Neurotoxin gene clostridium botulinum type a. Medical search. Frequent questions

Bacterial toxins are often characterized based upon the secretion mechanism that delivers the toxin out of the bacterium, termed types I-VII. (springer.com)
This review summarizes the major families of bacterial toxins and also describes the specific structure-function properties of the botulinum neurotoxins. (springer.com)
Eight types of toxins have been identified that are allocated a letter (A-H), several of which can cause disease in humans. (wikipedia.org)
C. botulinum elaborates eight antigenically distinguishable exotoxins (A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F and G). Most strains produce one type of neurotoxin, but strains producing multiple toxins have been described. (wikipedia.org)
The toxin type has been designated Bf as the type B toxin was found in excess to the type F. Similarly, strains producing Ab and Af toxins have been reported. (wikipedia.org)
Botulinum toxins are among the most potent toxins known to science. (wikipedia.org)
[55] Botulinum toxins have been used off-label for several pediatric conditions, including infantile esotropia . (wikipedia.org)
This method detects the genes and not the toxins, therefore a positive result does not necessarily mean the presence of these toxins in the sample investigated. (iso.org)
Botulinum neurotoxins are a varied group of protein toxins that share similar structures and modes of activity. (bvsalud.org)
Produces botulinum, one of the most potent toxins known. (up.ac.za)
Clostridium botulinum toxins are extremely potent neurotoxins and generally occur at low concentrations in implicated foods. (tno.nl)
Many Clostridium species are pathogenic for humans and animals, and most of the resulting diseases, such as tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene and pseudomembranous colitis, are due to the production of potent extracellular toxins. (pasteur.fr)
The biochemical mechanisms of action of Clostridium toxins have been extensively studied in the past ten years. (pasteur.fr)
BoNT-like gene clusters have not previously been identified in any bacterial species outside of Clostridium and no toxins of E. faecium have been reported before now," the authors said. (utoledo.edu)
10 In China, two type A BoNT grow and produce toxins in foods in an anaerobic, non- outbreaks were caused by consumption of smoked ribs by acidic environment with low sugar and salt. (who.int)
The diagram above shows that the botulinum neurotoxin, which is one of the most potent toxins, inhibits neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction. (ukessays.com)
There are seven distinct botulinum toxins (Type A to G) that cause disease in humans and animals. (microbenotes.com)
Botulinum toxins Type A, B and E are associated with food-borne botulism in humans. (microbenotes.com)
C. botulinum is strict anaerobes and can resist high temperatures where they form spores and when consumed produce toxins in the intestine and cause intoxication. (microbenotes.com)
In the case of wound botulism, the organism colonizes in the infected part like wound, abscess, pus where the Clostridium spores germinate and produce toxins. (microbenotes.com)

Botulism is a neuroparalytic disease caused by the botulinum toxin, which is produced by Clostridium botulinum . (cdc.gov)
C. botulinum is physiologically divided into groups I-IV, and botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are classified into 7 types, BoNT/A-G. Human botulism is caused primarily by toxin types A, B, and E, and cases of human infection with C. botulinum group III, which produces toxin types C and D, are rare. (cdc.gov)
Only 5 foodborne botulism outbreaks caused by C. botulinum group III (4 outbreaks caused by type C and 1 outbreak caused by type D) have been reported to date ( 1 ), and in Japan, only 1 infant botulism case caused by type C has been reported ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Schematic diagrams of each functional domain between BoNT (C, CD, DC, D, and LC759602) in study of novel type C botulism strain in household outbreak, Japan. (cdc.gov)
Botulism is a broad term encompassing 3 clinical entities caused by botulinum toxin. (medscape.com)
Wound botulism was the next type to be described. (medscape.com)
C botulinum was cultured from the wounds of asymptomatic patients as early as 1942, but wound botulism was not described as it is known today until 1951. (medscape.com)
The botulinum toxin can cause botulism, a severe flaccid paralytic disease in humans and other animals, and is the most potent toxin known to mankind, natural or synthetic, with a lethal dose of 1.3-2.1 ng/kg in humans. (wikipedia.org)
C. botulinum is responsible for foodborne botulism (ingestion of preformed toxin), infant botulism (intestinal infection with toxin-forming C. botulinum), and wound botulism (infection of a wound with C. botulinum). (wikipedia.org)
Human botulism is predominantly caused by group I or II C. botulinum. (wikipedia.org)
C. botulinum producing B and F toxin types have been isolated from human botulism cases in New Mexico and California. (wikipedia.org)
Type C produces limber-neck in birds and type D causes botulism in other mammals. (wikipedia.org)
A few strains from organisms genetically identified as other Clostridium species have caused human botulism: C. butyricum has produced type E toxin and C. baratii had produced type F toxin. (wikipedia.org)
After consultation with CDC ( https://www.cdc.gov/botulism/health-professional.html ), botulinum antitoxin was released by CDC and administered to all patients within approximately 12 hours of arrival at the hospital. (cdc.gov)
Botulism is caused by an exotoxin produced by the sporeforming bacterium Clostridium botulinum. (tno.nl)
Of the seven different toxin types, A, B, and E are the types commonly implicated in foodborne outbreaks of botulism. (tno.nl)
9 people developed botulism type A after eating homemade savory jelly at a private party in Sønderborg, Denmark. (utoledo.edu)
Botulism is a life-threatening condition caused outbreak of BoNT type E in 1997 was linked to consump- by botulinal neurotoxins (BoNTs). (who.int)
1 BoNTs are produced In Taiwan (China), two outbreaks have been recorded, by Clostridium botulinum , a Gram-positive, rod- one caused by type A botulism in nine patients who con- shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming, motile bacterium. (who.int)
Of the eight types of BoNT (A-H), A, B, E and F are by type B botulism in five cases related to consumption associated with human botulism. (who.int)
1 C. botulinum was found to be the main source of a type A botulism is present in the environment, with type A or B spores outbreak in two elderly people in the United States in being found primarily in terrestrial vegetables and type E 2017. (who.int)
14 An initial case series from this outbreak, Egypt, a type E botulism outbreak was reported in 1991 which comprised the first six cases in a hospital in Ho in 91 patients, with 19 fatalities, related to consumption Chi Minh City, linked cases to consumption of a tinned of a fermented grey mul et fish (faseikh). (who.int)
Foodborne botulism has been caused by eating foods that contain the C. botulinum toxin. (ukessays.com)
Botulism is a life-threatening food-borne disease that causes neuroparalysis from the consumption of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs). (microbenotes.com)
C. botulinum spores contaminating honey and syrup which are the major source of infant botulism. (microbenotes.com)

Botulinum toxin, one of the most poisonous biological substances known, is a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. (wikipedia.org)
Botulinum toxin , or botulinum neurotoxin (commonly called botox ), is a highly potent neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. (wikipedia.org)
Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum that causes a flaccid muscle paralysis. (jcadonline.com)
However, it is rare, and caused by a nerve toxin which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum(C. botulinum) and sometimes by strains of Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium baratii (3). (ukessays.com)

Clostridium botulinum is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming, motile bacterium with the ability to produce the neurotoxin botulinum. (wikipedia.org)
C. botulinum is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium. (wikipedia.org)
One of the genes regulated by PrfA is hyl , which encodes a toxin known as listeriolysin O (LLO), which allows the bacterium to escape vacuoles upon entry into a host cell. (pressbooks.pub)
USES OF BOTULINUM TOXIN INJECTION IN MEDICINE TODAY Botulinum neurotoxin is produced trzding the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum. (binaryoptionstradinglist.com)
C. botulinum is anaerobic, spore former, gram-positive bacterium and its spores are widely distributed in the environment from the soil to sewage, mud, lakes, sediments of sea and oceans and are also found in the intestine of land and aquatic animals. (microbenotes.com)

Although classified as a single species, C botulinum is better described as a group of at least 3 (possibly 4) genetically unique organisms. (medscape.com)
Physiological differences and genome sequencing at 16S rRNA level support the subdivision of the C. botulinum species into groups I-IV. (wikipedia.org)
Neurotoxin production is the unifying feature of the species. (wikipedia.org)
The ability of C. botulinum to naturally transfer neurotoxin genes to other clostridia is concerning, especially in the food industry, where preservation systems are designed to destroy or inhibit only C. botulinum but not other Clostridium species. (wikipedia.org)
Clostridium species, as a predominant cluster of commensal bacteria in our gut, exert lots of salutary effects on our intestinal homeostasis. (biomedcentral.com)
Up to now, Clostridium species have been reported to attenuate inflammation and allergic diseases effectively owing to their distinctive biological activities. (biomedcentral.com)
In turn, our diets and physical state of body can shape unique pattern of Clostridium species in gut. (biomedcentral.com)
In view of their salutary performances, Clostridium species have a huge potential as probiotics. (biomedcentral.com)
Given this, this review summarized the researches involved in benefits and potential risks of Clostridium species to our health, in order to develop Clostridium species as novel probiotics for human health and animal production. (biomedcentral.com)
Species of Clostridium cluster XIVa and IV, as the representatives of the predominant bacteria in gut, account for 10-40% of the total bacteria [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
It was reported that species of Clostridium clusters XIVa and IV were essential for normalization of germfree mice [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, Clostridium species are potent candidates to alleviate dysfunctions and disorders in intestine. (biomedcentral.com)
But it should be noted that there is still safety concern about the exotoxin secretion of some Clostridium species, like alpha-toxin and enterotoxin from Clostridium perfringens ( C. perfringens ), toxin A and toxin B from Clostridium difficile ( C. difficile ) [ 10 , 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Meanwhile, the efficiency of Clostridium species must be considered when applied to animal production and diseases treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
So this review summarized the reports about both the benefits and underlying risks from Clostridium species on intestinal immune regulation and disease prevention to elucidate the potentials and challenges of their novel roles as probiotic. (biomedcentral.com)
But with the further in-depth studies of Clostridium species, the heterogeneities among them become more and more noteworthy. (biomedcentral.com)
The Clostridium species discussed in this review is based on this new criterion. (biomedcentral.com)
In the intestine of human and animals, Clostridium species, as one of the richest bacterial cluster, are mainly composed of Clostridium cluster IV and XIVa (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
cluster XIVa, also known as Clostridium coccoides group, consists of 21 species. (biomedcentral.com)
Description and significance== Like most species from the Clostridium genus, ''C. thermocellum'' is a bacteria that has a rod-like shape for its cell body. (kenyon.edu)
Clostridium species are gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria and are present almost everywhere in the environment. (r-biopharm.com)
Some Clostridium species are of importance as pathogens, including Clostridium botulinum , Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium estertheticum . (r-biopharm.com)

[ 10 ] Clostridium baratii and Clostridium butyricum also produce botulinum toxin. (medscape.com)
C. botulinum is a diverse group of pathogenic bacteria initially grouped together by their ability to produce botulinum toxin and now known as four distinct groups, C. botulinum groups I-IV, as well as some strains of Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium baratii, are the bacteria responsible for producing botulinum toxin. (wikipedia.org)
And most previous members of Clostridium were assigned to Clostridium cluster I, represented by C. butyricum . (biomedcentral.com)

TcdR, BotR, TetR and UviA are now known to be related alternative RNA polymerase sigma factors that drive transcription of toxin A and toxin B genes in C. difficile, the neurotoxin genes in C. botulinum and C. tetani, and a bacteriocin gene in C. perfringens. (pasteur.fr)

C. botulinum is able to produce the neurotoxin only during sporulation, which can happen only in an anaerobic environment. (wikipedia.org)
In the absence of a pressure-canning step, C. botulinum spores were not eliminated, and the closed jar created an anaerobic environment allowing spore germination and BoNT production. (cdc.gov)
The toxin is a microbial product synthesised by an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria Clostridium botulinum whose natural habitat is soil. (ukessays.com)

We neutralized the toxin present in the specimens with type C botulinum antitoxin serum, and the isolated strain was found to carry the bont/C gene using PCR targeting the bont genes ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)

Next-generation sequencing data revealed full-length coding regions of the bont gene of the isolated strains (GenBank accession no. (cdc.gov)
This theory is supported by the presence of integration sites flanking the toxin in some strains of C. botulinum. (wikipedia.org)
To analyse the importance in virulence of three of these metalloproteinases, intranasal challenge of MF1 outbred mice was carried out using a range of infecting doses of wild type and knock-out pneumococcal mutant strains, in order to compare mice survival. (biomedcentral.com)
Our own recent survey of presence of ZmpC in clinical isolates showed that the zmp C gene is present in 26% of strains and that its presence is linked to isolates from pneumonia [ 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The bacteria of genus Clostridium are rod-shaped, gram-positive and spore-forming anaerobes. (biomedcentral.com)
At the outset, the bacteria were classified into genus Clostridium based on the morphological and physiological characteristics above. (biomedcentral.com)
C. botulinum is the name of a group of bacteria which can be found in soil, dust and river or sea sediments (8). (ukessays.com)
This above picture shows the Clostridium botulinum which is rod-shaped bacteria, under a scanning electron microscope (13). (ukessays.com)
Based on the physiology and phylogenetic of bacteria, BoNTs have seven distinct serotypes from Type A to H. (microbenotes.com)
The 16S rRNA gene sequencing of 11 fecal bacteria obtained from three randomly selected animals from each group revealed gut dysbiosis in animals receiving GM. (bvsalud.org)

This organism produces one of the most potent and deadly neurotoxins known, a botulinum toxin that prevents the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, thereby inhibiting muscle contraction and causing paralysis. (up.ac.za)
Botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) blocks the release of acetylcholine and many other neurotransmitters from the presynaptic vesicle by deactivating soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor activating protein receptor (SNARE) proteins. (jcadonline.com)
Acetylcholine is one of these neurotransmitters and Botulinum Toxin Type A actions by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine at the presynapic membrane of nerve terminals and resulting in muscular flaccid paralysis (12). (ukessays.com)

The visuals above show the description of how the Botulinum Toxin Type A works inside of the synaptic cleft. (ukessays.com)
Montal 2010), acidification, a normal step in synaptic vesicle recycling, is inferred to cause a conformational change in the botulinum toxin type G disulfide-bonded heavy chain - light chain dimer (BoNT/G HC:LC) it contains, allowing the HC part of the toxin to function as a channel through which its LC part is extruded into the neuronal cytosol. (reactome.org)

The encoded protein shares a high degree of homology to clostridial FMN- and FAD-dependent 2-enoate reductases, including the cinnamic acid reductase proposed to be involved in amino acid metabolism in proteolytic clostridia. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Rarely, a mutation in the gelsolin gene, which produces a protein important in cytoskeletal actin function, may also lead to amyloid deposition in autonomic nerves. (medscape.com)
The genetic defect in HSAN III is in the inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells, kinase complex-associated protein (IKBKAP) at chromosome arm 9q31. (medscape.com)

C. botulinum produces heat-resistant endospores that are commonly found in soil and are able to survive under adverse conditions. (wikipedia.org)
Type A and B BoTNs are also commonly present in soil and biofertilizers, therefore, they are likely to contaminate vegetables and fruits. (microbenotes.com)

C botulinum is a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobe that naturally inhabits soil, dust, and fresh and cooked agricultural products. (medscape.com)
It is believed that present day Mollicutes (Eubacteria) have evolved regressively (i.e., by genome reduction) from gram-positive clostridia-like ancestors with a low GC content in DNA. (up.ac.za)

The patient was unaware that low-acid foods (e.g., vegetables) must be canned in a pressure canner rather than a boiling water canner to eliminate C. botulinum spores ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
1 C. botulinum spores of fermented food in 2006. (who.int)

Clostridium botulinum causes intoxication i.e, disease occurs either from ingesting preformed BoNTs in foods or production of BoNTs in the intestine. (microbenotes.com)

General Information: This strain is a well-studied Hall strain that produces type A toxin. (up.ac.za)

Large scale studies, carried out to identify virulence genes in S. pneumoniae , report different results concerning surface zinc metalloproteinases. (biomedcentral.com)
A cluster of virulence genes encoded on a pathogenicity island is responsible for the pathogenicity of L. monocytogenes . (pressbooks.pub)

An understanding of the intricacies regarding the nomenclature of BoNTs and BoNT-producing clostridia is crucial for communication that allows for accurate reporting of information that is pertinent to each situation. (bvsalud.org)
The BoNTs are extracellular proteins produced by C. botulinum that weighs around 150kDa. (microbenotes.com)

These types differ in their presentation, the portions of the autonomic nervous system affected, their associated genes, and inheritance pattern. (medscape.com)
Archival wild-type poliovirus 1 infected central nervous system tissues of the pre-vaccination era in Switzerland reveal a distinct virus genotype. (unibe.ch)

We sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intradermal injection of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of localized recalcitrant chronic pruritus in lichen simplex, inverse psoriasis, post-burn itching, lichen planus (hypertrophic), and postherpetic neuralgia. (jcadonline.com)
Following an MBS Review of items 18350 to 18373 for injection of botulinum toxin, an improved structure of these items has been MBS-listed from 1 November 2014. (mbsonline.gov.au)

The genus Clostridium was classified into 19 clusters. (biomedcentral.com)

There are 7 serotypes of botulinum toxin: A through G. (medscape.com)
C. botulinum is divided into four distinct phenotypic groups (I-IV) and is also classified into seven serotypes (A-G) based on the antigenicity of the botulinum toxin produced. (wikipedia.org)

The risk for human infection with this new toxin type may be low. (cdc.gov)
C. botulinum group III is primarily known as an animal infection, and many of its toxin types have been reported as mosaic types (primarily in birds with toxin type CD and cattle with toxin type DC). (cdc.gov)

According to [5] the results of biochemical tests used for bacterial identification and bio-typing may show variability due to the action of environmental factors on gene expression, the low discriminatory power of microorganisms with little genetic variability, and the risk of erroneous interpretations. (peertechzpublications.com)

The PCR assays for detection of genetic sequences encoding specific toxin types are described in annexes. (iso.org)
Because ''C. thermocellum'' is known as a degrader of cellulose, its DNA contains specific nucleotide sequences that make up the genes that encode for the system of enzymes that are necessary for cellulose degradation. (kenyon.edu)

They vary greatly in their toxicity , ranging from usually minor (such as a bee sting ) to potentially fatal even at extremely low doses (such as botulinum toxin ). (wikipedia.org)

Group I proteolytic Type A, B and F can proliferate on temperature range from 10 to 20°C similarly Group II non-proteolytic Type B, E and F at 2.5 to 3°C. (microbenotes.com)
Group III includes non-proteolytic Type C and D while Group IV has Type G. (microbenotes.com)

Type 1 fimbrial adhesin allows the fimbriae of ETEC cells to attach to the mannose glycans expressed on intestinal epithelial cells. (pressbooks.pub)
O sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA de 11 bactérias fecais obtidas de três animais selecionados aleatoriamente de cada grupo revelou disbiose intestinal em animais que receberam GM. (bvsalud.org)

On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, these seven isolates were identified as Bacteroides stercoris (MT152636), Lactobacillus acidophilus (MT152637), Lactobacillus salivarius (MT152638), Ruminococcus bromii (MT152639), Klebsiella aerogenes (MT152640), Bacteroides fragilis (MT152909), Clostridium botulinum (MT152910). (bvsalud.org)
Com base no sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA, esses sete isolados foram identificados como Bacteroides stercoris (MT152636), Lactobacillus acidophilus (MT152637), Lactobacillus salivarius (MT152638), Ruminococcus bromii (MT152639), Klebsiella aerogenides (MT152640), Bacteroides fragilis (MT152909), Clostridium botulinum (MT152910). (bvsalud.org)

All three stool specimens tested positive by RT-PCR for BoNT type A with a silent B gene (BoNT type A(B)). A wash from the empty jar that previously held the peas and residual food from the salad bowl also tested positive by RT-PCR for BoNT type A(B). Whole genome sequencing demonstrated that the isolates recovered from two stool specimens were indistinguishable from the salad bowl isolate. (cdc.gov)
Rod-shaped cell body of ''C. thermocellum'']] ==Genome structure== The number of nucleotides present in the genome of ''C. thermocellum'' has been discovered and reported to be at 3,843,301 base pairs which makes up 3307 genes [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genome&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=20502]. (kenyon.edu)

To date, research has been focussed primarily on Old Yellow Enzyme-like proteins, due to their ease of handling, whereas 2-enoate reductases from clostridia have received much less attention, because of their oxygen sensitivity and a lack of suitable expression systems. (microbiologyresearch.org)
One of the fundamental differences between group I and group II is that C. botulinum group I can lyse native proteins like coagulated egg white, cooked meat particles, whereas group II cannot. (wikipedia.org)

Two new items have been listed for the detection of germline mutations in the RET gene in patients and with a suspected clinical diagnosis of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) and in an asymptomatic relative of a patient with a documented pathogenic germline RET mutation. (mbsonline.gov.au)

A hypothetical 2-enoate reductase gene, fldZ , was identified in Clostridium sporogenes DSM 795. (microbiologyresearch.org)

All patients have received the anti-botulinum serum. (utoledo.edu)

Analysis of the isolated strain revealed that it possessed the bont/C gene and was slightly different from the reference bont/C gene. (cdc.gov)
The bont gene (LC759602) has not been previously reported, and we propose its designation as a new subtype of C. botulinum toxin. (cdc.gov)
The bont gene (LC759602) possesses the bont/DC gene in the H C domain, suggesting that human susceptibility to this gene might differ from that of the reference BoNT/C toxin. (cdc.gov)
The bont gene (LC759602) was determined to be BoNT/C using PCR, which can easily distinguish between types C, D, CD, and DC of C. botulinum group III ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)

It was hypothesized that localized pruritus in LSC, if mediated by acetylcholine sensitive C-fibers, could be blocked by intradermal botulinum toxin type A injections. (jcadonline.com)

ISO/TS 17919:2013 specifies a horizontal method for the molecular detection of clostridia carrying botulinum neurotoxin A, B, E, and F genes by a PCR method. (iso.org)

Only botulinum toxin types A, B, E, F and H cause disease in humans. (wikipedia.org)
types E and F can cause disease in humans, while the other types cause disease in other animals. (wikipedia.org)

As no antitoxin to type H is yet available, discovered in 2013 and by far the deadliest, details are kept under shroud. (wikipedia.org)

Types A, B, and E are associated with food-borne illness, while type E is specifically associated with fish products. (wikipedia.org)

A pathogen's virulence factors are encoded by genes that can be identified using molecular Koch's postulates. (pressbooks.pub)
Sometimes molecular methods can be used to detect specific resistance genes. (msdmanuals.com)

Abstract The study was aimed to assess impact of high fat diet (HFD) and synthetic human gut microbiota (GM) combined with HFD and chow diet (CD) in inducing type-2 diabetes (T2D) using mice model. (bvsalud.org)

Group IV C. botulinum has not been shown to cause human or animal disease. (wikipedia.org)
No disease is associated with type G. The "gold standard" for determining toxin type is a mouse bioassay, but the genes for types A, B, E, and F can now be readily differentiated using quantitative PCR. (wikipedia.org)
[23] [24] Types A and B are capable of causing disease in humans, and are also used commercially and medically. (wikipedia.org)
None of these studies links the presence or absence or the variability of these genes to clinical disease. (biomedcentral.com)

There are seven types of botulinum toxin which is produced by C. botulinum , and indicated by the letters A through G. Only types A, B, E and F are poisonous to humans, and type F is the most toxic and type B is the least toxic (8). (ukessays.com)

The updated structure will result in the removal of items 18356 and 18358 as the clinical indications for these items will be incorporated into existing botulinum toxin item 18354. (mbsonline.gov.au)

Although the Clostridium sigma factors have some similarity to members of the ECF sigma factor group, they differ sufficiently in structure and function so that they have been assigned to a new group within the sigma(70)-family. (pasteur.fr)

Anatomy4

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