Neurosecretory SystemsNeurosecretionHypothalamusNeuronsSupraoptic NucleusPituitary Gland, PosteriorVentromedial Hypothalamic NucleusHypothalamus, AnteriorParaventricular Hypothalamic NucleusNeuropeptidesOxytocinVasopressinsNeurons, AfferentHypothalamus, MiddleHypothalamus, PosteriorAgouti-Related ProteinAction PotentialsPro-OpiomelanocortinHypothalamic Area, LateralPreoptic AreaInvertebrate HormonesMotor NeuronsAnterior Hypothalamic NucleusNeurophysinsHypothalamic HormonesMedian EminencePatch-Clamp TechniquesArcuate Nucleusgamma-Aminobutyric AcidElectrophysiologyRats, Sprague-DawleyGonadotropin-Releasing HormoneMembrane PotentialsPituitary Hormones, PosteriorCorticotropin-Releasing HormoneCells, CulturedBrachyuraOrexin ReceptorsPituitary HormonesSynapsesHypothalamo-Hypophyseal SystemEvoked PotentialsElectric StimulationSynaptic TransmissionCalciumInsect HormonesNerve Tissue ProteinsImmunohistochemistryRats, WistarTetrodotoxinLeptinReceptors, NeuropeptideNeuropeptide YAxonsFMRFamideRats, Inbred StrainsNeural InhibitionBicucullineNerve EndingsPituitary GlandEatingReceptors, LeptinSerotonergic NeuronsBrainRNA, MessengerSignal TransductionPeriplanetaUrotensinsMilk EjectionTime FactorsMelanocortinsDopaminergic NeuronsSecretory VesiclesAnimals, Newborn6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dionealpha-MSHGlutamic AcidAnorexiaGABA AntagonistsGrasshoppersMelaninsPC12 CellsAppetite RegulationEnergy MetabolismMice, TransgenicMice, Inbred C57BLCytoplasmic GranulesReceptors, GABA-AMelanocyte-Stimulating HormonesGABAergic NeuronsClass II Phosphatidylinositol 3-KinasesExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsIntracellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsCatsPotassium Channels2-Amino-5-phosphonovaleratePeptide HormonesPyrrolidonecarboxylic AcidHippocampusEcdysteroids