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Sinorhizobium melilotiSinorhizobiumSymbiosisNitrogen FixationMedicago sativaMedicago truncatulaBacteriaSinorhizobium frediiBacterial ProteinsGram-Negative BacteriaGram-Positive BacteriaMolecular Sequence DataGene Expression Regulation, BacterialPlant Root NodulationMedicagoBacteria, AnaerobicRhizobiaceaeDNA, BacterialGenes, BacterialRoot Nodules, PlantRNA, Ribosomal, 16SNitrogen IsotopesNitrogen CompoundsPhylogenyNitrogen CyclePlant RootsNitrogen DioxideBlood Urea NitrogenSequence Analysis, DNAFabaceaeRhizobiumEscherichia coliBacteria, AerobicSoil MicrobiologyDNA, RibosomalReactive Nitrogen SpeciesPolysaccharides, BacterialGenome, BacterialCarbonCulture MediaPII Nitrogen Regulatory ProteinsBase SequenceRNA, BacterialMutationAmino Acid SequenceWater MicrobiologyNitrogen OxidesAmmoniaRhizobium leguminosarumBradyrhizobiumNitratesSpecies SpecificityBacterial Physiological PhenomenaGram-Negative Aerobic BacteriaSeawaterGram-Negative Anaerobic BacteriaMutagenesis, InsertionalGenes, rRNASoybeansAnti-Bacterial AgentsPlasmidsOperonGenetic Complementation TestMelilotusProteobacteriaAnaerobiosisPhenotypeBase CompositionSequence Homology, Amino AcidFertilizersCloning, MolecularQuaternary Ammonium CompoundsColony Count, MicrobialBiodegradation, EnvironmentalSulfur-Reducing BacteriaFermentationHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationQuorum SensingNitrogenase

FixationMelilotiRhizobiumSymbiotic nitrogenAtmosphericSymbiosisPathogenicNodulesGenesSoil bacteriaRhizobialAzotobacterCYANOBACTERIAMicroorganismsAerobicGeneArchaeaRootsMutantsNutrientsInfectionBiologicalNodulationBeneficialAMMONIAMetabolismPlantSpeciesAlfalfaEnzymeRootGeneticEssentialReducesMarineFunctionalOxygenVirusesFree

Fixation12

• This process is termed biological nitrogen fixation and it enables legumes to grow in nitrogen-poor soils. (usda.gov)
• Information provided in this basic study will lead to a better understanding of biological nitrogen fixation in green manure crops. (usda.gov)
• These nodules contain differentiated bacteria (bacteroids) that fix atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium, which is subsequently provided to the host plant, a process known as symbiotic nitrogen fixation. (biomedcentral.com)
• determined a large collection of TCs that are specifically expressed in nodules of the model legume M. truncatula , and may, therefore, act in nodulation and/or nitrogen fixation. (biomedcentral.com)
• This study may help in engineering such crops to carry out symbiotic nitrogen fixation. (biomedcentral.com)
• Many of them harbor NITROGEN FIXATION bacteria on their roots. (lookformedical.com)
• But some species are also able to establish a relationship with marine or terrestrial bacteria that can use nitrogen from the air: this is the biological nitrogen fixation. (encyclopedie-environnement.org)
• Biological fixation of atmospheric nitrogen is only achieved by bacteria. (encyclopedie-environnement.org)
• They are responsible for 40 to 50% of biological nitrogen fixation. (encyclopedie-environnement.org)
• They are said to be responsible for 5 to 10% of biological nitrogen fixation. (encyclopedie-environnement.org)
• We used microbial dinitrogen (N 2 ) fixation in the heterotrophic N 2 -fixing bacterium Klebsiella oxytoca to experimentally study these links. (nature.com)
• Furthermore, nodule colonization by rhizobia, and nitrogen fixation were not compromised by EFR expression. (uea.ac.uk)

Meliloti7

• Creation and Characterization of a Genomically Hybrid Strain in the Nitrogen-Fixing Symbiotic Bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti. (unifi.it)
• Role and regulation of ACC deaminase gene in Sinorhizobium meliloti: is it a symbiotic, rhizospheric or endophytic gene? (unifi.it)
• Metabolic modelling reveals the specialization of secondary replicons for niche adaptation in Sinorhizobium meliloti. (unifi.it)
• Second site mutations specifically suppress the Fix- phenotype of Rhizobium meliloti ndvF mutations on alfalfa: identification of a conditional ndvF-dependent mucoid colony phenotype. (mcmaster.ca)
• Leguminous plants interacting with symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria (for example, the plant Medicago truncatula with the bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti ) develop new organs, called nodules, on their roots. (biomedcentral.com)
• Mutual recognition process between a legume (alfalfa) and a bacterium of the Rhizobium type ( Sinorhizobium meliloti ). (encyclopedie-environnement.org)
• The interaction of M. truncatula with the bacterial symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti is characterized by the formation of root nodules that fix atmospheric nitrogen. (uea.ac.uk)

Rhizobium4

• Knobbed structures formed from and attached to plant roots , especially of LEGUMES, which result from symbiotic infection by nitrogen fixing bacteria such as RHIZOBIUM or FRANKIA. (lookformedical.com)
• The formation of a nitrogen-fixing cell mass on PLANT ROOTS following symbiotic infection by nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as RHIZOBIUM or FRANKIA. (lookformedical.com)
• Figure 2) and Rhizobium-type bacteria that enter into symbiosis with plants of the legume family (Fabaceae) [1] . (encyclopedie-environnement.org)
• Modificaci n gen tica de leguminosas y rhizobium para su uso en biorremediaci n. (us.es)

Symbiotic nitrogen1

• The aim of this study is to present step-by-step instructions for fabricating an aeroponic system, also called a "caisson," that has been in use in several legume research labs studying the development of symbiotic nitrogen fixing nodules, but for which detailed directions are not currently available. (nsf.gov)

Atmospheric2

• The nodules are specialized structures where atmospheric nitrogen is fixed by the bacterium, which in turn, is utilized by legumes for growth and development. (usda.gov)
• A specific organ is then formed, the nodule, in which atmospheric nitrogen from the air is used for the synthesis of amino acids that are then used to form proteins. (encyclopedie-environnement.org)

Symbiosis2

• The third category, the one of interest here, includes soil bacteria that live in symbiosis* with the root system of plants (see Symbiosis & parasitism ). (encyclopedie-environnement.org)
• The Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 MucR1 Global Regulator Is Connected With the nod Regulon and Is Required for Efficient Symbiosis With Lotus burttii and Glycine max cv. (us.es)

Pathogenic2

• IMPORTANCE Capsular polysaccharides protect pathogenic bacteria against environmental challenges, host immunity, and phage predations. (bvsalud.org)
• This rapid evolution has led to the recent development of ' super-bugs ' - pathogenic bacteria that are resistant to modern antibiotics . (wikidoc.org)

Nodules1

• strain MUS10 forms nitrogen-fixing stem nodules on Sesbania rostrata, a tropical green-manure crop. (usda.gov)

Genes1

• Most microorganisms can reproduce rapidly and microbes such as bacteria can also freely exchange genes by conjugation , transformation and transduction between widely-divergent species. (wikidoc.org)

Soil bacteria2

• An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (CYANOBACTERIA). (lookformedical.com)
• Plants achieve this feat by establishing a mutually beneficial association with soil bacteria. (encyclopedie-environnement.org)

Rhizobial1

• Exploiting Nitrogen-Fixing Rhizobial Symbionts Genetic Resources for Improving Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soils. (unifi.it)

Azotobacter2

• Efficient strains of Azotobacter , Azospirillum, Phosphobacter and Rhizobacter can provide significant amount of nitrogen to Helianthus annus and to increase the plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter percentage of seed filling and seed dry weight. (bio-fit.eu)
• Azotobacter plays an important role in the nitrogen cycle in nature, as it possesses a variety of metabolic functions. (bio-fit.eu)

CYANOBACTERIA1

• The agriculturally useful microbial populations cover plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, N 2 -fixing cyanobacteria, mycorrhiza, plant disease suppressive beneficial bacteria, stress-tolerant endophytes and biodegrading microbes. (bio-fit.eu)

Microorganisms3

• Microorganisms include bacteria , fungi , archaea or protists , but not viruses and prions , which are generally classified as non-living. (wikidoc.org)
• As some microorganisms can also fix nitrogen , they are an important part of the nitrogen cycle . (wikidoc.org)
• [7] Bacteria, algae and fungi have been identified in amber that is 220 million years old, which shows that the morphology of microorganisms have changed little since the triassic period. (wikidoc.org)

Aerobic3

• A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria usually containing granules of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. (lookformedical.com)
• A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that activate PLANT ROOT NODULATION in leguminous plants. (lookformedical.com)
• Azospirillum is another free-living, motile, Gram-variable, aerobic bacterium that can thrive in flooded conditions and promotes various aspects of plant growth and development. (bio-fit.eu)

Gene1

• Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria. (lookformedical.com)

Archaea1

• They can be found very early in Earth's fossil records (about 3.25 billion years ago) as both Archaea and Bacteria, and commonly protect prokaryotic cells by providing them with homeostasis, encouraging the development of complex interactions between the cells in the biofilm. (wikipedia.org)

Roots1

• Plants obtain the nitrogen they need by absorbing it from the roots in the form of NO 3 - or NH 3 . (encyclopedie-environnement.org)

Mutants1

• NAD(P) + -Malic Enzyme Mutants of Sinorhizobium sp. (mcmaster.ca)

Nutrients1

• [13] The biofilm bacteria can share nutrients and are sheltered from harmful factors in the environment, such as desiccation, antibiotics, and a host body's immune system. (wikipedia.org)

Infection2

• During early phases of infection, host cells adjacent to invading bacteria revealed cellular damage that is typical of hypersensitive reactions, while the cells at the inner cortex exhibited meristematic activity. (usda.gov)
• The infection threads were made up of a homogeneous, amorphous matrix that enclosed the bacteria. (usda.gov)

Biological1

• Biological nitrogen fixers. (encyclopedie-environnement.org)

Nodulation1

• In response to the secretion of flavonoids* by the root (Figure 3), bacteria are attracted to it and synthesize lipo-chito-oligosaccharides*, called nod factors (for nodulation). (encyclopedie-environnement.org)

Beneficial1

• Using a microfluidic platform to culture plants with beneficial bacteria, visualization and quantification of the spatial dynamics of these interactions during the early stages of plant development is possible. (nsf.gov)

AMMONIA1

• Reactive nitrogen, which can be used by plants, is present in the soil mainly in the form of nitrate (NO 3 - ) and ammonia (NH 3 ). (encyclopedie-environnement.org)

Metabolism1

• For example, inherent differences in nitrogen metabolism of plant- and insect-associated microbiomes may dictate whether neonicotinoid-based insecticides ultimately exert antimicrobial activities or not. (researchgate.net)

Plant4

• A family of gram-negative bacteria which are saprophytes, symbionts, or plant pathogens. (lookformedical.com)
• Effects of nitrogen deficiency on plant growth. (encyclopedie-environnement.org)
• After water availability, reactive nitrogen availability* is the second limiting factor for plant growth (Figure 1). (encyclopedie-environnement.org)
• It is through the mutual recognition of the two partners (the plant and the bacteria) that the symbiotic process begins. (encyclopedie-environnement.org)

Species1

• Proteins found in any species of bacterium. (lookformedical.com)

Alfalfa1

• Diagram of the establishment, formation and structure of an indeterminately growing nitrogen fixing nodule of the alfalfa type. (encyclopedie-environnement.org)

Enzyme1

• An enzyme found in bacteria. (lookformedical.com)

Root1

• Bacteria enter the root and the cortex cells divide. (encyclopedie-environnement.org)

Genetic1

• Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria. (lookformedical.com)

Essential2

• Use nitrogen from the air to synthesize its essential biomolecules? (encyclopedie-environnement.org)
• Nitrogen (N), like carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O), is an essential component of life and ecosystems. (encyclopedie-environnement.org)

Reduces1

• This makes the use of nitrogen fertilizers virtually unnecessary and reduces air and groundwater pollution. (encyclopedie-environnement.org)

Marine1

• Oceanospirillum, within the order Oceanospirillales , are important symbiotic marine bacteria associated with hydrocarbon degradation and algal blooms, especially in polar regions. (biomedcentral.com)

Functional2

• the bacteria organize themselves into a coordinated functional community. (wikipedia.org)
• The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA. (lookformedical.com)

Oxygen1

• K. oxytoca is a facultative anaerobic bacterium that fixes N 2 in the absence of oxygen. (nature.com)

Viruses1

• Despite the ecological importance of this bacteria lineage, our knowledge about the viruses infecting Oceanospirillaceae is quite few. (biomedcentral.com)

Free1

• A biofilm usually begins to form when a free-swimming bacterium attaches to a surface. (wikipedia.org)