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Amino AcidsAmino Acids, NeutralLeucinePhenylalanineAmino Acid Transport Systems, NeutralKineticsAmino Acid Transport SystemsChenodeoxycholic AcidCholic AcidsAmino Acid Transport System ASCLarge Neutral Amino Acid-Transporter 1Amino Acid Transport System AAminoisobutyric AcidsSequence Homology, Amino AcidCholic AcidBileHartnup DiseaseAmino Acid SequenceBile Acids and SaltsBiological TransportAlanineAmino Acid Transport Systems, BasicCloning, MolecularAmino Acid SubstitutionAmino Acids, CyclicAmino Acids, EssentialTryptophanAntigens, CD98 Heavy ChainAmino Acids, DiaminoSodiumMolecular Sequence DataBiological Transport, ActiveAntigens, CD98 Light ChainsAntigens, CD98Carrier ProteinsBase Sequencebeta-AlanineAmino Acids, Branched-ChainMutationHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationProlineFatty Acids, NonesterifiedSequence AlignmentGlycineSubstrate SpecificityIsoleucineMutagenesis, Site-DirectedDNA, ComplementaryBinding SitesValineGlutamineArginineRecombinant ProteinsAmino Acid Transport System y+Structure-Activity RelationshipBlood-Brain BarrierCell LineEscherichia coliProtein ConformationXenopus laevisCystineModels, MolecularAmino Acid MotifsLysineMethionineProtein BindingSerineOocytesDNANorleucineAspartameRNA, MessengerProtein Structure, TertiaryNeutral RedAmino Acid Transport System LDietary ProteinsPeptide FragmentsAmino Acids, AromaticCattleSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidThreonineCell MembraneRabbitsBrainAmino Acids, SulfurMolecular WeightCysteineAspartic AcidPeptidesStereoisomerismAmino Acid Transport System y+LBacterial ProteinsDihydroxyphenylalanineRationalizationTyrosineDipeptidesMembrane ProteinsDNA PrimersNeutral CeramidaseCells, Cultured
SequenceAromatic AminoProteinsResiduesNucleicPeptideHydrolysisVarious aminoThermodynamicsEnzymesMutationCationsResidueKineticUptakeInhibitionSialicAspartic acidMoleculeSodiumAssayReactionSubstrateSoluteMembranesMonomersFrequencySynthesisHamsterGrowthAmountsStudiesTransportReactionsModificationCurrentCellFoundPresenceCellsFormFoodActivity
Sequence7
  • In biochemistry, isozymes (also known as isoenzymes or more generally as multiple forms of enzymes) are enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reaction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Viruses to be sequenced were amplifi ed in Vero cells, TAR, Inc., Madison, WI, USA) and translated into deduced and viral RNA was extracted from cell culture supernatant amino acid sequence. (cdc.gov)
  • According to amino acid sequence, the GlcNAc binding site was determined to lie on two loops of the large C-domain (aa.127?130 and 145?152) and to involve residues 36, 76?79, and 107 on the small N-terminal domain. (molcells.org)
  • Change in base sequence that does not alter amino acid sequence of proteins encoded nevertheless may result in alterations of the protein that make it unsafe. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • The deduced amino acid sequence of hOAT3 showed 36 to 51% identity to those of other members of the OAT family. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Translated partial amino acid sequence of pln A gene in MCC4246 displayed 48 amino acid sequences showing 100% similarity with plantaricin A of Lactobacillus plantarum (WP_0036419). (researchsquare.com)
  • The primary amino acid sequence of a protein is a translated version from its gene sequence which carries important messages and information concealed therein. (springeropen.com)
Aromatic Amino1
  • We have used host-guest chemistry 5 to test the hypothesis that aromatic amino acids have thermodynamically significant interactions with the headgroups of neutral lipids such as phosphatidylcholines. (dur.ac.uk)
Proteins11
  • Oppositely oriented Glt Tk proteins showed the same transport kinetics, consistent with the use of an identical gating element on both sides of the membrane. (nature.com)
  • L-Aspartic acid is used as a cell culture media component for the commercial biomanufacture of therapeutic recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • I don't think we will ever work on proteins,' Heathcote says, 'but we have already commenced studies on amino acids. (chemistryworld.com)
  • The synonymous codons were assumed to be neutral and to have no effect on the transgenic proteins, and presumed to be safe [2] ( Bt Toxins in Genetically Modified Crops: Regulation by Deceit , SiS 22). (i-sis.org.uk)
  • It is now clear that synonymous mutations are not neutral but instead frequently adversely affect the proteins encoded. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Rapidly digested proteins that contain high proportions of essential amino acids (EAAs) and adequate leucine, are most effective in stimulating MPS. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Glycine is a well-known polymorphic amino acid extensively used as a precursor for proteins and a drug for treating various neurological diseases. (ua.pt)
  • These results show that stopped-flow spectrophotometry performed on E. coli cell suspensions is a useful experimental system to analyse the selectivity of wild-type or mutant MIP proteins and that a bifunctional aquaglyceroporin switches to an AQP by a single amino acid mutation in the pore constriction. (biologic.net)
  • The present study unveils the structure-function and evolutionary aspects of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase (ACCD) proteins of fungal origin. (springeropen.com)
  • The fACCD were found 16.18-82.47 kDa proteins having 149-750 amino acid residues. (springeropen.com)
  • The ionizable amino acid side chains of proteins are usually located at the surface. (lu.se)
Residues4
  • The enzyme is a monomer, the isoenzymes are due to the differences in the carbohydrate content (sialic acid residues). (wikipedia.org)
  • By replacing key amino acid residues in AmTrac we constructed a set of dual-emission AmTrac sensors named deAmTracs. (elifesciences.org)
  • To examine the role of water penetration, we have measured the 17O and 2H magnetic relaxation dis- persions (MRD) for the V66E and V66K mutants of staphylococcal nuclease, where glutamic acid and lysine residues are buried in predominantly apolar environments. (lu.se)
  • At neutral pH, where these residues are uncharged, we find no evidence of buried water molecules near the mutation site. (lu.se)
Nucleic2
  • Isozymes are usually the result of gene duplication, but can also arise from polyploidisation or nucleic acid hybridization. (wikipedia.org)
  • Heterotrophy, articulated most famously with Darwin's suggestion that life arose from a 'warm little pond', had long been a familiar concept, but this begged the question of where the building blocks for life-amino acids, nucleic acid bases and sugars, among others-would have come from. (nature.com)
Peptide5
  • Neutral endopeptidase 24.11 and dipeptidyl peptidase IV are both involved in regulating the metabolic stability of glucagon-like peptide-1 in vivo. (ku.dk)
  • Research expertise in the group includes amino acid and peptide synthesis, liposome technology and techniques for studying biological membranes, including surface tensiometry, calorimetry, x-ray scattering, optical microscopy and mass spectrometry. (dur.ac.uk)
  • Particular interests include the kinetics of peptide rearrangements following membrane binding 1 and the chemical stability of peptide-lipid systems. (dur.ac.uk)
  • 16. In a protein, various amino acids linked together by Peptide bond . (studentsguide360.com)
  • This is more difficult to achieve when measuring stomatal responses to small soluble molecules such as the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) or the bacterial peptide flagellin 22 (flg22), in particular when investigating mutants with response phenotypes. (biomedcentral.com)
Hydrolysis3
Various amino1
  • Considerable progress has been made in the characterisation of the various amino acid transport systems in bacteria and fungi, but the number and specificity of similar transport systems in mammalian cells is less clear. (docksci.com)
Thermodynamics1
  • To address these unknowns, we employ steady-state and time-resolved infrared spectroscopy to measure the influence of cytosine modification on the thermodynamics and kinetics of hybridization by assessing the impact on local base pairing dynamics, shifts in the stability of the duplex state, and changes to the hybridization transition state. (acs.org)
Enzymes1
  • An apparent distinction between the AA5_1 and AA5_2 subfamilies is that while AA5_1 enzymes catalyze the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids [ 1 ], AA5_2 members oxidize primary alcohols to the corresponding aldehyde (and, in some instances, also oxidize the aldehyde to the acid, albeit much more slowly) [ 4 , 22 ]. (cazypedia.org)
Mutation1
  • Alternatively, if the amino acid residue that is changed is in a relatively unimportant part of the enzyme (e.g., a long way from the active site), then the mutation may be selectively neutral and subject to genetic drift. (wikipedia.org)
Cations1
  • Additive engineering is emerging as a powerful strategy to further enhance the performance of perovskite solarcells (PSCs), with the incorporation of bulky cations and amino acid (AA) derivatives being shown as a promisingstrategy for enhanced device stability. (imperial.ac.uk)
Residue1
  • The hOAT3 cDNA consisted of 2179 base pairs that encoded a 543-amino-acid residue protein with 12 putative transmembrane domains. (aspetjournals.org)
Kinetic1
  • Kinetic studies of the inhibition of L-alanine uptake also indicated the presence of a second neutral amino acid transport system capable of transporting this amino acid. (docksci.com)
Uptake3
  • Amino acids constitute one of the largest and most diverse groups of compounds commonly concentrated by active transport, and their uptake has been studied in a wide variety of microbial and mammalian systems. (docksci.com)
  • 68) via uptake systems specific for single amino acids or groups of structurally related amino acids. (docksci.com)
  • Uptake assay procedure Amino acid uptake was examined using a modification of the method described by Hatanaka et al. (docksci.com)
Inhibition2
  • Inhibition studies using other amino acids or their analogues provided information about the specificity of this system. (docksci.com)
  • lepidopteran - Sidemia the armyworm larvae and Coleoptera Head - walnut of flat leaf beetle adults as the enzyme source phenol oxidase inhibition were measured, which were efficient inhibitors inhibition kinetics studies. (dissertationtopic.net)
Sialic1
  • The energized GlcNAc moiety of UDP-GlcNAc is used in the synthesis of O -/ N -glycans, sialic acids, and O -GlcNAc. (molcells.org)
Aspartic acid1
Molecule1
Sodium2
  • Kinetics of sodium D-glucose cotransport in bovine intestinal brush border vesicles. (xenbase.org)
  • This amino acid appears to be transported essentially via a relatively low affinity, high capacity, sodium ion dependent transport system. (docksci.com)
Assay2
  • Unless they are identical in their biochemical properties, for example their substrates and enzyme kinetics, they may be distinguished by a biochemical assay. (wikipedia.org)
  • Prior to amino acid transport assay cells were harvested during exponential growth, inoculated into 60 mm petri dishes (Gibco-Biocult) a t a density of 5.3 x lo3 cells/cm' and incubated as above for 48 hours. (docksci.com)
Reaction3
  • However, he feels that at this stage the data only marginally support the claim to distinguish reaction kinetics for the four different sites on the molecules. (chemistryworld.com)
  • Drew agrees that 'it is very challenging to get the reaction kinetics from a single concentration of solute', as done here. (chemistryworld.com)
  • Catechol, naphthalene, no gallic acid and L-dopa as a substrate, the reaction product of the absorption peak (characteristic absorption peaks at 410,334 and 465 nm), hydroquinone, resorcinol, no obvious absorption peak as substrate. (dissertationtopic.net)
Substrate2
  • The transport domains are mobile and move through the lipid bilayer (alike an elevator) when translocating the amino acid substrate and co-transported ions across the membrane 13 . (nature.com)
  • This alanine transport system was shown to exhibit a broad substrate specificity and appeared to be capable of transporting most naturally occurring neutral a-amino acids. (docksci.com)
Solute1
  • Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) of the solute carrier family 1A (SLC1A) take up the neurotransmitter L-glutamate from the synaptic environment, which is necessary to keep the extracellular concentration low and prevent neurotoxicity 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
Membranes1
  • Transport of water and small neutral solutes across plasma membranes is facilitated by AQP (aquaporin) and aquaglyceroporin channels, which belong to the MIP (major intrinsic protein) family. (biologic.net)
Monomers1
  • Polymalic acid (PMA) is a water-soluble biopolymer composed of l -malic acid (MA) monomers and is mainly produced by the yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium pullulans [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Frequency1
  • By tuning the frequency of the radiofrequency 'probe' pulse, these kinetics can be deduced for each of the four types of carbon atom in turn. (chemistryworld.com)
Synthesis1
  • In silico simulation of a genome-scale metabolic model ( i ZX637) further verified that pyruvate carboxylase ( pyc ) via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle strengthened carbon flux for PMA synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Hamster1
  • The studies reported in this paper describe the transport characteristics of certain neutral amino acids in monolayer cultures of the baby hamster kidney cell line BHK21-Cl3.Lalanine, which has been previously shown to be transported via the three major neutral amino acid transport systems in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (Christensen, '69) was consequently examined in most detail. (docksci.com)
Growth1
  • 10 kDa in size with 37-48 amino acids that inhibit growth of food spoilage organisms such as Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli (Rodrigues et al. (researchsquare.com)
Amounts1
  • In Miller's analysis of the products, he found large amounts of several amino acids, one of the main types of building blocks for life. (nature.com)
Studies1
  • The US NIEHS contracted studies on the aromatic diisocyanate toluene diisocyanate (TDI), demonstrating that TDI polymerized in the acid environment of the stomach to solid polyurea before absorption into the body (Jeffcoat et al. (europa.eu)
Transport3
  • Three of four triglycerides tested intravenously inhibited transport of leptin across the BBB, but their free fatty acid constituents were without effect. (clubalthea.com)
  • Multiple transport pathways for neutral amino acids in rabbit jejunal brush border vesicles. (xenbase.org)
  • have been carried out to determine the characteristics of the active transport of neutral amino acids by either isolated mammalian cells or cells in culture. (docksci.com)
Reactions1
  • This excitation altered the reactivity of carbon atoms in the aromatic rings, for example towards reactions with muonium atoms to form neutral radicals. (chemistryworld.com)
Modification1
  • The caC nucleobase demonstrates little impact on dsDNA under neutral conditions, but we find that this modification can dynamically switch between C-like and fC-like behavior depending on the protonation state of the 5-position carboxyl group. (acs.org)
Current2
  • Until the current decade, synonymous mutations were assumed to be neutral, with no effect on the protein or any other functions of the organism. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • The current MCAT regularly has questions which require previous knowledge of the structures, features (including changes in charge with pH), 3- and 1-letter abbreviations of the 20 common protein-generating amino acids, etc. (mcat-prep.com)
Cell1
  • Sometimes, it is necessary to substitute one or more of the amino acids (non-synonomously) so that the final cry toxin can function in the plant cell environment [4]. (i-sis.org.uk)
Found1
  • When found in gene protein coding regions, SNPs can be synonymous, i.e., causing no change in the amino acid encoded, or non-synonymous, when the amino acid is altered. (i-sis.org.uk)
Presence1
  • these limitations must be overcome to achieve an economically competitive process, including enhanced strain tolerance and fermentation performance in the presence of inhibitors released from dilute acid-pretreated lignocellulose [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cells1
  • The kinetics of plasmolysis or deplasmolysis of Escherichia coli cells in suspension, in response to osmotic challenges, was analysed by stopped-flow spectrophotometry. (biologic.net)
Form1
  • In contrast, two glyoxal oxidases form Pycnoporus cinnabarinus demonstrated the highest catalytic efficiency on glyoxylic acid [ 21 ]. (cazypedia.org)
Food2
  • In this regard, antimicrobial peptides or the bacteriocins from food grade lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have engrossed because of their safety and broad range of antibacterial spectrum. (researchsquare.com)
  • Polymalic acid (PMA) is a water-soluble biopolymer with many attractive properties for food and pharmaceutical applications mainly produced by the yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium pullulans . (biomedcentral.com)
Activity1
  • A group of microorganisms possesses 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase (ACCD) [EC 3.5.99.7] activity that plays a major role in ethylene signaling in plants. (springeropen.com)