Nicotine metabolite ratio. Medical search. Frequent questions

Trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and cotinine are the two predominant nicotine metabolites in urine. (cdc.gov)
The concentration ratio of hydroxycotinine to cotinine has been used as an index of cytochrome P-450 2A6 activity. (cdc.gov)
The relative concentration of nicotine to its six major metabolites (trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, cotinine, cotinine-N-oxide, nicotine 1'-oxide, nornicotine, and 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl) butanoic acid) is of interest when elucidating differences in metabolic profiles of various ethnic, age, and gender groups (James E. McGuffey, 2013). (cdc.gov)
Furthermore, the sum of these metabolites may more accurately describe the exposure of individuals and groups to tobacco products compared to the most commonly used biomarker, urinary cotinine. (cdc.gov)
Total" urinary nicotine metabolites, including the free and the glucuronide conjugated forms, are measured by two separate isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric (HPLC-MS/MS) methods based on the cotinine cutoff value of 20 ng/mL so that the markedly different levels of nicotine exposure biomarkers can be optimally quantified in both users and non-users. (cdc.gov)
We measured levels of cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine and validated biomarker of tobacco use, in plasma samples obtained immediately on arrival at the emergency department from 144 adult subjects after severe blunt trauma. (nih.gov)
This chapter discusses the constituents of secondhand smoke and the measurement of exposure to secondhand smoke, beginning with measurement of airborne tracers of secondhand smoke and of its main biologic markers (or biomarkers)-the nicotine metabolite cotinine and metabolites of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). (nationalacademies.org)
3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine) is a measure of nicotine clearance. (bvsalud.org)
We calculated sample-weighted geometric mean (GM) concentrations of cotinine, HCT, and the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR) and evaluated their associations with tobacco use with adjustment for potential confounders. (cdc.gov)
We will present data pertaining to the reinforcing properties of nicotine and its major metabolite, cotinine, using the invertebrate planaria as an animal model. (abainternational.org)
Unlike nicotine, cotinine apparently lacks stimulant properties but like nicotine, cotinine will establish a conditioned place preference. (abainternational.org)
Cotinine is of particular interest since it is the primary metabolite of nicotine, has a much longer half-life than nicotine and has never been shown to establish a conditioned place preference in other animal models. (abainternational.org)
Cotinine has been shown to have some degree of generalization with nicotine in drug discrimination studies but no studies have examined whether cotinine would function as a reinforcer in an operant drug-self-administration procedure. (abainternational.org)

Many studies have analyzed nicotine metabolites in blood and urine to determine the toxicity caused by smoking, and assess exposure to cigarettes. (mdpi.com)
Neither FMO3 158K nor POR 503V significantly altered the nicotine metabolic ratio (N=659), cigarette consumption (N=667), or urine total nicotine equivalents (N=418) in smokers of African descent. (umn.edu)
10 , 12 , 15 , 16 The fact that cannabinoid metabolites have been detected in the urine of long-term marijuana users after weeks or even months of abstinence 17 , 18 , 19 compromises the interpretation of these studies. (cmaj.ca)
Caffeine positive B. Blood volatiles: negative for ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, or acetone C. Urine drug screen: presumptive positive for cannabinoids, amphetamines, and fentanyl/metabolite D. Urine drug screen confirmation: morphine (free) 86 ng/mL George Floyd 20-3700 Page 3 Comments: The finding of sickled-appearing cells in many of the autopsy tissue sections prompted the Hemoglobin S quantitation reported above. (pdfhost.io)
By measuring the ratio of unchanged THC to this metabolite in samples of blood or urine it may be possible to calculate when the last dose of THC was taken-information that could be of importance forensically. (druglibrary.net)
To recap: Pharmacologists use a cute little acronym, ADME, to describe the path that a drug takes through the body: Absorption into the bloodstream, Distribution to the tissues, Metabolism in some of those tissues to produce metabolites, and finally Elimination in body wastes like urine and poop. (drugsandpoisons.com)

Although, nicotine is not a direct cause of most diseases associated with tobacco use, it is highly addictive, which can lead to tobacco product dependence and chronic exposure to the carcinogens and bioactive compounds in tobacco. (cdc.gov)
The primary therapeutic use of nicotine is treating nicotine dependence to eliminate smoking and the damage it does to health. (wikipedia.org)
Controlled levels of nicotine are given to patients through gums, dermal patches, lozenges, inhalers, or nasal sprays to wean them off their dependence. (wikipedia.org)
As discussed, tobacco dependence is characterized as a physiological dependence (addiction to nicotine) and behavioral (or conditioned) habit of using tobacco. (cytisine.org)
The Ascure smartphone app provided four elements: (1) educational video tutorials to enhance the understanding of nicotine dependence, (2) a personalized to-do list for behavior change, (3) a digital diary for record keeping, and (4) interactive chat sessions for relief from cravings or withdrawal symptoms. (jmir.org)

Efficacy and safety of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation in pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis Addiction. (nottingham.ac.uk)

The present study examined the nicotine delivery profile of third- (G3) versus second-generation (G2) e-cigarette devices and their users' exposure to nicotine and select HPHCs compared with cigarette smokers. (bmj.com)
Mild nicotine withdrawal symptoms are measurable in unrestricted smokers, who experience normal moods only as their blood nicotine levels peak, with each cigarette. (wikipedia.org)
Unlike daily smokers who typically maintain consistent levels of nicotine exposure with regular smoking, non-daily smokers have variable patterns of smoking that likely result in high intraindividual variability in nicotine intake. (psu.edu)
Conclusions: Our findings highlight the variability in nicotine exposure across days among non-daily smokers and point to the role of smoking context in nicotine exposure. (psu.edu)
This study aims to describe the nicotine metabolite ratio among tobacco smokers and electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) users and nonusers. (upf.edu)
According to the extensive studies done over the past 15 years to investigate the effects of the nicotine on periodontal damage, the odds of periodontitis occurring among smokers is much greater than non-smokers, with a ratio of 2.5 to 7 or even higher. (unideb.hu)
Toenail nicotine levels as a bio- Americans for Non-smokers Rights Founda- Ashley MJ, Cohen J, Fer ence R (20 1). (who.int)

Its main application has been for testing for drugs of abuse such as the amphetamines, cocaine and metabolites, opioids such as morphine, methadone and heroin, and for cannabis. (nomedicalcare.com)
Two sets of hair samples from five cocaine users were analyzed for cocaine and metabolites. (cdc.gov)

Because their concentrations are greater and their elimination half-lives are longer, these metabolites are generally preferred over nicotine itself as exposure biomarkers. (cdc.gov)
CONCLUSIONS: These nationally representative estimates of serum nicotine biomarkers could be the basis for reference ranges characterizing nicotine exposure for daily tobacco users and nonusers in the US adult population. (cdc.gov)

Combining nicotine patch use with a faster acting nicotine replacement, like gum or spray, improves the odds of treatment success. (wikipedia.org)

E-cigarettes, also known as vape pens, e-cigars or vaping devices, are electronic nicotine delivery systems that produce an aerosol mixture of flavored liquid and nicotine for the user to inhale [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The rates of nicotine metabolism differ widely, even after controlling for genetic variation in the major nicotine-metabolizing enzyme, CYP2A6. (umn.edu)
In 130 nonsmokers of African descent who received 4 mg oral nicotine, FMO3 158K trended toward slower nicotine metabolism in reduced CYP2A6 metabolizers (P=0.07) only, whereas POR 503V was associated with faster CYP2A6 activity (nicotine metabolite ratio) in normal (P=0.03), but not reduced, CYP2A6 metabolizers. (umn.edu)
Thus, FMO3 E158K and POR A503V are minor sources of nicotine metabolism variation, insufficient to appreciably alter smoking. (umn.edu)
In vitro interactions between organophosporous pesticides and consequences of pre-treatment with nicotine and alcohol on in vitro pesticide metabolism in rats. (cdc.gov)
Since exposures to pesticides may be complicated by exposure to multiple pesticides and other xenobiotics, the effect of co-incubation of CPF and DZN on the in vitro metabolism of each pesticide was assessed, as was the effect of pre-treating rats with nicotine or ethanol for 5 days. (cdc.gov)
nicotine inhaled will decrease the level or effect of cabotegravir by increasing metabolism. (medscape.com)
However, these differences also covaried with cigarette smoking status (not balanced between groups), and nicotine smoking is known to alter caffeine/ paraxanthine metabolism via cytochrome P450 enzymes. (omicsonline.org)
2. M. Huestis (National Institute on Drug Abuse) reviewed new information on the disposition and metabolism of cannabis in human subjects, using sensitive analytical techniques to measure THC and some of the major metabolites. (druglibrary.net)

A 2018 Cochrane Collaboration review found high-quality evidence that all current forms of nicotine replacement therapy (gum, patch, lozenges, inhaler, and nasal spray) therapies increase the chances of successfully quitting smoking by 50-60%, regardless of setting. (wikipedia.org)

Following a 12-hour nicotine abstinence, G2 and G3 users completed a 2-hour vaping session (ie, 5 min, 10-puff bout followed by ad libitum puffing for 115 min). (bmj.com)
Nicotine addiction involves drug-reinforced behavior, compulsive use, and relapse following abstinence. (wikipedia.org)

Nicotine is the primary tobacco-specific alkaloid in tobacco plants and tobacco smoke. (cdc.gov)
Nicotine is a naturally produced alkaloid in the nightshade family of plants (most predominantly in tobacco and Duboisia hopwoodii) and is widely used recreationally as a stimulant and anxiolytic. (wikipedia.org)
Nicotine is an alkaloid that is able to spread quickly to every part of the body as soon as it enters the circulation and can pass the blood brain barrier in just 7 seconds. (unideb.hu)

Results: We identified 18 trials (n=9,017 participants), including 40 active (bupropion, nicotine replacement therapy [NRT], varenicline, or combination therapies) versus placebo comparisons and 16 active versus active comparisons. (ox.ac.uk)
bupropion, nicotine inhaled. (medscape.com)

Depot effects occur for other drugs introduced into the body that allow local absorption, such as smoking of tobacco (nicotine), cocaine, amphetamines, or use of sub-lingual buprenorphine. (nomedicalcare.com)

1995). The measured sidestream emissions of chemicals are quite similar among a wide range of cigarette brands and styles, including regular, unfiltered, filtered, and "low tar, low nicotine" cigarettes. (nationalacademies.org)
Tobacco, which is the main source of nicotine, has two main forms: combustible tobacco (e.g. cigarettes) and smokeless tobacco (e.g. chewing tobacco). (unideb.hu)
Pharmacological characteristics of nicotine present in cigarettes increases its addictive effect unlike the medically used nicotine products. (unideb.hu)
Quest(r) cigarettes are a new PREP that uses genetically modified tobacco to provide a "step-down approach to becoming nicotine-free" by marketing cigarettes with progressively lower levels of nicotine: 0.6 mg, 0.3 mg and 0.05 mg. (cancer.gov)
For those smoking Quest(r) cigarettes, cigarette nicotine level will change every 10 days, either in a step-down or random fashion. (cancer.gov)
Attrition during a randomized controlled trial of reduced nicotine content cigarettes as a proxy for understanding acceptability of nicotine product standards. (cancer.gov)
bac o from U.S. brand and non-U.S. brand cigarettes.Nicotine Tob Res, 5(3):323-331. (who.int)
Using a new low-cost, 3-D printed testing device, UConn researchers found that e-cigarettes loaded with a nicotine-based liquid are potentially as harmful as unfiltered cigarettes when it comes to causing DNA damage. (scientificinquirer.com)
The researchers also found that vapor from non-nicotine e-cigarettes caused as much DNA damage as filtered cigarettes, possibly due to the many chemical additives present in e-cigarette vapors. (scientificinquirer.com)
How much DNA damage e-cigarettes cause depends on the amount of vapor the user inhales, the other additives present, whether nicotine or non-nicotine liquid is used, and other factors, says Karteek Kadimisetty, a postdoctoral researcher in UConn's chemistry department and the study's lead author. (scientificinquirer.com)
Non-nicotine e-cigarettes are also available. (scientificinquirer.com)

Compared with G2s, G3 devices delivered significantly higher power to the atomiser, but G3 users vaped e-cigarette liquids with significantly lower nicotine concentrations. (bmj.com)
During the vaping session, G3 users achieved significantly higher plasma nicotine concentrations than G2 users following the first 10 puffs (17.5 vs 7.3 ng/mL, respectively) and at 25 and 40 min of ad libitum use. (bmj.com)
Nicotine is also present at ppb-concentrations in edible plants in the family Solanaceae, including potatoes, tomatoes, and eggplants, though sources disagree on whether this has any biological significance to human consumers. (wikipedia.org)

The presence of nicotine in biological specimens indicates exposure to tobacco, either through the active use of tobacco, or from passive exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS). (cdc.gov)

Nicotine is primarily in the particulate phase of mainstream smoke but predominantly in the vapor phase in secondhand smoke (Cal EPA, 2005a). (nationalacademies.org)

Effect of offering different levels of support and free nicotine replacement therapy via an English national telephone quitline: randomised controlled trial BMJ. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Foods are imported from countries in which nicotine pesticides are allowed, such as China, but foods may not exceed maximum nicotine levels. (wikipedia.org)
Further, neither E2 nor E1+E2 increased nicotine consumption back to sham levels following OVX, regardless of the duration of the treatment. (eneuro.org)
Together, these results show that estrogens regulate nicotine neurobiology, but additional factors may be required to restore nicotine consumption to ovary-intact levels. (eneuro.org)
cimetidine increases levels of nicotine inhaled by decreasing renal clearance. (medscape.com)
nicotine inhaled decreases levels of rose hips by increasing elimination. (medscape.com)
Levels of salivary caffeine and the primary caffeine metabolite paraxanthine were obtained on placebo and caffeine dosing days. (omicsonline.org)

The nicotine concentration around the gingival tissue can get up to 300 times higher than in the plasma cells of a smoker (20 ng/ml), which in turn will damage the cell population of the oral cavity. (unideb.hu)
Hair pigmentation is a critical factor in the interpretation of the concentration of certain compounds and their metabolites incorporated into hair. (cdc.gov)
This can be measured by mixing a known amount of drug with equal parts oil and water, and then determining the ratio of the drug concentration in the oil to that in the water (this can be accomplished easily using a radiolabeled drug). (drugsandpoisons.com)

The primary aim of the study is to investigate the effect of progressive decreases in cigarette nicotine level on smoking topography and harm exposure measures. (cancer.gov)

Collectively, these studies demonstrate the important contributions of estrogens to nicotine neurobiology and highlight differences in how ovarian hormones impact nicotine neurobiology and behavior. (eneuro.org)

varenicline increases toxicity of nicotine inhaled by Other (see comment). (medscape.com)

Medicinal cannabis usually contains different ratios of these two main cannabinoids, which can be used individually or in combination. (geziradyo.org)

consequently, nicotine was widely used as an insecticide in the past, and neonicotinoids (structurally similar to nicotine), such as imidacloprid, are some of the most effective and widely used insecticides. (wikipedia.org)

Nicotine is highly addictive. (wikipedia.org)
Nicotine metabolites play a role in its addictive nature. (unideb.hu)

A randomized trial of nicotine-replacement therapy patches in pregnancy New England Journal of Medicine. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Smoking, Nicotine and Pregnancy (SNAP) trial - the world's largest trial of nicotine replacement therapy in pregnancy which recruited 1050 women and achieved 95% follow up rates. (nottingham.ac.uk)
concomitant use with nicotine replacement therapy may increase adverse effects. (medscape.com)
Treatment Of Tobacco Smoking - this study concluded that the combination of medication and behavioral counseling while using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) products was associated with a quit rate of 15.2% over 6 months compared with a quit rate of 8.6% with brief advice or usual care. (withpower.com)

To test the effect of estrogen on nicotine use, we ovariectomized (OVX) female rats that then underwent nicotine self-administration acquisition and compared them to ovary-intact (sham) rats. (eneuro.org)
We report that both ovariectomized (OVX) and ovary-intact female rats acquire nicotine self-administration, with ovary-intact females consuming more nicotine than OVX females. (eneuro.org)
Seven male Sprague-Dawley rats responded under a rapid-acquisition, concurrent-chains choice procedure where two different reinforcer amount ratios (1:4 and 4:1) changed every five sessions. (abainternational.org)

The estimated lower dose limit for fatal outcomes is 500-1,000 mg of ingested nicotine for an adult (6.5-13 mg/kg). (wikipedia.org)
The median lethal dose of nicotine in humans is unknown. (wikipedia.org)
112 The more quickly a dose of nicotine is delivered and absorbed, the higher the addiction risk. (wikipedia.org)
60 mg of nicotine is the fatal dose for an adult. (unideb.hu)
12 ] have demonstrated for the first time a dose-responsive,nicotine-confirmed relationship between tobacco smoke and the severity of MBS, alsoin adolescents, reporting that the exposure to tobacco smoke, whether by active orpassive smoking, is associated with a 4-fold increase in the risk of MBS amongadolescents who are overweight or at risk for overweight. (biomedcentral.com)

Metabolic interactions between pesticides and as a result of nicotine or alcohol exposures are potentially very important to the ratio of bioactivation/detoxification of these compounds in vivo. (cdc.gov)

Discussion Under normal use conditions, both G2 and G3 devices deliver cigarette-like amounts of nicotine, but G3 devices matched the amount and speed of nicotine delivery of a conventional cigarette. (bmj.com)
On the other hand, the nicotine content of the bidis (21.2 mg/g) is much higher than the conventional cigarette. (unideb.hu)

Neither treatment with 17β-estradiol (E2) or a combination of E2 and its metabolite, estrone (E1), reversed OVX-induced suppression of nicotine consumption. (eneuro.org)
These studies may provide insight into the critical role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in regulating nicotine consumption in women. (eneuro.org)

Nicotine acts as a receptor agonist at most nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), except at two nicotinic receptor subunits (nAChRα9 and nAChRα10) where it acts as a receptor antagonist. (wikipedia.org)

The analysis showed that, despite individual environmental and genetic variation, a combination of three unrelated metabolites (C22:1-CoA, C2-carnitine and C16-ceramide) together formed an accurate signature for predicting insulin resistance. (asbmb.org)

Nicotine has been used as an insecticide since at least the 1960s, in the form of tobacco extracts (although other components of tobacco also seem to have pesticide effects). (wikipedia.org)

4 mg versus 2 mg nicotine gum also increase the chances of success. (wikipedia.org)

Animal studies suggest that nicotine may adversely affect cognitive development in adolescence, but the relevance of these findings to human brain development is disputed. (wikipedia.org)

The device is unique in that it converts chemicals into their metabolites during testing, which replicates what happens in the human body, Kadimisetty says. (scientificinquirer.com)

After response ratios accurately tracked changes in reinforcer amount every five sessions and sensitivity estimates were above .20, the effects of oxycodone at doses ranging from 0.3-1.7 mg/kg were determined. (abainternational.org)

11. Willing to abstain from illicit drugs, alcohol, and nicotine products/tobacco use during study participation. (who.int)

Neonicotinoids, such as imidacloprid, which are derived from and structurally similar to nicotine, are widely used as agricultural and veterinary pesticides as of 2016. (wikipedia.org)

Nicotine imposes its effect in 3 major ways, and creates physiological and pathological results in different body organs: ganglionic transmission, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and stimulation of central nervous system. (unideb.hu)

In contrast to recreational nicotine products, which have been designed to maximize the likelihood of addiction, nicotine replacement products (NRTs) are designed to minimize addictiveness. (wikipedia.org)

There was no significant effect of the nicotine metabolite ratio. (psu.edu)
There was little effect on TCP formation following either pre-treatment, but a potential slight induction of oxon following nicotine pre-treatment. (cdc.gov)

High doses are known to cause nicotine poisoning, organ failure, and death through paralysis of respiratory muscles, though serious or fatal overdoses are rare. (wikipedia.org)

nicotine inhaled and solriamfetol both increase sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. (medscape.com)

nicotine inhaled increases effects of adenosine by unknown mechanism. (medscape.com)
nicotine inhaled increases effects of niacin by pharmacodynamic synergism. (medscape.com)

Genetic variants in an additional nicotine-metabolizing enzyme, flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO)-3, and an obligate microsomal CYP-supportive enzyme, cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR), were investigated. (umn.edu)

IMPLICATIONS: This report summarizes the serum nicotine biomarker measurements in Wave 1 of the PATH Study. (cdc.gov)
6. Continuous nonsmoker who has not used nicotine containing products (including vaping) for at least 1 month prior to the first dosing and throughout the study, based on participant self-reporting. (who.int)

Anatomy1

Organisms4

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs21

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Psychiatry and Psychology4

Phenomena and Processes3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science1

Cotinine13

Urine6

Dependence5

Smoking cessation1

Smokers7

Cocaine and metabolites2

Biomarkers2

Acting nicotine replacement1

Electronic nicotine delivery1

Metabolism8

Forms of nicotine1

Abstinence2

Alkaloid3

Bupropion2

Amphetamines1

Cigarettes11

Concentrations3

Biological1

Particulate1

Levels7

Concentration3

Decreases1

Behavior1

Varenicline1

Cannabinoids1

Insecticides1

Addictive2

Replacement therapy4

Rats3

Dose5

Exposures1

Conventional cigarette2

Consumption2

Receptor1

Variation1

Pesticide1

Versus1

Findings1

Chemicals1

Accurately1

Alcohol1

Widely1

Nicotinic1

Addiction1

Effect2

Respiratory1

Blood1

Increases2

Genetic1

Study2