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NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily BNK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily KReceptors, Natural Killer CellLigandsKiller Cells, NaturalP-GlycoproteinATP-Binding Cassette TransportersNuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 3Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 2, Group C, Member 2Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1Receptors, ImmunologicNuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 2GPI-Linked ProteinsReceptors, Dopamine D2Receptors, Dopamine D1Molecular Sequence DataDopamine AgonistsNK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily CAmino Acid SequenceCytotoxicity, ImmunologicNuclear Receptor Subfamily 2, Group C, Member 1LectinsNK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily DHistocompatibility Antigens Class IDopamine AntagonistsQuinpiroleMannose-Binding LectinNuclear Matrix-Associated ProteinsBenzazepinesNK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily A2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepineMinor Histocompatibility AntigensPlant LectinsReceptors, Cytoplasmic and NuclearSignal TransductionSequence Homology, Amino AcidCell LineMice, Inbred C57BLReceptors, NK Cell Lectin-LikeBase SequenceMethiothepinReceptors, SteroidNuclear Receptor Subfamily 6, Group A, Member 1SumatriptanLectins, C-TypeFenoldopamCloning, MolecularLymphocyte ActivationRNA, MessengerNuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group D, Member 1Antigens, CD56Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionCells, CulturedReceptors, Dopamine D5Flow CytometryIntercellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsProtein BindingNucleocytoplasmic Transport ProteinsMembrane ProteinsInterferon-gammaNuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1Receptors, Dopamine D3Cell Line, TumorDopamineImmunologic SurveillanceMuromegalovirusImmunity, InnateTumor EscapeNatural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 1SalicylamidesDomperidoneMice, KnockoutReceptors, SerotoninMembrane GlycoproteinsTranscription FactorsReceptors, KIRMetergolineSulpirideKetanserinDown-RegulationAntigens, LyReceptors, DopamineSpiperoneAntigens, CD1dT-LymphocytesReceptors, Dopamine D4Interleukin-15CD40 LigandExosomesAntigens, CDCell DegranulationCytokinesLymphocyte SubsetsBinding SitesNuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3Fas Ligand ProteinPhylogenySerotonin AntagonistsApomorphine
Homodimeric C-type lectin-like activatiKLRK1Group 2DMoleculesCytotoxicityMiceProliferationInhibitoryGenesActivationUpregulationAntigenMRNAPathwaysPhenotypeMonoclonal antibodyMICATissuesCD314CytotoxicDAP10 and DAP12InnateRecognizesMechanismExpressionProteinResponsesRecognitionEngagementFlowNatural KillFunctionSurfaceDevelopmentHumanPresentExpansionControls
Homodimeric C-type lectin-like activati1
  • CD314, also known as NKG2D (natural killer receptor G2D) or KLRK1 (killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily K, member 1), is a homodimeric C-type lectin-like activating receptor and costimulator with type II membrane orientation (C teminus extracellular). (exbio.cz)
KLRK11
  • NKG2D is encoded by KLRK1 (killer cell lectin like receptor K1) gene which is located in the NK-gene complex (NKC) situated on chromosome 6 in mice and chromosome 12 in humans. (wikipedia.org)
Group 2D1
  • Natural Killer group 2D (NKG2D) has recently emerged as a major activating receptor on T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. (ox.ac.uk)
Molecules4
  • In both humans and mice, multiple different genes encode ligands for NKG2D, and these ligands are non-classical major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Defects in the expression of NKG2D and its ligands, the RAE-1 molecules, have been hypothesized to contribute to the reduced NK function present in NOD mice. (ox.ac.uk)
  • All NKG2D ligands are homologous to MHC class I molecules and are divided into two families: MIC and RAET1/ULBP. (wikipedia.org)
  • The NK Cell Research Toolkit enables researchers to examine the effects of distinct molecules on NK cells' targeting and eradication of discrete tumor cell types, and to design novel chimeric antigen receptors to modify endogenous signaling pathways. (freegenes.org)
Cytotoxicity3
  • NK cells from NOD mice induced with poly(I:C) in vivo exhibit low cytotoxicity against a range of target cells, but the genetic mechanisms controlling this defect are yet to be elucidated. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In NK cells, NKG2D serves as an activating receptor, which itself is able to trigger cytotoxicity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cutting edge: NKp80 uses an atypical hemi-ITAM to trigger NK cytotoxicity. (nih.gov)
Mice4
  • NKG2D-RAE-1 receptor-ligand variation does not account for the NK cell defect in nonobese diabetic mice. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In mice, it is expressed by NK cells, NK1.1+ T cells, γδ T cells, activated CD8+ αβ T cells and activated macrophages. (wikipedia.org)
  • In mice, alternative splicing generates two distinct NKG2D isoforms: the long one (NKG2D-L) and the short one (NKG2D-S). NKG2D-L binds DAP10 similarly to human NKG2D. (wikipedia.org)
  • In mice, proteins from orthologous RAET1/ULBP family fall into three subfamilies: Rae-1, H60, and MULT-1. (wikipedia.org)
Proliferation4
  • Genotoxic stress, stalled DNA replication, poorly regulated cell proliferation in tumorigenesis, viral replication or some viral products activate the ATM and ATR kinases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Also, the regulation of NKG2D ligands after cell stress, proliferation signals, infection or oxidative stress is able to activate a DNA damage response (DDR). (wikipedia.org)
  • A specific PLEKHA4 siRNA was transfected in glioma U251 and T98G cells, and the changes in cell proliferation ability were assessed by real-time cell analysis technology and Edu experiment. (bvsalud.org)
  • Using these genes, researchers can manipulate NK cells, cancer cells, and "feeder" cells (i.e. cells used to trigger NK cell proliferation). (freegenes.org)
Inhibitory3
  • The outcome of an encounter between a cytotoxic cell and a potential target cell depends on the balance of signals from inhibitory and activating receptors. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The activating or inhibitory receptors can similarly be transduced or transfected into NK cells to perturb their behavior. (freegenes.org)
  • The genes listed here can be expressed on NK cells, feeder cells, or tumor cells to study individual NK cell signaling pathways, strengths of activation of different receptor-ligand interactions, and whether certain NK cells are more or less resistant to inhibitory cues from cancer cells. (freegenes.org)
Genes2
  • Additional studies indicate a complex genetic control of defective NOD NK cells including genes linked to the MHC and possibly those that are associated with an altered cytokine response to the TLR3-agonist poly(I:C). (ox.ac.uk)
  • The NK cell research toolkit product contains three classes of genes: ligands, surface receptors, and transcription factors. (freegenes.org)
Activation1
  • A role for the src family kinase Fyn in NK cell activation and the formation of the repertoire of Ly49 receptors. (unil.ch)
Upregulation2
  • These kinases initiate the DNA damage response pathway which participates in NKG2D ligand upregulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect of lactic acid-induced upregulation of PLEKHA4 expression on biological behaviors of glioma cells and the possible molecular mechanism. (bvsalud.org)
Antigen2
  • Engagement of CD314 amplifies antigen-specific T cell responses in CD314-positive T cell populations. (exbio.cz)
  • Wu J, Groh V, Spies T: T cell antigen receptor engagement and specificity in the recognition of stress-inducible MHC class I-related chains by human epithelial gamma delta T cells. (exbio.cz)
MRNA4
  • Their expression is regulated at different stages (transcription, mRNA and protein stabilization, cleavage from the cell surface) by various stress pathways. (wikipedia.org)
  • In posttranscriptional regulation, stabilization of NKG2D ligand mRNA plays a key role. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example AUF1 protein, which mediates RNA degradation, constitutively targets mRNA of NKG2D ligands. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mRNA expression of PLEKHA4 was detected by PCR in glioma samples and controls and in glioma cells treated with lactic acid and glucose. (bvsalud.org)
Pathways1
Phenotype2
  • In this study, we show that segregation of the NK-mediated killing phenotype did not correlate with the NOD Raet1 haplotype and that the large alterations in NKG2D expression previously reported on NK cells expanded in vitro were not observed in primary, poly(I:C)-elicited NK cells in vivo. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The transcription factors can be transduced or transfected into NK cells to alter their behavior or phenotype. (freegenes.org)
Monoclonal antibody2
  • The mouse monoclonal antibody 1D11 recognizes an extracellular epitope of CD314 / NKG2D, a 42 kDa C-type lectin-like activating receptor expressed by NK cells, gamma/delta T cells, and CD8+ T cells. (exbio.cz)
  • The CX5 monoclonal antibody specifically binds to NKG2D, also known as CD314. (bdbiosciences.com)
MICA1
  • As CD314 ligands the MHC class-I chain-related proteins A and B (MICA, MICB) and UL16-binding proteins (ULBPs) have been identified. (exbio.cz)
Tissues3
  • Most normal tissues do not express ligands for NKG2D, but ligand expression has been documented in tumour and virus-infected cells, leading to lysis of these cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • If there is inappropriate expression in normal tissues, this will favour autoimmune processes, whilst failure to up-regulate the ligands in pathological conditions would favour cancer development or dissemination of intracellular infection. (ox.ac.uk)
  • NKp80 is a marker of natural killer (NK) cell maturity in secondary lymphoid tissues and supports NK cell development through a stage 4a intermediate with ILC3-associated features. (nih.gov)
CD3144
  • In NK cells, CD314 is a primary activating receptor. (exbio.cz)
  • Separation of human CD314 positive CD56 positive NK cells (red-filled) from CD314 negative CD56 negative lymphocytes (black-dashed) in flow cytometry analysis (surface staining) of human peripheral whole blood stained using anti-human CD314 (1D11) APC antibody. (exbio.cz)
  • Multicolor flow cytometric analysis of CD314/NKG2D expression on mouse splenocytes. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • No. 554686) or APC Rat Anti-Mouse CD314/NKG2D antibody (Right Panel, Cat. (bdbiosciences.com)
Cytotoxic1
  • The NKG2D-ligand interaction triggers an activating signal in the cell expressing NKG2D and this promotes cytotoxic lysis of the cell expressing the ligand. (ox.ac.uk)
DAP10 and DAP121
  • By contrast, NKG2D-S associates with two adaptor proteins: DAP10 and DAP12. (wikipedia.org)
Innate2
  • Thus, through acquisition of NK-like "innate" properties, IL-15 stimulated NKG2D+ T(EM) could interact with MIC+ cells within WG-granulomata, thereby sustaining inflammation and autoimmunity and promoting self-perpetuating pathology in WG. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Natural Killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immune system with inherent cancer cell-killing capabilities, providing an exciting alternative to costly custom T cell immunotherapies. (freegenes.org)
Recognizes1
  • NKG2D recognizes induced-self proteins from MIC and RAET1/ULBP families which appear on the surface of stressed, malignant transformed, and infected cells. (wikipedia.org)
Mechanism1
  • RNA splicing is another mechanism influencing NKG2D ligand expression. (wikipedia.org)
Expression7
  • Tight regulation of ligand expression is important. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Expansion of circulating NKG2D+ effector memory T-cells and expression of NKG2D-ligand MIC in granulomaous lesions in Wegener's granulomatosis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • To investigate the role of T(EM) in WG, we analyzed the expression of the activating NK-receptor NKG2D and its ligand MIC on circulating T(EM) and in granulomatous lesions, respectively. (ox.ac.uk)
  • NKG2D ligand expression is regulated on multiple levels such as transcriptional, RNA splicing, posttranscriptional and posttranslational. (wikipedia.org)
  • One of the major signals for cell expression of NKG2D is the triggering of DDR along with the induction of senescence program. (wikipedia.org)
  • Additionally, surface expression levels of NKG2D can be controlled by soluble forms of various protease-mediated cleavages and exosome expression. (wikipedia.org)
  • Viruses, as intracellular pathogens, can induce the expression of stress ligands for NKG2D. (wikipedia.org)
Protein2
  • NKG2D is an activating receptor (transmembrane protein) belonging to the NKG2 family of C-type lectin-like receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • DAP10 functions as an adaptor protein and transduces the signal after the ligand binding by recruiting the p85 subunit of PI3K and Grb2-Vav1 complex which are responsible for subsequent downstream events. (wikipedia.org)
Responses1
  • NKG2D is thought to be important in viral control as viruses have adapted mechanisms by which to evade NKG2D responses. (wikipedia.org)
Recognition1
  • NKG2D is a major recognition receptor for the detection and elimination of transformed and infected cells as its ligands are induced during cellular stress, either as a result of infection or genomic stress such as in cancer. (wikipedia.org)
Engagement1
  • Human dNK cell function is differentially regulated by extrinsic cellular engagement and intrinsic activating receptors in first and second trimester pregnancy. (nih.gov)
Flow2
  • Flow cytometry: The reagent is designed for analysis of human blood cells using 10 μl reagent / 100 μl of whole blood or 10 6 cells in a suspension. (exbio.cz)
  • The colony-forming ability of the cells was evaluated using plate cloning assay, and cell cycle changes and cell apoptosis were analyzed with flow cytometry. (bvsalud.org)
Natural Kill1
  • NKp80 Defines a Critical Step during Human Natural Killer Cell Development. (nih.gov)
Function1
  • The function of NKG2D on CD8+ T cells is to send co-stimulatory signals to activate them. (wikipedia.org)
Surface1
  • NKG2D ligands are induced-self proteins which are completely absent or present only at low levels on surface of normal cells, but they are overexpressed by infected, transformed, senescent and stressed cells. (wikipedia.org)
Development1
  • Research into NK cells may advance the development of effective off-the-shelf cell therapies, which will drastically lower the cost of immunotherapy and make these life-saving treatments available to more patients. (freegenes.org)
Human1
  • Human NKG2D receptor complex assembles into a hexameric structure. (wikipedia.org)
Present2
  • This association is maintained by ionic interaction of a positively charged arginine present in a transmembrane segment of NKG2D and negatively charged aspartic acids within both transmembrane regions of DAP10 dimer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here we present a starter toolkit for engineering NK cells in support of fundamental research towards cell therapies. (freegenes.org)
Expansion1
  • Expansion of circulating CD28- T-cells reminiscent of effector memory T-cells (T(EM)) has been reported in Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) recently. (ox.ac.uk)
Controls1
  • Cluster-like formations of "Wegener's autoantigen" PR3 were surrounded by NKG2D+ and NKG2D-ligand MIC+ cells in WG-granulomata, but not in disease controls. (ox.ac.uk)