
  • These monocyte-mediated pathways may be either beneficial or harmful to the host. (frontiersin.org)
Vaccine-induced2
  • BCG vaccine-induced trained immunity and COVID-19: Protective or bystander? (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • Dive into the research topics of 'BCG vaccine-induced trained immunity and COVID-19: Protective or bystander? (uaeu.ac.ae)
Passive1
Secretions1
  • Mucus and body secretions contain nonspecific and specific protective substances against infections. (amboss.com)
Regulation1
Infections2
Susceptible1
  • This review will highlight the roles of monocytes in the immune response to some of the major fungi that cause invasive human disease, including Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Candida, Histoplasma, Blastomyces , and Coccidioides , and discuss potential strategies to manipulate monocyte responses in order to enhance anti-fungal immunity in susceptible hosts. (frontiersin.org)
Vaccination5
  • Non-specific protective effects dependent on trained immunity have also been shown to be induced after BCG vaccination in humans. (lih.lu)
  • These findings, along with the increase in monokines following vaccination in infants, may provide an insight into the mechanism by which vaccination with BCG is able to provide non-specific immunity against non-mycobacterial organisms. (bvsalud.org)
  • This review focuses on BCG-related cross-protection and acquisition of trained immunity, as well as the correlation between BCG vaccination and COVID-19 incidence and mortality. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • Prevention occurs when the nonspecific immune defenses are sufficient to block infection or if there is preexisting specific immunity to the virus as a result of vaccination or previous infection. (forex-consultant.com)
  • In addition, an initial analysis of epidemiological data showed that COVID19 cases were not severe in some countries that implemented universal Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination policies, thus supporting the potential of BCG vaccination to boost innate immunity. (cdc.gov)
Contrast2
  • In contrast to basic innate immunity, adaptive immunity is specific and depends on antigenic stimulation. (medscape.com)
  • Contact allergen-induced innate immunity contrast to irritant contact dermatitis (ICD), which evolves emollients may help reduce irritancy and stabilize the barrier as a consequence of direct toxic effects of physical or chemi- function of the skin avoiding the penetration of contact aller- cal agents resulting in keratinocyte damage and local inflam- gens. (cdc.gov)
Induction1
  • Results showed that this nutritional combination seemed to be superior to the use of each compound alone in the induction of trained immunity. (urv.cat)
Specific protective1
  • During the past decades, the paradigm for cancer treatment has shifted from nonspecific chemotherapeutics to more specific protective immunotherapy. (thno.org)
Inflammation1
  • The concept of trained immunity represents a paradigm change in immunity and its putative role in infection and inflammation may represent the next step in the design of future vaccines and immunotherapeutic approaches. (lih.lu)
Critically1
  • Interestingly, a recent study reported that topical appli- mation, ACD critically depends on adaptive immunity. (cdc.gov)
Infectious Diseases1
  • The basic concepts derived from studying NK cell memory provide new insights about innate immunity and could lead to novel strategies to improve treatments for infectious diseases and cancer. (nature.com)
Significantly1
20231
  • Reactive Species on Innate Immunity" Encyclopedia , https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31219 (accessed December 02, 2023). (encyclopedia.pub)