Next generation reproduce gene frequency. Medical search. Frequent questions

This fluctuation is analogous to genetic drift - a change in the population's allele frequency resulting from a random variation in the distribution of alleles from one generation to the next. (wikipedia.org)
Suppose that half the bacteria have allele A and the other half have allele B. Thus, A and B each has an allele frequency of 1/2. (wikipedia.org)
also called allele frequency) Proportion of genes/alleles in a population that are of a particular type. (berkeley.edu)
Because a trait is an expression of an allele, the tendency of a certain trait to show up in a population is referred to as allele frequency. (yahoo.com)
We previously addressed the falsehood " Evolution has stopped for humans " and concluded that background change in allele frequency independent of natural selection does not just stop for any viable, continuing population. (scienceblogs.com)
Evolution is change in allele frequency over time. (scienceblogs.com)
This selection pressure leads to a shift in the allele frequency , resulting in the dominance of the favored phenotype. (tagvault.org)
As a result, the allele frequency for longer necks increased in the population, leading to the development of the long neck phenotype we see in modern giraffes. (tagvault.org)
Directional selection occurs when an extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes, causing a shift in the allele frequency . (tagvault.org)
The table above provides a visual representation of the changes in allele frequency and the distribution of giraffe neck lengths resulting from directional selection. (tagvault.org)
Let's look at three concepts that are core to the definition of microevolution: populations, alleles, and allele frequency. (lumenlearning.com)
Allele frequency refers to how frequently a particular allele appears in a population. (lumenlearning.com)
For instance, if all the alleles in a population of pea plants were purple alleles, W , the allele frequency of W would be 100%, or 1.0. (lumenlearning.com)
However, if half the alleles were W and half were w , each allele would have an allele frequency of 50%, or 0.5. (lumenlearning.com)
Keep in mind, though, that these are different concepts from allele frequency. (lumenlearning.com)

Traits are characteristics that are inheritable - they can be passed down from one generation to the next. (yahoo.com)
The part of each gene that results in the varying expression of traits is called an allele. (yahoo.com)
Favourable traits are inherited and become more common in subsequent generations, altering allele frequencies in the gene pool of a population. (elucidate.org.au)
The individuals who survive and reproduce have more common traits in the population/gene pool, with the advantageous allele accumulating over generations. (elucidate.org.au)
These new genes then cause an increase in physical complexity and associated behavior, Both of which increase the organism's ability to survive and pass on these traits to offspring. (thecreationclub.com)
A reason to outbreed would be to bring in new genes or traits that your breeding stock does not possess. (uskbtc.com)
Breeding two phenotypically similar but genotypically unrelated individuals together would not necessarily reproduce these traits. (uskbtc.com)
Gene flow through migration and mating between populations, genetic drift, and natural selection results in a gradual, clinal distribution of many human traits, rather than discrete categories. (pressbooks.pub)
Lots of diseases are caused by mutational variants at single genes, so traits like behaviors and intelligence and skin color must also be reducible to single genes. (blogspot.com)
Consequently, these individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing their advantageous traits (i.e., large beak size) onto future generations. (eurocoml.org)
Adaptive characteristics (traits that provide you an advantage) increase your chances of surviving and reproducing. (ignouhelpcenter.com)
The blending model was disproven by Austrian monk Gregor Mendel, who found that traits are specified by non-blending heritable units called genes. (lumenlearning.com)
Natural selection only acts on the population's heritable traits: selecting for beneficial alleles and thus increasing their frequency in the population, while selecting against deleterious alleles and thereby decreasing their frequency-a process known as adaptive evolution . (lumenlearning.com)
Over time, these advantageous traits become more common in a population as they are passed on to future generations. (eurocoml.org)
Over generations, these advantageous traits would increase in frequency within the bird population due to differential reproductive success. (eurocoml.org)
Differential Survival and Reproduction: In the struggle for survival, individuals with certain advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce successfully. (darwinism-watch.com)
The genetic information that confers the advantageous traits is transmitted from one generation to the next. (darwinism-watch.com)
Accumulation of Favorable Traits: Over time, as more individuals with advantageous traits survive and reproduce, the frequency of those traits increases in the population. (darwinism-watch.com)
Change in Population Characteristics: As generations pass, the population gradually changes as a result of the differential reproductive success of individuals with different traits. (darwinism-watch.com)

Genetic drift is a change in the frequency of a population's genes and alleles over time, often by founder effects (when a small group of individuals relocate) or bottlenecking (when a large population is decimated, leaving a smaller group to repopulate). (visionlearning.com)
And gene variants that decrease a population's propensity to mingle with other populations - such as those that limit flight capacity in insects - would suddenly prove beneficial and could spread. (bioedonline.org)
Emigration (when new organisms join a population, bringing new alleles or changing frequencies) or immigration (when new organisms join a population, bringing new alleles or changing frequencies) can both cause changes in the population's relative allele frequencies (when members of a population leave it, taking with them their genes). (ignouhelpcenter.com)
Sickle cell reduces a population's evolutionary "fitness"- that is, fewer offspring live to reproduce. (dnafiles.org)

In small populations, fixation can occur in just a few generations. (wikipedia.org)
The movement of genes between populations. (berkeley.edu)
Thus, the incorporation of new alleles into existing lineages through hybridization (i.e. admixture) has varying effects on speciation and local adaptation, either slowing or accelerating the evolution of RI between populations through gene flow and recombination. (biomedcentral.com)
Different human populations are very closely related to each other, reflecting both recent separation of those populations and long term flow of genes across populations that believe falsely themselves to be separate. (scienceblogs.com)
Gene drives could result in the genetic isolation - in which populations do not mate with each other - of groups that manage to avoid inheriting the modified genetic code, he and his colleagues found. (bioedonline.org)
In order to find out how, for instance, climate zones influence activity, we must be able to compare the frequency of transposons in different populations-in different groups of individuals," explained bioinformatician Robert Kofler from the Institute of Population Genetics at the University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna. (medicaldesignandoutsourcing.com)
In allopatric speciation, if an extended geographic barrier, like a mountain range develops, gene flow between two populations can be prevented. (jove.com)
This mechanism may also occur if a group of birds from the original population disperse to another geographic location and undergo natural selection in the new environment, stopping gene flow between the two populations. (jove.com)
In allopatric speciation, gene flow between two populations of the same species is prevented by a geographic barrier, like a mountain range or habitat fragmentation. (jove.com)
These differences in natural selection combined with genetic drift and mutation over many generations of separation eventually result in the two populations becoming discrete species. (jove.com)
The field of biology that studies allele frequencies in populations and how they change over time is called population genetics . (lumenlearning.com)
Gene flow, on the other hand, involves the exchange of genetic material between different populations through migration or interbreeding. (eurocoml.org)

In each new generation, the organisms reproduce at random. (wikipedia.org)
The individual organisms with the variation best suited to survive in their particular circumstances have a greater chance of passing that trait on to the next generation. (yahoo.com)
Organisms altered by gene drives, including mosquitoes, have shown promise in proof-of-concept laboratory experiments. (bioedonline.org)
Gene drives thwart the rules of inheritance in sexually reproducing organisms. (bioedonline.org)
Just as antibiotics enable the rise of drug-resistant bacteria, population-suppressing gene drives create the ideal conditions for resistant organisms to flourish. (bioedonline.org)
Occurring in sexually reproducing organisms, meiosis gives rise to gametes - eggs in females and sperm in males. (hospitalninojesus.com)
The relative likelihood that an organism will survive and pass on its genes to the next generation in comparison to organisms with a different gene or genotype. (bvsalud.org)

But interest in gene drives has surged with the advent of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, which can be used to copy a mutation from one chromosome into another. (bioedonline.org)
In late 2015, researchers reported a CRISPR gene drive that caused an infertility mutation in female mosquitoes to be passed on to all their offspring. (bioedonline.org)
Lab experiments showed that the mutation increased in frequency as expected over several generations, but resistance to the gene drive also emerged, preventing some mosquitoes from inheriting the modified genome. (bioedonline.org)
Resistance to gene drives is unavoidable, so researchers are hoping that they can blunt the effects long enough to spread a desired mutation throughout a population. (bioedonline.org)
Isn't a mutation which makes it more likely that you'll reproduce good enough? (thecreationclub.com)
Either a deletion or a mutation affecting the EHMT1 gene results in a lack of functional euchromatic histone methyltransferase 1 enzyme. (medlineplus.gov)
The inheritance of Kleefstra syndrome is considered to be autosomal dominant because a deletion in one copy of chromosome 9 in each cell or a mutation in one copy of the EHMT1 gene is sufficient to cause the condition. (medlineplus.gov)
An intronic mutation may well result in a non-functional gene (like the splicing site mutation in CYP21A2 ). (tripod.com)
The other one is that mutation is any variation in the gene that causes an obvious change in phenotype whereas polymorphisms do not cause any obvious phenotypic variation. (tripod.com)
In addition to natural selection, there are three other important mechanisms of evolution: genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation. (darwinism-watch.com)
Germline mutation of one TP53 allele is found in patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome who generally inherit a mutated TP53 gene from an affected parent. (medscape.com)

The set of genes an organism has. (berkeley.edu)
In reproducing asexually, no time nor energy needs to be expended in choosing a mate and, if the environment has not changed, then there may be little reason for variation, as the organism may already be well-adapted. (wikizero.com)
An allele is a version of a gene , a heritable unit that controls a particular feature of an organism. (lumenlearning.com)
The capability of an organism to survive and reproduce. (bvsalud.org)

It's also possible to calculate genotype frequencies -the fraction of individuals with a given genotype-and phenotype frequencies -the fraction of individuals with a given phenotype. (lumenlearning.com)
An individual may carry a very beneficial genotype with a resulting phenotype that, for example, increases the ability to reproduce (fecundity), but if that same individual also carries an allele that results in a fatal childhood disease, that fecundity phenotype will not be passed on to the next generation because the individual will not live to reach reproductive age. (lumenlearning.com)
Penetrance refers to frequency of expression of a genotype regardless of severity of the phenotype. (tripod.com)
It is a mathematically calculable ratio determined from the average number of offspring contributed to a population by a particular genotype during one generation compared to the average number of offspring contributed by competing genotypes. (bvsalud.org)

The video above will sum up the key points of this chapter- in this case, why the definition of evolution needs to include an increase their chances of survival OR ability to reproduce. (thecreationclub.com)
But, you mean to say that these new genes, features, and associated behaviors increase the organism's ability to survive, and increase the organism's ability to reproduce? (thecreationclub.com)
Why isn't it good enough to just increase their chances of survival OR ability to reproduce? (thecreationclub.com)
Stent, 1972) and that the ability to reproduce an experiment may depend on factors yet to be discovered-it was three decades before the relevant observations of semiconductors could yield workable transistors because the effects appeared only capriciously, owing to the need for an unprecedented degree of purification. (newenergytimes.com)

all bacteria in this colony are equally likely to survive and reproduce. (wikipedia.org)
An inherited trait that allows an individual to better survive and reproduce is called adaptation. (elucidate.org.au)
Individuals in the population are exposed to a new selection pressure, which selects for some individuals over others to survive for longer and reproduces. (elucidate.org.au)
Not all individuals can survive and reproduce to their full potential due to these constraints. (darwinism-watch.com)
People with just one copy of the sickle cell gene are resistant to malaria, and that evolutionary advantage has caused the gene to survive and spread in malarial areas. (dnafiles.org)

Many generations of giraffes experienced this selective pressure, resulting in the development of longer necks as an advantageous trait. (tagvault.org)

This involves a change in gene frequencies within the gene pool of a sexually reproducing population. (captaincynic.com)
Therefore, in this so-called Mendelian population of sexually reproducing individuals, the various alleles of all the gene loci in all the members make up a gene pool for the population. (captaincynic.com)
Evolution of sexual reproduction describes how sexually reproducing animals , plants , fungi and protists could have evolved from a common ancestor that was a single-celled eukaryotic species . (wikizero.com)

Some have floated the idea of creating gene drives that target multiple genes, or several sites within the same gene, diminishing the speed with which resistance would develop. (bioedonline.org)
Inbreeding can also exacerbate a tendency toward disorders controlled by multiple genes, such as hip dysplasia and congenital heart anomalies. (uskbtc.com)

Genetic drift may cause gene variants to disappear completely and thereby reduce genetic variation. (wikipedia.org)
Microevolution , or evolution on a small scale, is defined as a change in the frequency of gene variants, alleles, in a population over generations. (lumenlearning.com)
Highly polymorphic regions (such as HLA genes) are not represented either due to difficulty with designing primers because of the lack of constant regions flanking the variants. (tripod.com)

They reproduce in the genome and chose their position themselves. (medicaldesignandoutsourcing.com)
The presumed gene count of 100,000 for human genome drastically went down to around 20,000 after the completion of Human Genome Project. (tripod.com)
It is best to be aware of these definitions while sticking with the recommendations of the Human Genome Variation Society and to use ' sequence variant ' , ' alteration ' or ' allelic variant ' for any genomic change regardless of their frequency or phenotypic effects. (tripod.com)

As a result, compared to random mating, the frequency of homozygotes increases. (ignouhelpcenter.com)

A good match must exist between a bone marrow donor and recipient in genes that encode for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) proteins. (pressbooks.pub)
9) Micro-evolution is allegedly tested on the bacterium E. Coli, grown in a medium devoid of galactosides, so that its three available proteins are synthesized at an exceedingly slow rate - about 1 molecule every five generations. (blogspot.com)
Like Rb protein, many of the proteins encoded by tumor suppressor genes act at specific points in the cell cycle. (medscape.com)

So, we've got genes for long distance running in West Africans because of their history of cattle rustling, genes for opp osable thumbs because, well, because of almost any explanation for why they make us human, and even genes for ping pong prowess in China (although the proposed adaptive reason for this escapes us at the moment, but there is one). (blogspot.com)

If this happens, the red allele has been lost permanently in the population, while the remaining blue allele has become fixed: all future generations are entirely blue. (wikipedia.org)
the process whereby characteristics that promote survival and reproduction are passed on to future generations, so these characteristics become more frequent in the population over time. (visionlearning.com)

three different genes may cause the same phenotype). (tripod.com)
Recognition of a single-gene disorder as causal for a patient's 'multiple sclerosis-like' phenotype is critically important for accurate direction of patient management, and evokes broader genetic counselling implications for affected families. (medscape.com)

Gene-environment interactions are an example of phenotypic plasticity . (berkeley.edu)

In essence, evolution is a change in allele frequencies over the course of several generations. (yahoo.com)
For the calculated inbreeding coefficient of a pedigree to be accurate, it must be based on several generations. (uskbtc.com)

The inbreeding coefficient is an estimate of the percentage of all the variable gene pairs that are homozygous due to inheritance from common ancestors. (uskbtc.com)
It is also the average chance that any single gene pair is homozygous due to inheritance from a common ancestor. (uskbtc.com)

Most genes are highly conserved during evolution. (captaincynic.com)
It's important to remember that differences between individuals, even individuals from different generations, don't constitute evolution. (yahoo.com)
And thus," I said professorially, "the genes which make him El Tortuga Ayunar die with him, and no evolution occurs. (thecreationclub.com)
It shows that over time, the frequency of alleles for long necks increased, while alleles for short and intermediate necks decreased, demonstrating the impact of directional selection on the evolution of giraffes. (tagvault.org)
Over time, beneficial mutations increase in frequency, driving evolution. (hospitalninojesus.com)
By examining how genes are inherited, distributed, and change in frequency within a population, researchers can gain insight into the mechanisms driving evolution. (eurocoml.org)

Mutations are random changes that occur in genes. (yahoo.com)
In layman's terms, genetic polymorphism is the presence in the same population of two or more alleles at the same locus, where the frequency of the rarer allele is always more than one percent and the rarer allele is maintained in the population, not just by recurrent mutations. (ignouhelpcenter.com)
Kleefstra syndrome is caused by the loss of the EHMT1 gene or by mutations that disable its function. (medlineplus.gov)
instead, these individuals have mutations in the EHMT1 gene. (medlineplus.gov)
Although a number of studies have shown that patients with activating mutations in exons 18-21 of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene respond particularly well to gefitinib and erlotinib, a prospective, randomised study was needed to differentiate between the prognostic and predictive value of EGFR mutations. (ersjournals.com)

Delve even briefly into those results and you see that we now are being told by political scientists that how we vote is genetically determined, not to mention whether or not we vote , economists and psychologists tell us that ' the warrior gene ' makes us aggressive (except when it doesn't) and influences whether or not we belong to a gang (if we happen to be male). (blogspot.com)
We will delve into key topics such as genetic drift, gene flow , natural selection, and population structure. (eurocoml.org)

Each member of a population is assumed to be free to reproduce with any other member, and when reproductoion occurs, the genes of one generation are passed on in the manner described by Mendel's laws. (captaincynic.com)
To be more precise, genetic drift occurs as a result of 'sampling error' in picking alleles for the future generation from the present generation's gene pool. (ignouhelpcenter.com)
The deletion occurs near the end of the long (q) arm of the chromosome at a location designated q34.3, a region containing the EHMT1 gene. (medlineplus.gov)
The grain yield of the population producing the harvested seeds is often significantly reduced, due to the change in genotypic array that occurs from the hybrid to the following generations. (techscience.com)
By halving the chromosome number in gametes, meiosis ensures that when fertilization occurs, the offspring will have the correct chromosome number, consistent with previous generations. (hospitalninojesus.com)

Genetic drift, also known as random genetic drift, allelic drift or the Wright effect, is the change in the frequency of an existing gene variant (allele) in a population due to random chance. (wikipedia.org)
Inbreeding cannot change, or create undesirable genes. (uskbtc.com)
They are a good alternative for low-input farmers who grow onions, maize, and other allogamous crops since the seed produced by a SV does not change from one generation to the next. (techscience.com)

CRISPR-based gene drives work by recognizing short genetic sequences, and individuals with differences at these sites would be immune to the drive. (bioedonline.org)
By surveying a species' natural genetic diversity, researchers could target genes common to all individuals. (bioedonline.org)
However, the loss of other genes in the same region may lead to additional health problems in some affected individuals. (medlineplus.gov)
Low penetrance genotypes will only be expressed in a small frequency of individuals bearing them (as in acute intermittent porphyria). (tripod.com)

Genetic drift refers to the random fluctuation in allele frequencies within a population due to chance events. (eurocoml.org)
Genetic Drift: Genetic drift refers to the random fluctuations in the frequencies of alleles (alternative forms of genes) within a population. (darwinism-watch.com)

Several single gene disorders share clinical and radiologic characteristics with multiple sclerosis and have the potential to be overlooked in the differential diagnostic evaluation of both adult and paediatric patients with multiple sclerosis. (medscape.com)
Here we review single gene disorders that have the potential to mimic multiple sclerosis, provide an overview of clinical and investigational characteristics of each disorder, and present guidelines for when clinicians should suspect an underlying heritable disorder that requires diagnostic confirmation in a patient with a definite or probable diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. (medscape.com)

First, when trying to explain the association of a gene with a trait is a researcher should wonder, if the trait of choice is really so adaptive, (meaning that people with the trait consistently had more children than those without, over many generations), why the trait still varies after so many generations of selective pressure. (blogspot.com)
Over generations, this gradual accumulation of favorable characteristics through selective pressure leads to noticeable changes within the finch population. (eurocoml.org)

Outbreeding can also mask the expression of recessive genes, and allow their propagation in the carrier state. (uskbtc.com)
Inbreeding can cause the expression of both beneficial and detrimental recessive genes through pairing up. (uskbtc.com)
TP53 activates the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, cell cycle regulation (p21), and MDM2. (medscape.com)

This process causes gene frequencies in a population to drift around over time. (berkeley.edu)
PAUL EWALD: It's only when you say, "Well, how do those bad genes maintain through time? (dnafiles.org)
Something else has to be going on, something that allows those bad genes to be maintained through time. (dnafiles.org)

Here, we studied male meiotic chromosome behavior in four hybrid generations (F1-F4) between two chromosomal races of the Wood White butterfly Leptidea sinapis differentiated by at least 24 chromosomal fusions/fissions. (frontiersin.org)
The loss of the EHMT1 gene from one copy of chromosome 9 in each cell is believed to be responsible for the characteristic features of Kleefstra syndrome in people with the 9q34.3 deletion. (medlineplus.gov)
Without meiosis, the fusion of two regular cells would double the chromosome number with every generation, leading to genetic instability. (hospitalninojesus.com)
For example, the TP53 gene, located on chromosome 17, encodes a 53-kd nuclear protein that functions as a cell cycle checkpoint. (medscape.com)

On the other hand, with high rates of gene flow and low levels of reproductive isolation (RI), introduced alleles could be transmitted in such a way that the genomes of locally adapted species with small population sizes (e.g. in alpine glacial refugia) could ultimately become extinct by being swamped by a different lineage [ 7 , 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Genetic fitness measured as growth rate or reproductive success which is characterized by parameters such as egg production capacity, fertility, and number of offspring that pass on their genes. (bvsalud.org)

All other bacteria die without reproducing. (wikipedia.org)

an early onset and a high frequency of bilateral disease characterize these cases. (medscape.com)

Beneficial qualities are passed down across the generations as a result of natural selection. (ignouhelpcenter.com)

Health and Genetics Chairman for the USKBTC, Gene Possidento, was given this article for circulation when he attended the Fourth AKC Parent Club Health Conference, September 19-21, 2003, in St. Louis. (uskbtc.com)

Without this, you are reducing your chances of concentrating the genes of the linebred ancestor. (uskbtc.com)

The team found extreme genetic diversity, which would limit the list of potential gene-drive targets, the researchers say. (bioedonline.org)

The movement of alleles from one group to another through migration is known as gene flow. (ignouhelpcenter.com)
Factors such as geographic barriers or social behavior can influence population structure by restricting gene flow between groups. (eurocoml.org)
Our findings highlight genetic contributions to fitness, and the importance of effective population size and gene flow to counteract loss of genetic variation in a wild, free-ranging social carnivore. (biorxiv.org)

During meiosis, the cell has mechanisms to repair DNA damage, ensuring the integrity of genetic information passed to the next generation. (hospitalninojesus.com)
No, they are genetically distinct due to the shuffling and assortment of genes during meiosis. (hospitalninojesus.com)

Evolutionary theory says the genes for these diseases shouldn't get passed on. (dnafiles.org)

This happens as a result of sampling error - some genotypes just happen to reproduce more than other genotypes, not because they are "better," but just because they got lucky. (berkeley.edu)

A relevant difference between a SV and a hybrid is that the seeds produced by a synthetic must be genetically equal to that of its previous generation. (techscience.com)

This article briefly discusses tumor suppressor genes and then focuses on the role of proto-oncogenes in childhood cancer. (medscape.com)

These sequences are known as genes. (yahoo.com)

Unless the second jar contains exactly 10 red marbles and 10 blue marbles, a random shift has occurred in the allele frequencies. (wikipedia.org)

The members of a population reproduce with one another to produce the next generation. (captaincynic.com)

After a few generations, the average height of humans decreases. (yahoo.com)
A mirror enables the driver to observe automobiles behind them without turning their bodies away from the current direction of the road, which decreases the frequency of vehicle accidents and aids when moving backwards. (nationalpostusa.com)

Genetic variation is essential for natural selection to operate since natural selection can only increase or decrease frequency of alleles already in the population. (berkeley.edu)
By studying the insects under more-natural conditions, scientists hope to better understand how to eradicate them - and malaria - using an emerging genetic-engineering technology called gene drives. (bioedonline.org)
So by the law of natural selection, the sickle cell gene should disappear. (dnafiles.org)

The Target Malaria team has developed a second generation of gene-drive mosquitoes, hoping to slow the development of resistance, says Andrea Crisanti, a molecular parasitologist at Imperial College London. (bioedonline.org)
Ironically, that's one of the reasons the sickle cell gene continues to be effective against malaria. (dnafiles.org)

By contrast, an autosomal recessive disorder requires two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to cause the disorder. (genome.gov)
Recessive" means that two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) are required to cause the disorder. (genome.gov)
This gene comes in a white allele, w , and a purple allele, W . Each pea plant has two gene copies, which may be the same or different alleles. (lumenlearning.com)
But having two copies is fatal, so the gene never spreads to more than about 20 per cent of the population. (dnafiles.org)

This can result in a sequence that the CRISPR gene-drive system no longer recognizes, halting the spread of the modified code. (bioedonline.org)
We sequence at every tenth generation and determine if a stimulus has influenced the activity of the transposons. (medicaldesignandoutsourcing.com)
A protein consists of one or more chains of amino acids (called polypeptides) whose sequence is encoded in a gene. (genome.gov)

These new corn plants can now only reproduce with other polyploidal corn plants, not the original ancestor species. (jove.com)

Anatomy10

Organisms10

Diseases8

Chemicals and Drugs21

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment52

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes81

Disciplines and Occupations19

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena6

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Population's4

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Mutation11

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Survive5

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Multiple genes2

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Occurs5

Change3

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Expression3

Time3

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