Neutrophil response chemokines cxc. Medical search. Frequent questions

CXCR1 is one of two high-affinity receptors for the CXC chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8), a major mediator of immune and inflammatory responses implicated in many disorders, including tumour growth. (rcsb.org)
Chemokines and their corresponding receptors have been well-characterized in RA progression, but less so in OA pathogenesis. (researchsquare.com)
Chemokines and chemokine receptors are critical players in the disease processes of two inflammatory joint diseases: rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) (1). (researchsquare.com)
Both diseases are characterized by the extravasation of leukocytes from the vascular endothelium into the synovial tissue, a process that involves numerous chemokines and their receptors acting as synovial chemotactic mediators (5). (researchsquare.com)
A CC-type chemokine with specificity for CCR10 RECEPTORS. (lookformedical.com)
A CC-type chemokine that is found at high levels in the THYMUS and has specificity for CCR4 RECEPTORS. (lookformedical.com)
Like the CHEMOKINES themselves, the receptors can be divided into at least three structural branches: CR, CCR, and CXCR, according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. (lookformedical.com)
A CC chemokine with specificity for CCR1 RECEPTORS and CCR5 RECEPTORS. (lookformedical.com)
CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL27. (lookformedical.com)
CCR receptors with specificity for a broad variety of CC CHEMOKINES. (lookformedical.com)
Chemokine CCL8 has specificity for CCR3 RECEPTORS and CCR5 RECEPTORS. (lookformedical.com)
Chemokine receptors that are specific for CC CHEMOKINES. (lookformedical.com)
CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL2 and several other CCL2-related chemokines. (lookformedical.com)
A CC-type chemokine that is specific for CCR3 RECEPTORS. (lookformedical.com)
CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL19 and CHEMOKINE CCL21. (lookformedical.com)
This multi-step process is enabled by inflammatory receptors and molecules expressed by the endothelial cells which capture the neutrophils and support their extravasation, alongside gradients of chemokines that guide the neutrophils through the ECM. (nature.com)
The biological functions of chemokines are mediated through seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
CXCL8 and CXCL6 bind to the chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 whereas CXCL1 and other CXC-chemokines that have a Glu-Leu-Arg (ELR) motif at their amino terminus (CXCL2 -3 and-5) bind to and activate CXCR2 only2. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
Healthy articular chondrocytes also express CXC chemokines and chemokine receptors, however their purpose within cartilage is unclear because chondrocytes are encased within a dense avascular extracellular matrix and are not known to migrate in vivo. (qmul.ac.uk)
Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed. Editor-in-Chiefs: William Lennarz M. Lane Hardcover ISBN: 9780123786302 eBook ISBN: 9780123786319 Imprint: Academic Press Published Date: 15th February 2013 Page Count: 3232 Abstract Chemokine receptors are seven-transmembrane proteins expressed on neutrophils, lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and many other cell types. (utoledo.edu)
They function to mediate migration of leukocytes to the sites of injury and infection in response to a gradient concentration of chemokines, a group of small proteins that specifically bind the chemokine receptors. (utoledo.edu)
Chemokine receptors belong to the G-protein-coupled seven-transmembrane receptor superfamily, which has more than 600 members that use the heterotrimeric G proteins to initiate signals. (utoledo.edu)
Nineteen chemokine receptors have been identified and cloned, and these receptors have been classified into four subfamilies (CXC, CC, CX3C, and C) based on the chemokine subclass specificity. (utoledo.edu)
In addition to the mediation of migration of leukocytes to the inflammatory sites (chemotaxis), chemokine receptors play a role in leukocyte homing, human immunodeficiency virus entry, angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis, development, and inflammation of the central nervous system. (utoledo.edu)
IL-8(6-77) has a 5-10-fold higher activity on neutrophil activation, IL-8(5-77) has increased activity on neutrophil activation and IL-8(7-77) has a higher affinity to receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 as compared to IL-8(1-77), respectively. (affbiotech.cn)
It binds to chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR4. (affbiotech.cn)
Therefore, identification of novel endogenous targets for drug development may have beneficial properties ACTH4-10, a heptapeptide fragment derived from the hormone adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) modulates the inflammatory response in a corticosterone-independent manner, via agonism at melanocortin type 3 receptors (MC3-R) expressed on peritoneal macrophages. (westminster.ac.uk)
CC chemokines/CCL attract monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, dendritic and T cells and signal through chemokine receptors CCR1 to CCR10. (biomedcentral.com)
The integration of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from microorganisms with their surface receptors in the immune cells, induces the production of several cytokines and chemokines that presents either a pro- and/or anti-inflammatory role by stimulating the secretion of a great variety of antibody subtypes and the activation of mechanisms of controlling the disease, such as the regulatory T cells. (bvsalud.org)

CXCL2 mobilizes cells by interacting with a cell surface chemokine receptor called CXCR2. (wikipedia.org)
Our present work suggests that the CXCL1/CXCR2 axis helps to orchestrate inflammatory responses in OA and RA SFs. (researchsquare.com)
Chemokine (CXC motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) acts as a key chemoattractant for neutrophils by binding specifically to its corresponding G protein-coupled receptor chemokine (CXC motif) receptor 2 (CXCR2) (11, 12). (researchsquare.com)
C-X-C chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) is a chemotactic receptor that is critical in neutrophil mobilization from bone marrow to blood and tissue sites. (frontiersin.org)
We have previously reported that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in leptin receptor (LEPR), present in up to 50% of people, influenced CDI-induced neutrophil CXCR2 expression and tissue neutrophilia. (frontiersin.org)
RR genotype) was associated with higher CXCR2 expression and more tissue neutrophils. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we investigated the biological mechanisms that regulate neutrophil CXCR2 expression after CDI, and the influence of host genetics on this process. (frontiersin.org)
and d) IL-1β neutralization reduced CXCR2 expression on bone marrow and blood neutrophils and their subsequent accrual to colonic tissue. (frontiersin.org)
In sum, our data indicate that IL-1β is a key molecular mediator that communicates between gastro-intestinal tract (i.e. site of CDI) and bone marrow (i.e. primary neutrophil reservoir) and regulates the intensity of CDI-induced tissue neutrophilia by modulating CXCR2 expression. (frontiersin.org)
Chemokines that regulate neutrophil migration by signaling through the CXCR2 receptor are markedly elevated by brain injury and are associated with the propagation of secondary damage. (edu.au)
We demonstrate a significant attenuation of neutrophil infiltration in Cxcr2−/− mice at 12 hours and 7 days after CHI, despite increased levels of CXC neutrophil-attracting chemokines in the lesioned cortex. (edu.au)
This coincides with reduced tissue damage, neuronal loss, and cell death in Cxcr2−/− mice compared to wild-type controls, with heterozygotes showing intermediate responses. (edu.au)
Furthermore, using TNFR1/R2-deficient mice, TNF was found to be responsible for a decrease in CXCR2 expression, explaining reduced neutrophil extravasation and migration to the infectious site, and in neutrophil apoptosis. (aai.org)
IL-8 augmented the [Ca 2+ ](i) more efficiently in CXCR1-transfectants than in CXCR2-transfectants, whereas for ENA-78, threefold higher concentrations were necessary to obtain a calcium response in CXCR1-transfected cells than in CXCR2-transfectants. (tau.ac.il)
GCP-2 desensitized the calcium increase induced by IL-8 in both CXCR1-transfected and CXCR2-transfected cells, but ENA-78 only affected the IL-8-induced calcium response in CXCR2-transfectants. (tau.ac.il)
The half-maximal effective concentrations for migration of CXCR2-transfectants in response to GCP-2 and ENA-78 were similar (0.1 nM), whereas GCP-2 was tenfold more potent than ENA-78 on CXCR1-transfectants, Half-maximal migration of CXCR1-transfected and CXCR2-transfected cells was obtained with IL-8 at concentrations of no more than 0.01 nM. (tau.ac.il)
Examples for such strategies include inhibition of CXCR1 and CXCR2 to decrease migration of neutrophils to tumoral areas or the inhibition of granulocyte colony stimulating factor to decrease the amount of neutrophils which has shown efficacy in preclinical models. (biomedcentral.com)

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also called macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha (MIP2-alpha), Growth-regulated protein beta (Gro-beta) and Gro oncogene-2 (Gro-2). (wikipedia.org)
The ligand-activated intracellular signalling pathways result in neutrophil migration to the site of inflammation. (rcsb.org)
We found that the group with the most favorable prognosis showed significant manifestation of CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10). (techieindex.net)
In the context of AP, the most extensively investigated chemokines are CC-ligand 2 (CCL2, also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 or MCP-1), CXC-ligand 1 (CXCL1, also known as cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant or CINC in rat and keratinocyte cytokine or KC in mouse), and CXC-ligand 2 (CXCL2, also known as macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha or MIP2a). (pancreapedia.org)
This receptor also binds to chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1/MGSA), a protein with melanoma growth stimulating activity, and has been shown to be a major component required for serum-dependent melanoma cell growth. (cancerindex.org)
Acts as a ligand for C-C chemokine receptor CCR2. (affbiotech.cn)

These data implicates the ELR-CXC chemokines in the neutrophilic inflammation observed after airways exposure to bacterial LPS. (cdc.gov)
In contrast, inflammatory cytokines are produced in response to inflammation in tissue (10). (researchsquare.com)
CXC chemokine redundancy ensures local neutrophil recruitment during acute inflammation. (lvhn.org)
Our data demonstrate that despite the presence of high plasma levels of IL-8, neutrophils may still be recruited to sites of local inflammation because of chemokine redundancy. (lvhn.org)
Such temporally- and spatially-coordinated interplay necessitates tight regulation to prevent collateral damage such as overshooting immune responses and excessive inflammation. (biomedcentral.com)
During injury stimulation, the major effects on the cardiac function may be those involving mitochondria-dominated events along with potential nucleus-governed genetic/epigenetic alternations within the cardiomyocytes as well as the macrophage-led inflammation and T-cell-led immune responses underlying the myocardium-vessel interactive cascade. (hindawi.com)
This article reviews the role of platelets in inflammation and immune responses, and highlights their interactions with other immune cells, including examples of major functional consequences of these interactions. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
and, hence, although they show some evidence of inflammation, they do not exhibit an inflammatory response that can be a response to neurodegeneration. (jneurosci.org)
Inflammatory diseases are often characterised by excessive neutrophil infiltration from the blood stream to the site of inflammation, which damages healthy tissue and prevents resolution of inflammation. (nature.com)
In this study, we used the OrganoPlate to develop a humanized 3D in vitro inflammation-on-a-chip model to recapitulate neutrophil transmigration across the endothelium and subsequent migration through the extracellular matrix (ECM). (nature.com)
During an inflammatory response, neutrophils move from the blood to the site of inflammation by transmigrating across the endothelial barrier and through the basement membrane (BM) of the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). (nature.com)
Neutrophils reflect a state of host inflammation, which is a hallmark of cancer [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Because the microorganism remains the same, and the presence of C. albicans in tissues of immunocompetent individuals with intact mucosal surfaces and microbiota is not usually associated with inflammation or damage, the transition between commensalism and disease is almost certainly caused by the immune response. (rupress.org)
This receptor mediates neutrophil migration to sites of inflammation. (cancerindex.org)
Citrullination at Arg-27 prevents proteolysis, and dampens tissue inflammation, it also enhances leukocytosis, possibly through impaired chemokine clearance from the blood circulation. (affbiotech.cn)
Chemokines are a superfamily of small, secreted proteins that direct the recruitment of leukocytes to the sites of inflammation. (biomedcentral.com)

In contrast to CC chemokines, the CXC chemokines (CXCL) are divided into two classes depending on the presence of the glutamate-leucine-arginine motif (ELR) in the NH 2 -terminal domain. (biomedcentral.com)

This chemokine is secreted by monocytes and macrophages and is chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes and hematopoietic stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
Endotoxin priming significantly increased neutrophil viability with no effect on lymphocyte viability or TLR4 expression by neutrophils and monocytes. (avma.org)
A chemokine that is a chemoattractant for MONOCYTES and may also cause cellular activation of specific functions related to host defense. (lookformedical.com)
A CC-type chemokine secreted by activated MONOCYTES and T-LYMPHOCYTES. (lookformedical.com)
Group of chemokines with adjacent cysteines that are chemoattractants for lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils but not neutrophils. (lookformedical.com)
A CXC chemokine that is chemotactic for T-LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES. (lookformedical.com)
The resulting early cellular response, consisting of glandular infiltration with neutrophils and monocytes, appears to exacerbate pancreatic injury and is at least in part responsible for early onset organ failure seen in some cases of AP (85, 86). (pancreapedia.org)
IL-8 is a chemotactic factor that attracts neutrophils, basophils, and T-cells, but not monocytes. (affbiotech.cn)
This cytokine displays chemotactic activity for monocytes and basophils but not for neutrophils or eosinophils. (affbiotech.cn)
Exhibits a chemotactic activity for monocytes and basophils but not neutrophils or eosinophils. (affbiotech.cn)

CXCL2 is 90% identical in amino acid sequence as a related chemokine, CXCL1. (wikipedia.org)
Previous research has reported that CXCL1 contributes to the ingress of neutrophils into the RA joint (15) and induce hypertrophy and apoptosis of chondrocytes (16). (researchsquare.com)
Table 1 CXC- C- CX3C- and CC-chemokine and receptor families As the CXC-chemokines CXCL1 and GW788388 CXCL8 have been associated with tumour growth metastasis and angiogenesis I concentrate on these important chemokines. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
In response to cerulein (a CCK-8 ortholog widely used to elicit early pancreatitis responses in isolated acini an ex-vivo pancreatitis model), murine pancreatic acinar cells upregulate mRNA expression of both CXCL1 and CXCL2 within 90 min, with a supramaximally stimulating cerulein concentration of 0.1 mM producing 8 fold increase in CXCL1 and 10 fold increase in CXCL2 expression (87). (pancreapedia.org)

Blood samples from 3 dogs were used to create a concentration-response curve to evaluate whether the observed cytokine modulation was concentration dependent. (avma.org)
In a previous study, we proposed that microglia in the prion-diseased brain are in a "primed" state, and subsequent challenges, either centrally or systemically, result in an amplified cytokine and inflammatory response. (jneurosci.org)
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells formed confluent vessels against collagen I and geltrex mix, a mix of basement membrane extract and collagen I. TNF-α-stimulation of vessels upregulated inflammatory cytokine expression and promoted neutrophil transmigration. (nature.com)
This review aims to describe the roles of key cytokines and chemokines in commonly used experimental models of pancreatitis and how the cytokine profile is affected by the choice of a specific model. (pancreapedia.org)
MC3-R agonists inhibit cytokine formation and subsequent neutrophil migration, while antagonists abrogate these effects. (westminster.ac.uk)
These data suggest that the regulation of the CCL2 and CXCL10 expression exhibit significant differences in their mechanisms, and also demonstrate that the alveolar epithelium contributes to the cytokine milieu of the lung, with the ability to respond to locally generated cytokines and to produce potent mediators of the local inflammatory response. (biomedcentral.com)

Pancreatic acinar cell injury triggers the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (32, 36, 39, 41, 82). (pancreapedia.org)

Chemokines have been classified by structure and function into four groups: CXC, CC, C and CX3C (9). (researchsquare.com)
Chemokines regulate the transport activation and sometimes proliferation of several cell types including myeloid lymphoid GW788388 endothelial and epithelial cells1 2 There are four chemokine subfamilies - CXC C CX3C and CC - based on the positions of conserved cysteine residues near the amino terminus of the proteins1 (TABLE 1). (cancerrealitycheck.com)
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are positively charged polypeptides with highly conserved cysteine (C) residues within the N-terminal sequence, classifying them as 'C', 'CC', 'CXC' or 'CX3C' types (102, 143). (pancreapedia.org)

We show that, using the ME7 model of prion disease, intracerebral challenge with LPS results in dramatic interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression, neutrophil infiltration, and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the brain parenchyma of prion-diseased mice compared with the same challenge in normal mice. (jneurosci.org)
Another mechanism whereby injured pancreatic acinar cells trigger the inflammatory response is through synthesis and release of cytokines (36) and chemokines (11), and upregulation of adhesion molecules such as the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (136), which together promote neutrophil and monocyte infiltration (27, 71) and exacerbate tissue injury (10, 27, 37). (pancreapedia.org)

This chemokine is a potent chemotaxin involved in neutrophil activation. (thermofisher.com)
It is also involved in neutrophil activation. (affbiotech.cn)

Chemotaxis is one of the most basic cell physiological responses. (wikidoc.org)
The presence or absence of a glutamate-leucine-arginine sequence further divides chemokines into 'ELR' and 'non-ELR' chemokines, with ELR-chemokines exhibiting highest activity in chemotaxis assays (65, 130). (pancreapedia.org)

In the 1950s Pierard described the presence of clusters of neutrophils and eosinophils in the dermal papillae, especially in more recent lesions. (scielo.br)

CXCL2, like related chemokines, is also a powerful neutrophil chemoattractant and is involved in many immune responses including wound healing, cancer metastasis, and angiogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
In this study we determined gene expression and secretion patterns for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) and T-cell specific CXCR3 agonistic chemokines (Mig/CXCL9, IP-10/CXCL10, and I-TAC/CXCL11) in TNF-α-, IFN-γ-, and IL-1β-stimulated human alveolar epithelial cells type II (AEC-II). (biomedcentral.com)

Chemokines are well-recognized for their ability to recruit different leukocytes (6) and for their involvement in the migration of circulating cells into or within tissue (7, 8). (researchsquare.com)
Cell surface glycoproteins that bind to chemokines and thus mediate the migration of pro-inflammatory molecules. (lookformedical.com)
Static assays such as transwell migration in Boyden chambers 4 are hindered by effects of gravity, lack of physiological flow, and difficulty in visualizing and analysing the neutrophils at each stage of transmigration. (nature.com)

Delivery of the ELR-CXC chemokine antagonist CXCL8(3-74)K11R/G31P (G31P) blocked reactive oxygen intermediate production and chemotactic responses by IL-8-challenged neutrophils in vitro. (cdc.gov)
CXCL8 is bound to heparan sulphate proteoglycans, whilst CXCL6 is sequestered by an as of yet unidentified alternative matrix interaction, contributing to the determination of the chemokine signalling domain. (qmul.ac.uk)

Platelets interact with leukocytes through both adhesive mechanisms as well as release of cytokines/chemokines. (comprehensivephysiology.com)

Calcitriol had no significant effect on the degree of neutrophil or lymphocyte apoptosis, nor was neutrophil and monocyte TLR4 expression affected in unprimed or endotoxin-primed leukocytes. (avma.org)
The pathophysiological nature of MIRI is the short-term disturbance of myocardial energy and metabolism caused by reflow after ischemia and hypoxia in the coronary artery and the dynamic changes in apoptosis and the prosurvival signaling pathways in response to related injury factors. (hindawi.com)
of transcription of genes that encode cytokines chemokines adhesion factors and inhibitors of apoptosis. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
Activation of Caspase 3 occurs in response to variety of apoptotic inducers including Fas mediated apoptosis. (samatashkhis.com)

Receptor for interleukin-8 which is a powerful neutrophil chemotactic factor. (joplink.net)

The differential receptor usage of the structurally related ELR + CXC chemokines GCP-2 and ENA-78 is indicative of a different role in inflammatory reactions. (tau.ac.il)
The protein encoded by this gene is structurally related to the CXC subfamily of cytokines. (affbiotech.cn)

Furthermore, experiments indicate that NO suppresses the manifestation of CXCL10 in iNOS-negative melanoma cell lines and scavenging NO from iNOS-positive cell lines changes the chemokine manifestation pattern, including manifestation of CXCL10. (techieindex.net)

Studies have clearly shown that tissue neutrophil numbers need to be tightly regulated for optimal CDI outcomes: while excessive colonic neutrophilia is associated with severe CDI, neutrophil depletion also results in worse outcomes. (frontiersin.org)
However, despite a key role for neutrophils in disease pathogenesis, the underlying biological mechanisms that regulate systemic and tissue neutrophil numbers after CDI remain poorly defined. (frontiersin.org)
Specifically, the timely orchestration of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses, based on the activation and inhibition of various cell types, such as tissue-resident cells and different types of immune cells, can significantly impact wound repair [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Acute phase reactants are plasma proteins whose levels dramatically increase (called positive acute phase reactants) or, in some cases, decrease (called negative acute phase reactants) in response to the elevated circulating levels of interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 that occur when infection or tissue damage occurs. (msdmanuals.com)
This chronic inflammatory disease results from the response to bacteria in dental biofilm and may remain confined to the gingival tissues with minimal tissue alterations or this disease may progress to extreme periodontal destruction with the loss of attachment and alveolar bone. (bvsalud.org)

Antibody inhibition of KC and MIP-2 in the IL-8-positive mice significantly decreased peritoneal neutrophil recruitment in response to thioglycollate, clarifying their important role in the local neutrophil recruitment. (lvhn.org)
Inhibition of neutrophil proteases inhibited neutrophil transmigration on geltrex mix, but not collagen I. These findings highlight the important role of the ECM in determining cell phenotype and response to inhibitors. (nature.com)
Pharmacological modulation of the CXCR1/2 signalling pathway may allow for the selective inhibition of catabolic inflammatory responses whilst preserving CXCR1/2 maintained chondrocyte phenotypic homeostasis in articular cartilage. (qmul.ac.uk)

The receptor usage of the CXC chemokine granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 (GCP-2) was compared with that of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and epithelial-cell-derived neutrophil attractant-78 (ENA-78). (tau.ac.il)

A) EM image of an inflamed mouse cremaster venule, demonstrating platelet‐neutrophil‐endothelial cell interaction. (comprehensivephysiology.com)

IL-8, released in response to inflammatory stimuli, binds to the extracellular side of CXCR1. (rcsb.org)
Calcium mobilisation assays proved that chondrocyte CXCR1/2 are functional and show a higher redundancy than that found in human neutrophils. (qmul.ac.uk)

Tumour angiogenesis growth and metastasis are facilitated by the NF-κB-modulated transcription of chemokine genes. (cancerrealitycheck.com)

This chemokine is produced concomitantly with interleukin-8 (IL8) in response to stimulation with either interleukin-1 (IL1) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFA). (thermofisher.com)
Exposure to such dusts induces expression of ELR-CXC chemokines (e.g., interleukin [IL]-8), prototypical neutrophil chemoattractants and activators, and neutrophilic pathology. (cdc.gov)
Previous publications demonstrated that elevated systemic levels of interleukin (IL)-8 decrease local neutrophil recruitment. (lvhn.org)

Expression of high levels of immune cells including neutrophils has been associated with detrimental outcome in several solid tumors and new strategies to decrease their presence and activity are currently under clinical development. (biomedcentral.com)

They are classified into four subfamilies on the basis of the primary sequence of the first two of four invariant cysteine residues, and named according to the recommendation for new systematic nomenclature for human chemokines [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Neutrophils are key first-responders in the innate immune response to C. difficile infection (CDI) and play a central role in disease pathogenesis. (frontiersin.org)

Amelioration of pathology by ELR-CXC chemokine antagonism in a swine model of airway endotoxin exposure. (cdc.gov)

Thus, located at the boundary between the alveolar airspace and the interstitium, alveolar epithelial cells type II (AEC-II) are ideally situated to regulate the recruitment and activation of different types of leukocytes through the production of chemokines/cytokines in response to inflammatory stimulation from the alveolar space. (biomedcentral.com)

Here, we investigated pathological phenotypic alterations in the systemic immune response, especially changes in T lymphocytes, from one day to six months after ischemic stroke in mice. (en-journal.org)

Signals through binding and activation of CCR2 and induces a strong chemotactic response and mobilization of intracellular calcium ions. (affbiotech.cn)

In vivo, one treatment with G31P (100 µg/kg) blocked neutrophil inflammatory responses to intradermal LPS challenge for greater than or equal to 2 days. (cdc.gov)
The G31P treatments of the LPS-challenged piglets reduced their airway neutrophilic inflammatory responses by approximately 86% and reduced the airway TNF (approximately 70%) and IL-1 (approximately 83%) levels. (cdc.gov)
However, these inflammatory cells are "primed" to produce exaggerated inflammatory responses to subsequent lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenges. (jneurosci.org)
Inflammatory responses are required to successfully combat invasion by pathogens. (nature.com)

Chemokine activities were evaluated by measurement of intracellular calcium increase and by chemotasis and binding assays, using CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)-transfected cell lines. (tau.ac.il)

Further, our studies highlight the importance of host genetics in affecting these innate immune responses and provide novel insights into the mechanisms by which a common SNP influences CDI-induced neutrophilia. (frontiersin.org)
TNF signaling pathway plays a central role in the activation of innate immunity in response to pathogens. (aai.org)

Absence of TNFR signaling leads to a decreased local and systemic inflammatory response with diminished organ injury. (aai.org)
Sepsis is generally defined as the result of a systemic inflammatory response caused by uncontrolled infection ( 1 ). (aai.org)
In the current study, we used LPS to mimic aspects of central or systemic infection and the ME7 model of murine prion disease to model chronic neurodegeneration to address the hypothesis that microglial cells, activated by chronic neurodegeneration, are primed to produce greater proinflammatory responses to subsequent central and systemic inflammatory challenges. (jneurosci.org)

This chemokine is one of the major mediators of the inflammatory response. (affbiotech.cn)

During the terminal phases of the infection, clusters of small bacteria were noted within neutrophils in the peripheral blood ( Figure 1 ), assumed to be phagocytosed gram-positive cocci. (cdc.gov)
Of note, the majority of neutrophils remain in the bone marrow, for instance in mice only 1-2% circulate in the peripheral blood [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

This study was undertaken to understand the molecular mechanism by which the mechanosensitive cation channel, transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), alters the in vivo response to lung infection. (bvsalud.org)
Equally, studying neutrophils using in vivo animal models has important ethical implications and can inaccurately model human physiology 5 . (nature.com)

Neutrophilic granulocytes (neutrophils) account for 50-70% of all leukocytes and depend on a sequential process of maturation in the bone marrow that provokes the conversion of myeloblasts to segmented neutrophils [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

We examined the chemotactic response to murine chemokines to test how neutrophil recruitment occurs in the setting of elevated plasma IL-8 and found that neutrophils from both IL-8-positive and -negative mice respond equally well to recombinant KC or macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2. (lvhn.org)

The gene for CXCL2 is located on human chromosome 4 in a cluster of other CXC chemokines. (wikipedia.org)

This study highlights the deleterious contribution of neutrophils to posttraumatic neurodegeneration and demonstrates the importance of CXC chemokine signaling in this process. (edu.au)
Strategies to avoid the deleterious effects of neutrophils in cancer and to reduce their activity are discussed. (biomedcentral.com)

Chemokines are abundant in RA synovial fluid, while OA synovial fluid also reveals the presence of chondrocytes, synovial cells and other cells capable of both expressing and responding to chemokines (2-4). (researchsquare.com)
It is known that different cells participate in the immune response against cancer making this process dynamic, where a balance between activating and repressing signals takes place. (biomedcentral.com)
In part the endogenous transcription of chemokine genes in melanoma cells is due to altered NF-κB activation. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
and, in response to antigen, are subsequently secreted by plasma cells. (msdmanuals.com)

The agent was initially named HGE agent ( 1 , 2 ), although morphologic and serologic studies indicated a close or identical relationship to the veterinary pathogens of neutrophils, E . equi and E . ( Cytoecetes ) phagocytophila . (cdc.gov)

Anatomy33

Organisms5

Diseases16

Chemicals and Drugs150

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment18

Phenomena and Processes33

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science2

Receptors29

CXCR217

Ligand6

Inflammation16

Motif1

Monocytes10

CXCL14

Cytokine6

Cytokines and chemokines1

CX3C3

Infiltration2

Involved in neutrophil activation2

Chemotaxis2

Eosinophils1

Chemoattractant2

Migration3

CXCL82

Release of cytokines1

Apoptosis4

Powerful neutrophil1

Structurally related2

CXCL101

Tissue5

Inhibition3

Granulocyte1

Endothelial1

CXCR12

Angiogenesis1

Interleukin3

Immune cells1

Subfamilies1

Pathogenesis1

Endotoxin1

Regulate1

LYMPHOCYTES1

CCR21

Inflammatory responses4

Intracellular1

Innate2

Systemic3

Mediators1

Peripheral blood2

Vivo2

Neutrophilic1

Chemotactic response1

CXCL21

Deleterious2

Cells4

Pathogens1