Nnrti resistance mutations. Medical search. Frequent questions

HIV Drug Resistance Mutations in Non-B Subtypes After Prolonged Virological Failure on NNRTI-Based First-Line Regimens in Sub-Saharan Africa. (ox.ac.uk)
OBJECTIVE: To determine drug resistance mutation (DRM) patterns in a large cohort of patients failing nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based first-line antiretroviral therapy regimens in programs without routine viral load (VL) monitoring and to examine intersubtype differences in DRMs. (ox.ac.uk)
In particular, higher rates of etravirine and rilpivirine resistance in subtype-C may limit their potential utility in salvage regimens. (ox.ac.uk)
The prevalence of drug resistance is high among children with HIV, making it critical that children receive regimens that are active against drug-resistant virus and that clinicians have timely viral load information to enable a switch in treatment before high-level drug resistance emerges. (aidsmap.com)
DOR is a novel NNRTI recommended for the treatment of both treatment-naïve and virologically suppressed PLWHIV.2 In our real-life scenario, DOR-based regimens demonstrated optimal tolerability and safety in the short-term. (natap.org)
Resistance is uncommon with any integrase inhibitor, and extremely unlikely to happen if you're taking your meds, but so far we haven't seen any resistance when dolutegravir-based regimens are used for initial therapy. (positivelyaware.com)
Dolutegravir-based regimens, including Triumeq, look like they have the same resistance advantage and are generally better tolerated. (positivelyaware.com)
The NYSDOH AI Medical Care Criteria Committee recommendations for prescribing ART regimens for treatment-naive, nonpregnant adults (age ≥18 years) with HIV-1 and without acquired resistance are based on a comprehensive review of available clinical trial data. (hivguidelines.org)
Avoid INSTI-based regimens, unless an INSTI genotype shows no resistance mutations. (hiv.gov)
Avoid NNRTI-based regimens and DTG/3TC. (hiv.gov)
The only large randomised trial to date of second-line ART in African adults found that those receiving NRTI-based second-line regimens had equivalent virological suppression to those receiving regimens based on 2 new drug classes [ 7 ], suggesting that NRTI cross-resistance may have less relevance than feared. (prolekare.cz)
We therefore investigated virological outcomes and resistance in the ARROW randomised trial (ISRCTN24791884), which compared first-line ART regimens and CD4 monitoring strategies in children and adolescents in Uganda and Zimbabwe [ 8 ]. (prolekare.cz)
There was no evidence of differences between 3NRTI and 2NRTI+NNRTI long-term maintenance regimens in terms of clinical outcomes or CD4, but medium-term virological suppression was poorer with 3NRTI, supporting 2NRTI+NNRTI becoming the WHO-recommended first-line regimen for children as of 2013. (prolekare.cz)
Author summary Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug resistance has implications for antiretroviral treatment strategies and for containing the HIV pandemic because the development of HIV drug resistance leads to the requirement for antiretroviral drugs that may be less effective, less well-tolerated, and more expensive than those used in first-line regimens. (cdc.gov)
HIV drug resistance studies are designed to determine which HIV mutations are selected by antiretroviral drugs and, in turn, how these mutations affect antiretroviral drug susceptibility and response to future antiretroviral treatment regimens. (cdc.gov)
All of the eight individuals were expected to possess different marks of level of resistance to the ARV regimens, which range from potential low-level to high-level level of resistance. (iwap2018.com)
The individuals were enrolled in a clinical trial for people initiating HIV treatment to compare two drug regimens: efavirenz, an NNRTI and prior first-line therapy in the region, and dolutegravir. (ahri.org)
The goal of this study was to determine whether drug resistance to efavirenz prior to starting treatment affected treatment success (suppression of the virus in the blood) over the first two years of therapy with both of these two regimens. (ahri.org)
These regimens have demonstrated virologic potency, durability in treatment-naive patients, and a high barrier to resistance. (guidelines.org.au)
Because transmitted PI resistance is uncommon, boosted ATV or DRV-based regimens are recommended for rapid antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation or in the setting of acute HIV infection, before resistance test results are available. (guidelines.org.au)
As few or no PI mutations are detected when a patient's first PI-based regimen fails, which is not the case with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based regimens and some integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-based regimens, 1 PI based regimens may be useful for patients at risk for intermittent therapy because of poor adherence. (guidelines.org.au)
The evolution of drug resistance has significant clinical implications for choosing effective antiretroviral regimens. (medilib.ir)
Objectives: To examine the impact of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) on response to first-line regimens with integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) or boosted protease inhibitors (bPIs).Methods: From an Italian observational database (ARCA) we selected HIV-1-infected drug-naive patients starting two NRTIs and either an INSTI or a bPI, with an available pre-ART resistance genotype. (unisi.it)

Although management without VL monitoring has enabled ART rollout, children with virological failure risk developing resistance, which may reduce efficacy of second-line therapy. (prolekare.cz)
OBJECTIVES: To determine the genetic patterns of resistance emerging in West African HIV-1 subtypes during first-line virological failure, and the implications for future antiretroviral options. (ucl.ac.uk)
Cross-sectional study of virological failure and multinucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance at 12 months of antiretroviral therapy in Western India. (nari-icmr.res.in)
Virological failure rates and HIV-1 drug resistance patterns in patients on first-line antiretroviral treatment in semirural and rural Gabon. (actamedindones.org)

CONCLUSIONS: Non-B subtypes differ in DRMs at first-line failure, which impacts on residual nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and NNRTI susceptibility. (ox.ac.uk)
The researchers say it is not clear why efavirenz-resistant mutations should affect susceptibility of dolutegravir, though one hypothesis is that integrase inhibitors such as dolutegravir push the virus to replicate and mutate faster, in turn developing resistance to the new drug in an evolutionary arms race. (ahri.org)
The susceptibility that is measured with phenotypic assays is the aggregate of the acquired drug mutations in a patient's viral strain [ 6 ]. (medilib.ir)
Results are reported as a fold-change in drug susceptibility of the patient sample compared with a laboratory reference strain without resistance. (medilib.ir)
As an example, some mutations cause resistance to certain drugs but increase susceptibility to others, while other mutations may impact viral fitness (see "Interpretation of HIV drug resistance testing", section on 'Viral fitness' ). (medilib.ir)
For such patients, phenotypic resistance testing may have an advantage over genotypic testing, as it measures resistance more directly and can assess relative susceptibility and interactions among mutations. (medilib.ir)
If treatment fails, drug susceptibility (resistance) assays can determine the susceptibility of the dominant HIV strain to all available drugs. (msdmanuals.com)

In 2012, WHO reported that 60% and 67% of adults and children in sub-Saharan Africa failing first-line ART at 12 months had NRTI and NNRTI resistance, respectively [ 6 ]. (prolekare.cz)
Primary mutations associated with NRTI and NNRTI resistance were detected among 3% and 4% of treatment-naïve strains, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
Primary mutations associated with NRTI and NNRTI resistance were detected in 1.6% and 11.5% of women who had received sdNVP, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)

A drug-resistant HIV strain is one which is less susceptible to the effects of one or more anti-HIV drugs because of an accumulation of HIV mutations in its genotype. (aidsmap.com)
Baseline genotype testing reveals no HIV drug-resistant mutations. (medscape.com)
In the setting of transmitted drug resistance, the choice of antiretroviral therapy should be tailored according the the results of resistance (typically genotype) testing. (medscape.com)
Genotype Resistance Test report attached in two parts for reference. (aahivm.org)
My concern is why Genotype resistance testing is showing all drugs susceptible. (aahivm.org)
Just to add that we got Genotype resistance testing repeated at another lab and it showed same pattern. (aahivm.org)

The common NRTI mutations were M184VI and K65R, while NNRTI mutations were Y181CFGVY, K103N, A98AG, E138GQ and G190AGS. (actamedindones.org)

The patient with VF had no known nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) mutation at baseline and showed no acquired mutations in a subsequent genotypic test. (natap.org)
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) was initiated, consisting of the nucleotide/nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and lamivudine (3TC), in combination with the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) doravirine (DOR). (medscape.com)
When nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors are used as monotherapy for HIV-1 infection, drug resistance develops rapidly. (antimicrobe.org)

Genotypic tests identify mutations in the viral genetic material through sequencing the viral genes of interest. (canada.ca)
Five (15.2%) patients presented a resistance mutation to NNRTIs at baseline: 3 had the E138A mutation, one had the K103N mutation, and, most notably, one patient presented the Y188L mutation in a previous genotypic analysis. (natap.org)
Such studies collectively form a vital knowledge base essential for monitoring global HIV drug resistance trends, interpreting HIV genotypic tests, and updating HIV treatment guidelines. (cdc.gov)
Genotypic resistance results and HIV-1 subtype were interpreted by Stanford DR database. (actamedindones.org)
As an example, in an observational study of more than 2699 HIV-infected patients who were eligible for genotypic and phenotypic testing between 1999 and 2005, resistance testing was associated with improved survival (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.69 [95% CI 0.51-0.94]) after controlling for demographics, CD4 cell count, HIV RNA level, and intensity of clinical follow-up [ 3 ]. (medilib.ir)
GENOTYPIC VERSUS PHENOTYPIC ASSAYS - This section will provide an overview of the commonly used resistance assays. (medilib.ir)
Overview of the assays - Resistance assays can be categorized as either genotypic or phenotypic. (medilib.ir)
Genotypic resistance assays detect the presence of specific drug resistance mutations in the regions of the HIV genome encoding protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase. (medilib.ir)
Genotypic assays provide information on the specific resistance mutations present within the virus. (medilib.ir)
See 'Genotypic resistance assays' below. (medilib.ir)
Genotypic analysis of HIV-1 isolates from patients receiving RESCRIPTOR plus zidovudine combination therapy (n = 79) showed resistance-conferring mutations in all isolates by Week 24 of therapy. (drugs.com)

Once again, neither group included a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) in their list of recommended combinations. (positivelyaware.com)
In contrast to the disappointing cross-resistance news with 1592, DuPont-Merck's new non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) DMP-266 (now with the generic name "efavirenz" and trade name "Sustiva"), seems to be active against the most common resistance mutation (Y181) associated with use of nevirapine and delavirdine, the two commercially available NNRTIs. (treatmentactiongroup.org)
In a systematic review of 30 studies from low-income settings in 2011 [ 5 ], 80% and 88% of children failing first-line ART had 1 or more International AIDS Society (IAS)-USA major nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance-associated mutations, respectively. (prolekare.cz)
Although more than 25 antiretroviral medications are available from 6 major classes, an ART regimen for treatment-naive patients generally consists of 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in combination with a third active ART drug from 1 of 3 drug classes: an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI), a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), or a protease inhibitor (PI) with a pharmacologic enhancer (ie, cobicistat or ritonavir). (medscape.com)
Compilation and prevalence of mutations associated with resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. (actamedindones.org)
Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), emtricitabine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NtRTI). (aidsmap.com)
HIV treatment usually consists of a cocktail of drugs that includes a type of drug known as a non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). (ahri.org)
RESCRIPTOR tablets contain delavirdine mesylate, a synthetic non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). (drugs.com)

Our recommendations are designed to ensure that the data that contribute to HIV drug resistance knowledge will be available without undue hardship to those publishing HIV drug resistance studies and without risk to people living with HIV. (cdc.gov)

Cross-resistance to at least one of the newer NNRTIs, doravirine, etravirine or rilpivirine, was predicted in 81% of participants. (ucl.ac.uk)

No integrase strand inhibitor (INSTI) resistance-associated mutations were reported. (jnj.com)
Transmitted mutations conferring NNRTI and NRTI resistance are more likely than mutations associated with PI or INSTI resistance. (hiv.gov)
WHO surveillance drug resistance mutations and the Stanford algorithm were used to classify patients into three resistance categories: no TDR (A), TDR but fully-active ART prescribed (B), TDR and at least low-level resistance to one or more prescribed drug (C).Results: We included 1365 patients with a median follow-up of 96 weeks (IQR 54-110): 1205 (88.3%) starting bPI and 160 (11.7%) INSTI. (unisi.it)
In the bPI group, VF rates were not influenced by baseline resistance.Conclusions: Our data support the need for NRTI resistance genotyping in patients starting an INSTI-based first-line ART. (unisi.it)

The first NNRTI, nevirapine was discovered by researchers at Boehringer Ingelheim and approved by the FDA in 1996. (wikipedia.org)
However, there is concern over the emergence of resistance after using nevirapine to prevent mother to child transmission. (antimicrobe.org)

DESIGN: Sequences from 787 adults/adolescents who failed an NNRTI-based first-line regimen in 13 clinics in Uganda, Kenya, Zimbabwe, and Malawi were analyzed. (ox.ac.uk)
Causes of viral rebound can include drug resistance, poor adherence to an HIV treatment regimen or interrupting treatment. (aidsmap.com)
Study participants were randomised to receive point-of-care viral load testing every three months and drug resistance testing if they had a viral load above 1000, or to receive the standard of care, which consists of viral load testing every six months and resistance testing only in the case of second-line regimen failure. (aidsmap.com)
Lenacapavir is a novel, first-in-class HIV capsid inhibitor that was FDA approved on December 22, 2022, for heavily treatment-experienced adults with multidrug-resistant HIV-1 infection after failing their current antiretroviral (ARV) regimen due to resistance, intolerance, or safety considerations. (uspharmacist.com)
Due to cross resistance, at least one of the new products isn't expected to work in people with extensive prior nucleoside experience, and it may be difficult to cobble together a regimen from the two remaining new agents that can reasonably be expected to produce sufficient virologic suppression. (treatmentactiongroup.org)
50 copies/mL on a stable antiretroviral (ARV) regimen, with no history of treatment failure, and no known or suspected resistance to CAB or RPV. (hiv.gov)
An ARV regimen should be started before HIV drug resistance results are available (e.g., in a person with acute HIV) or when ART is being initiated rapidly. (hiv.gov)
It is important to obtain testing for drug resistance and hepatitis co-infection before intitiation of ART, as these results can impact choice of regimen. (medscape.com)
Prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance after failure of a first highly active antiretroviral therapy regimen in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. (actamedindones.org)
The 3TC group, during 344.4 person-years of follow-up (PYFU), had 10 VF without the emergence of resistance mutations, while 30 pts discontinued the regimen. (unicatt.it)
If a patient is infected with an NNRTI-resistant strain, they are at a two- to three-fold increased risk of the drug regimen failing. (ahri.org)
So, I would recommend starting a regimen that you think should work (as you are doing), and then repeating a resistance test IF he continues to be viremic, AND you are sure that he is taking his meds. (aahivm.org)
The interpretation of these tests and the approach to selecting an antiretroviral therapy regimen for patients with drug resistance mutations are discussed elsewhere. (medilib.ir)
See "Interpretation of HIV drug resistance testing" and "Selecting an antiretroviral regimen for treatment-experienced patients with HIV who are failing therapy" and "Evaluation of the treatment-experienced patient failing HIV therapy" . (medilib.ir)
The use of resistance testing when selecting an antiretroviral regimen is discussed elsewhere. (medilib.ir)

Discovery and development of NNRTIs began in the late 1980s and in the end of 2009 four NNRTI had been approved by regulatory authorities and several others were undergoing clinical development. (wikipedia.org)
The hypothesis of Opt4Kids was that point-of-care viral load testing and early referral for drug resistance testing would speed up clinical decision-making resulting in improved treatment outcomes among children with HIV. (aidsmap.com)
More studies addressing the correlation between polymorphic mutations, antiretroviral resistance and clinical outcome are warranted in regions where non-B subtypes are prevalent. (biomedcentral.com)
Based on these findings, we supports the need for appropriate virology monitoring and HIV drug resistance survey in clinical practice and access to drug options in case of virology failure. (actamedindones.org)
Dolutegravir was dubbed a 'wonder drug' because it was safe, potent and cost-effective and scientists had seen no drug resistance against it in clinical trials. (ahri.org)
INTRODUCTION - The use of drug resistance testing has become an integral part of HIV clinical care. (medilib.ir)
The first clinical description of HIV resistance to an antiretroviral agent was published in 1989, when patients taking zidovudine monotherapy accumulated mutations within the reverse transcriptase gene, resulting in a marked increase in drug resistance [ 1 ]. (medilib.ir)
However, in treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations, interpreting complex genotypes can be challenging since it can be difficult to interpret the clinical significance of a specific mutation when many mutations are present. (medilib.ir)

It is interesting that no zidovudine resistance were found, including in four patients receiving zidovudine in their HAART. (actamedindones.org)

As expected, the presence of drug resistance substantially reduced the chances of treatment success in people taking efavirenz, successfully suppressing the virus over 96-weeks in 65% of participants compared to 85% of non-resistant individuals. (ahri.org)
However, unexpectedly, the same pattern was true for individuals taking dolutegravir-based treatments: 66% of those with efavirenz resistance mutations remained suppressed over 96-weeeks compared to 84% of those without the mutations. (ahri.org)

Available data suggest that the prevalence of primary drug resistance in Canada is similar to that observed in other developed countries where highly active antiretroviral treatment is widely used. (canada.ca)
Based on the WHO HIV Drug Resistance Research Network Threshold of less than 5%, the baseline prevalence of primary mutations among treatment-naïve HIV-1 infected pregnant women in Kagera and Kilimanjaro regions was low. (biomedcentral.com)

Resistance of NNRTIs occurs through mutations of the reverse transcriptase gene in the viral genome. (antimicrobe.org)
NNRTI na ve patients with prior nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) exposure, who have isolates with resistance mutations and phenotypic resistance to NRTIs, appear more likely to have hypersusceptibility to the NNRTI class of drugs. (antimicrobe.org)
HIV drug resistance (Sanger sequences) was analyzed using the Stanford HIV database algorithm and scored for resistance to common nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). (beds.ac.uk)
The prevalence of mutations associated with antiretroviral drug resistance in protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) regions among antiretroviral treatment-naïve HIV-1 infected pregnant women was investigated in Bukoba (Kagera) and Moshi (Kilimanjaro) municipalities, Tanzania, between September and December 2005. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, the authors employ homology modeling and molecular docking towards the identification of novel rilpivirine analogs that retain high binding affinity to clinically relevant rilpivirine-resistant mutations of the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme. (emerginginvestigators.org)

Phenotypic resistance assays measure the extent to which an antiretroviral drug inhibits virus replication in vitro. (medilib.ir)

By comparing the generated sequences with databases containing resistance-conferring mutations, the presence or absence of drug resistance can be determined. (canada.ca)
Mutations conferring resistance to antiretroviral drugs are based on comparing gene sequences with corresponding consensus sequences of HIV-1 subtype B that represents only 10% of the AIDS pandemic. (biomedcentral.com)
HIV-1 sequences had been scored for medication level of resistance mutations using Stanford HIVdb and WHO 2009 mutation recommendations. (iwap2018.com)

Drug resistance largely results from changes (mutations) in the genetic material that code for these enzymes, rendering ART less effective. (canada.ca)
The HIV virus is constantly changing, and mutations in the virus's genetic material occur on a daily basis. (canada.ca)
Antimicrobial resistance occurs through different mechanisms, which include spontaneous (natural) genetic mutations and horizontal transfer of resistant genes through deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (who.int)
Before antiretroviral drugs become more widely available, it is important to characterize baseline naturally occurring genetic mutations and polymorphisms associated with antiretroviral drug resistance among circulating HIV-1 subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
As HIV copies itself and replicates, it can develop errors, or 'mutations', in its genetic code (its RNA). (ahri.org)
In a study published today in Nature Communications , an international team of researchers from South Africa, the UK and the USA examined the genetic code of HIV to determine if drug resistance mutations in 874 volunteers living with HIV affected their treatment success. (ahri.org)

Drug resistance develops quickly if NNRTIs are administered as monotherapy and therefore NNRTIs are always given as part of combination therapy, the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). (wikipedia.org)

He certainly could have minority variants with resistance mutations. (aahivm.org)

Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the association between specific DRMs and Stanford intermediate-/high-level resistance and factors including REGA subtype, first-line antiretroviral therapy drugs, CD4, and VL at failure. (ox.ac.uk)
Mutations detected at ≥2% frequency were analysed and compared by subtype. (ucl.ac.uk)
Subtype G viruses also contained more RT cleavage site mutations. (ucl.ac.uk)
The significance of HIV-1 subtype B polymorphic positions with respect to antiretroviral resistance identified among the prevalent HIV-1 subtypes is unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
Abstract: Impact of HIV type 1 subtype on drug resistance mutations in Nigerian patients failing first-line therapy. (actamedindones.org)

Intro Highly energetic antiretroviral therapy (HAART) continues to be effective at dealing with HIV disease and improving general health and success, but continuous viral evolution proceeds to bring about drug level of resistance [1]. (iwap2018.com)
Quick suppression of the viral load with highly active ART (HAART) substantially slows viral replication and prevents resistant mutations. (medscape.com)

RESCRIPTOR may confer cross-resistance to other NNRTIs when used alone or in combination. (drugs.com)

Dolutegravir has a higher barrier to resistance than the other two integrase inhibitors. (positivelyaware.com)

Using HIV-1 as a model system, we optimized and validated PANDAA to detect HIV drug resistance mutations (DRMs). (nature.com)

The major phenotypes usually observed in children with Alström Syndrome include cone-rod retinal dystrophy beginning in infancy and leading to eventual juvenile blindness, sensorineural hearing impairment, insulin resistance, and obesity. (authorea.com)
Several metabolic abnormalities, including dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, have been associated with PI use. (guidelines.org.au)

Discordant resistance profiles in vRNA quiz help DNA were seen in 6 sufferers with low viral load mean of 697 copies/ml in contrast with the concordant genotypes among 32 with better virus load mean 31,252 copies/ml. (examinationreports.com)

With the sequencing method, analysis of gene mutations encoded HIV drug resistance. (actamedindones.org)

Mutations in the HIV-1 genome are often associated with treatment failure as indicated by viral replication and elevated levels of virus in the blood. (biomedcentral.com)

However, under conditions in which treatment does not completely inhibit viral replication, a virus with drug-resistant mutations may begin to thrive, resulting in treatment failure. (canada.ca)
Patterns of HIV-1 drug resistance after first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) failure in 6 sub-saharan African Countries : implications for second-line ART strategies. (actamedindones.org)

The emergence of drug resistance in treated populations (antiretroviral treatment-experienced patients) and transmission of drug- resistant strains to newly infected individuals are important public health concerns in the prevention and control of HIV. (canada.ca)
The indication for treatment-naïve pediatric patients or antiretroviral treatment-experienced patients with no darunavir resistance associated substitutions is based on one open-label Phase 2 trial of 48 weeks duration in antiretroviral treatment-naïve subjects 12 to less than 18 years of age and pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation for patients 3 to less than 12 years of age. (wikidoc.org)

The second was to characterise the patterns of long-term virological control and resistance in children receiving first-line ART in sub-Saharan Africa without frequent, regular real-time VL monitoring (reflecting the reality in most ART programmes) in an observational analysis without regard to the trial randomisations. (prolekare.cz)
1 The HIV epidemic of viral load (VL) suppression and HIV drug resistance in Viet Nam remains concentrated primarily (HIVDR) patterns at the national scale were unknown. (who.int)

The Canadian HIV Strain and Drug Resistance Surveillance Program (SDR program) monitors and assesses HIV strains and the transmission of HIV drug resistance among individuals with newly diagnosed and not yet treated HIV infection in Canada. (canada.ca)
Primary drug resistance is resistance observed in treatment-naive individuals with newly diagnosed HIV infection, in whom resistance is presumably due to the transmission of a drug-resistant variant of HIV-1. (canada.ca)
It is thus likely that cimetidine acts like an NNRTI and has the ability to treat HIV infection. (i-sis.org.uk)
In an analysis based on the ARROW trial, Alex Szubert and colleagues report on virological and drug resistance outcomes in children with HIV infection. (prolekare.cz)

NNRTIs have a reputation for rapidly eliciting resistance due to mutations of the amino acids surrounding the NNRTIs' binding site. (i-sis.org.uk)
In patients treated with RESCRIPTOR, the mutations in RT occurred predominantly at amino acid positions 103 and less frequently at positions 181 and 236. (drugs.com)

Delavirdine is an NNRTI of HIV-1. (drugs.com)

Resistance can be the result of a poor adherence to treatment or of transmission of an already resistant virus. (aidsmap.com)
Its unique resistance profile offers promise for patients with multidrug-resistant HIV. (uspharmacist.com)
What took us completely by surprise was that dolutegravir - a different class of drug which is generally effective in the face of drug resistance - would also be less effective in people with these resistant strains. (ahri.org)
Results are reported as the individual mutations (eg, M184V, the signature mutation for lamivudine resistance) with comments such as "susceptible," "possibly resistant," or "resistant" for each antiretroviral agent. (medilib.ir)
Mutations at positions 103 and/or 181 have been found in resistant virus during treatment with RESCRIPTOR and other NNRTIs. (drugs.com)

This Epi Update provides a summary of primary HIV drug resistance in Canada and in other developed countries and includes an overview of data from the Canadian Strain and Drug Resistance Surveillance (SDR) program, a collaboration between the provinces and the Public Health Agency of Canada (the Surveillance and Risk Assessment Division and the National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories). (canada.ca)

We systematically violated canonical qPCR design principles to develop a Pan-Degenerate Amplification and Adaptation (PANDAA), a point mutation assay that mitigates the impact of sequence variation on probe-based qPCR performance. (nature.com)

This test is similar in concept to antibiotic-resistance testing in bacterial culture. (canada.ca)

Presence of drug resistance mutations by location (A) and by risk factor (B) for 1,397 patients with HIV, Germany, 2001-2018. (cdc.gov)
Lenacapavir's unique mechanism of action and resistance profile offer promise for patients who have run out of ARV treatment options. (uspharmacist.com)
Data from patients with previous resistance mutations to NNRTIs are particularly reassuring because none of them experienced any viral blip. (natap.org)
Furthermore, a subset of samples showed that patients failing ART for extended periods of time had HIV-1 strains harboring drug resistance mutations. (beds.ac.uk)
Virological outcomes and drug resistance in Chinese patients after 12 Months of 3TC-based first-line antiretroviral treatment, 2011 - 2012. (actamedindones.org)

Limited HIV Pretreatment Drug Resistance Among Adults Attending Free Antiretroviral Therapy Clinic of Pune, India. (nari-icmr.res.in)
HIV-1 drug resistance and associated factors among adults failing first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. (actamedindones.org)

Secondary drug resistance refers to resistance that develops in individuals already receiving treatment. (canada.ca)

Phenotypic tests assess growth of a virus containing the genes of interest in the presence of drugs against which resistance is being determined. (canada.ca)

Positions 1-350 of the RT and 1-99 of the PR genes were analyzed for mutations based on the Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy4

Organisms10

Diseases8

Chemicals and Drugs109

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment38

Phenomena and Processes89

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science5

Health Care9

Geographicals6

Regimens23

Virological Failure4

Susceptibility7

NRTI and NNRTI3

Genotype6

K65R1

Nonnucleoside3

Genotypic11

Nucleoside reverse t8

Publishing HIV drug resistance1

Doravirine1

INSTI4

Nevirapine2

Regimen15

Clinical8

Zidovudine1

Efavirenz2

Prevalence of primary2

Transcriptase5

Phenotypic resistance1

Sequences3

Genetic6

Monotherapy1

Variants1

Subtype5

HAART2

Cross-resistance1

Integrase1

DRMs1

Insulin resistance2

Genotypes1

Gene1

Genome1

Failure2

Antiretroviral treatment-experienced patients2

Patterns2

Infection4

Amino2

Delavirdine1

Resistant5

Strain1

Assay1

Antibiotic-resistance1

Patients5

Adults2

Develops1

Presence1

Stanford1