Neurons reflexes in response. Medical search. Frequent questions

Substance P, a neuropeptide, reduces the background activity of neocortical and hippocampal neurons and the response of cortical neurons to pain and positive conditioned stimuli. (erowid.org)
Because Fgf2 −/− mice lacked 45% of cortical neurons at birth, the progenitor loss is compensated only in part during neurogenesis. (jneurosci.org)
These nystagmus disorders were the result of a deficit of binocular cortical neurons that relayed motion signals to the midbrain centers, such as nucleus of the optic tract, that control reflex following and fixation eye movements. (berkeley.edu)
Behavioral correlates of the spatial selectivity of binocular cortical neurons that underlie fusion and stereopsis were demonstrated by comparing lower and upper limits of binocularly fused and stereo vision with spatially filtered narrow-band bar stimuli. (berkeley.edu)

To reveal the neurobiological mechanism that P2X 3 receptor of colonic primary sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia of the lumbosacral segment is involved in the alleviation of visceral hypersensitivity by EA in an IBS rat model. (hindawi.com)
Especially, P2X 3 receptors play an important role in mediating the occurrence and maintenance of pain in neurons of the intestinal myenteric plexus, dorsal root ganglia (DRG), spinal dorsal horn, prefrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex in a rat model of IBS with visceral hypersensitivity [ 14 ], and acupuncture can achieve visceral pain relief through purinergic receptors at different levels of the brain-gut axis. (hindawi.com)
The central mechanism involves patterned activation of the preganglionic neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus that project onto inhibitory and excitatory neurons in the esophageal myenteric plexus. (nature.com)
The decreased progenitor cell pool indicates that Fgf2 is required for the development of a subset of cortical progenitors within the dorsal PVE, which in turn may differentiate into cortical projection neurons. (jneurosci.org)
Because the dorsal PVE was depleted of progenitors but the ganglionic eminences were not affected in Fgf2 −/− mice, we predicted that these mice should lack a population of pyramidal neurons, but their cortical GABA interneurons should have remained unchanged. (jneurosci.org)
With the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry, we show that a population of dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurons descending from the gnathal ganglion to thoracic ganglia of the stick insect Carausius morosus contains the neuromodulatory amine octopamine. (uni-koeln.de)
Neuron.2011:70.482-494), is activated by hypoosmolarity and is expressed in somatosensory neurons from dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia. (ersjournals.com)

Electroacupuncture (EA) has been confirmed effectiveness in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and P2X 3 receptors in the peripheral and central neurons participate in the acupuncture-mediated relief of the visceral pain in IBS. (hindawi.com)
Our previous clinical and animal studies have also confirmed the effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of IBS [ 11 - 13 ] and initially revealed that the P2X 2 , P2X 3 , and P2Y 1 receptors in the peripheral neurons of the colon and in central neurons participate in the acupuncture-mediated relief of the visceral pain in IBS. (hindawi.com)
In Guillain-Barré syndrome, the immune response damages peripheral nerves, which are the nerves that connect the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) to the limbs and organs. (medlineplus.gov)
Specifically, the immune response affects a particular part of peripheral nerves called axons, which are the extensions of nerve cells (neurons) that transmit nerve impulses. (medlineplus.gov)
When we think of the neurons that control pain-induced behavior, what usually comes to mind are the simple peripheral and spinal reflex circuits described in medical textbooks. (harvard.edu)
[ 1 ] The contribution of inflammatory mediators (algogens) present in peripheral blood vessels in the reflex modulation of the cardiorespiratory (CVR) system has been described by several workers. (ijpp.com)
[ 2 - 4 ] Reflex CVR alterations produced after intra-arterial (i.a) instillation of algogens into a local segment of medium-sized peripheral blood vessels are known as 'vasosensory reflex responses. (ijpp.com)
Unlike most processes that involve complex brain intervention, reflexes are primarily managed by the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. (tiwariacademy.com)
Motor neuron diseases may involve the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) as well as the peripheral nervous system (nerves outside the brain and spinal cord). (msdmanuals.com)
In motor neuron diseases, these nerve cells progressively wither away and the peripheral nerves that connect them to the muscle deteriorate. (msdmanuals.com)

Interestingly, none of these sneeze-evoking neurons were housed in any of the known regions of the brainstem linked to breathing and respiration," Liu said. (wustl.edu)
The part of the brain responsible for wakefulness is the reticular activating system (RAS), a collection of neurons in the upper brainstem that sends widespread stimulatory projections to the areas of the brain responsible for awareness. (brainline.org)
Further, they find that both the neuropeptide oxytocin and its neurons are capable of driving defensive swimming behavior, by activating a network of brainstem premotor targets. (harvard.edu)
In a 2019 study published in the journal Neurobiology of Aging , researchers noted that the disease affects the locus coeruleus, a cluster of neurons in the brainstem responsible for pupillary responses, among other things. (bestlifeonline.com)
In addition to its short and long-term neurological consequences, the COVID-19-related brainstem dysfunction compromises the adaptive response to stress and contributes to organ failure and death. (scientificarchives.com)
The brainstem controls arousal via the activating reticular ascending system (ARAS) and vital functions and immune responses integrity via autonomic centers. (scientificarchives.com)

The primary purpose of these procedures is to demonstrate for teaching and research purposes how to record the activity of living primary sensory neurons responsible for proprioception as they are detecting joint position and movement, and muscle tension. (jove.com)
In the crustacean walking leg protocols that follow we present methodology for recordings from primary sensory neurons that monitor proprioception and the neurons that respond to forces generated by muscle fibers. (jove.com)

The TFR is a sign of upper motor neuron impairment. (jefferson.edu)
With upper motor neuron lesion the jaw jerk reflex can be pronounced. (standardofcare.com)
5. assesses descending upper motor neuron pathways (cortico and rubro [opposite side] and reticulospinal pons/medulla area [same side] tracts. (dvm360.com)

Peristalsis in the striated muscle part of the esophagus is dependent on central mechanisms, involving sequential activation of vagal lower motor neurons in the vagal nucleus ambiguus. (nature.com)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset, fatal neurodegenerative syndrome characterised mainly by the progressive loss of upper and lower motor neurons and their axons resulting in wasting, paresis and death from respiratory failure within a few years on average. (bmj.com)

The disease typically causes hyperactive reflexes or an exaggerated response to stimuli. (thebobs.com)
Neuronal activity and slow potential changes in response to positive conditioned and pain stimuli occur in the same direction after administering the preparations, and the dynamics of these changes is different from that in responses to inhibitory stimuli. (erowid.org)
Here, we have measured the reactivity of noradrenergic neurons in the locus ceruleus (LC) from monkeys in relation to internal and external predictors of value (knowledge of the task structure and visual stimuli predicting reward). (jneurosci.org)
Von Helmholtz and Fechner's research on human responses to physical stimuli laid the groundwork for psychophysics. (proprofs.com)
Therefore, spontaneous eye opening or eye opening in response to stimuli is a reliable sign that the RAS is functioning and that wakefulness is present. (brainline.org)
Clinically, if the RAS is not functioning normally, then the patient is incapable of becoming conscious and the eyes will not open-even in response to painful stimuli (such as pinching the clavicle or pressing a knuckle into the sternum). (brainline.org)
To determine if Matt was capable of wakefulness, Dr. Roberts examined him for either spontaneous eye opening or eye opening in response to painful stimuli. (brainline.org)
The present study was designed to demonstrate the vasosensory reflex responses evoked by thermal nociceptive stimuli in anaesthetised rat models and to examine the role of perivascular histamine receptors in mediating these responses. (ijpp.com)
Activation of perivascular sensory nerve terminals by thermal nociceptive stimuli elicits vasosensory reflex responses altering CVR parameters. (ijpp.com)
Reflex actions are rapid, involuntary responses to stimuli, and the brain plays a minimal role in these actions. (tiwariacademy.com)
Reflexes showcase the efficiency of the nervous system, allowing the body to react to certain stimuli swiftly and protectively without the need for conscious brain activity. (tiwariacademy.com)

In excitatory and inhibitory retractor coxae motor neurons, spike activity in the descending DUM (desDUM) neurons increased depolarizing reflexlike responses to stimulation of leg load sensors. (uni-koeln.de)
We conclude that imbalance sensed by the utricular otolith shapes the responses of larval zebrafish vestibulospinal neurons through both excitatory and inhibitory inputs. (eneuro.org)
The interaction of a variety of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal systems influence the activity of the PMC, which by default attempts to trigger the voiding reflex. (medscape.com)

They also provide general afferent neurons to the mucous membrane of the posterior third of the tongue. (medscape.com)

Vestibulospinal neurons, first identified by Deiters ( Voogd, 2016 ), are descending projection neurons found in the lateral vestibular nucleus of the hindbrain. (eneuro.org)

This was accomplished during the elaboration of inhibitory and defensive conditioned reflexes to light flashes in alert, nonimmobilized rabbits. (erowid.org)
Consistent with this, in vivo recording showed that nociceptive-evoked responses of ON- and OFF-cells were suppressed by optogenetic inactivation of archaerhodopsin (ArchT)-expressing PB terminals in RVM, demonstrating that a net inhibitory input to OFF-cells and net excitatory input to ON-cells are engaged by acute noxious stimulation. (eneuro.org)
In contrast, while some neurons had decreased inhibitory inputs after either ipsilateral or contralateral lesions, there were no systematic changes across the population of recorded neurons. (eneuro.org)

It is a dynamic stretch reflex with a monosynaptic response. (standardofcare.com)
The contributions of monosynaptic and polysynaptic circuitry to the tail-withdrawal reflex in the marine mollusk Aplysia californica were assessed by the use of physiologically based neural network models. (yale.edu)
Effects of monosynaptic circuitry were examined by the use of a two-layer network model with four sensory neurons in the input layer and one motor neuron in the output layer. (yale.edu)
Results of these simulations indicated that the monosynaptic circuit could not account fully for long-duration responses of tail motor neurons elicited by tail stimulation. (yale.edu)

In AIDP, the immune response damages myelin, which is the covering that protects axons and promotes the efficient transmission of nerve impulses. (medlineplus.gov)
He further posited that neurons function as information processing units, using electrical impulses to communicate within functional networks. (nih.gov)
If electric current of sufficient magnitude is conducted through a living creature (human or otherwise), its effect will be to override the tiny electrical impulses normally generated by the neurons, overloading the nervous system and preventing both reflex and volitional signals from being able to actuate muscles. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
Gamma c motor neurons, which transmit impulses to special skeletal muscle fibres, called intrafusal fibres, part of the muscle spindle. (positivehealth.com)

But the cellular pathways that control the sneeze reflex go far beyond the sinuses and have been poorly understood. (wustl.edu)
Thus there are 2 pathways in the spinal cord reflexes can take. (positivehealth.com)
Polysynaptic pathways modify the signals greatly and can cause complex reflex patterns e.g. the protective or withdrawal reflex. (positivehealth.com)
Using optogenetics with whole-cell patch-clamp recording and in vivo single-cell recording, the present studies identified direct functional connections from the parabrachial complex (PB), a major target of ascending nociceptive pathways, to physiologically identified pain-modulating neurons of the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), the primary output node of a major descending pain-modulating system. (eneuro.org)

The procedures demonstrated below enable structural and functional analysis of the neurons that innervate both types of receptors relative to their location on a chordotonal elastic strand and apodeme. (jove.com)
what are the receptors in tendon-jerk reflexes? (brainscape.com)
Perivascular histamine receptors play a significant role in mediating the temperature-induced vasosensory reflex responses. (ijpp.com)

This report provides novel evidence that octopamine released by descending neurons on stimulation of leg sense organs contributes to the modulation of leg sensory-evoked activity in a leg motor control system. (uni-koeln.de)
Alpha a motor neurons of which stimulation of a single nerve fibre excites from 3 to 2000 skeletal muscle fibres which we call the motor unit. (positivehealth.com)
Using current-clamp recordings together with stimulation, we observed that larval zebrafish vestibulospinal neurons are silent at rest, yet capable of sustained spiking following depolarization. (eneuro.org)
However, because presynaptic stores of ACh and the postsynaptic response to ACh remain intact, rapid repetitive stimulation or voluntary activation that aids in the release of quanta will raise the endplate potential above threshold and permit generation of muscle action potential. (medscape.com)

As observed in humans, neuronal dysfunction was associated with the emergence of abnormal, long-latency reflex responses in leg muscles. (nih.gov)
As a response the master muscles will jerk the mandible upwards. (standardofcare.com)
It sends signals back through motor neurons to the muscles involved in the reflex. (tiwariacademy.com)

Photoreceptor cells form the sensory part of the retina, capturing photons in rod photoreceptors to allow dim light vision (monochromatic vision in the dark), in cone photoreceptor cells that measure color, and photosensitive retinal ganglion cells that are involved in diurnal regulation and initiate the pupillary reflex response to incident light. (fatsoflife.com)

A normal jaw jerk reflex, as seen with a cervical spondylotic myelopathy, distinguishes the clinical presentations from multiple sclerosis or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis which have a hyperactive reflex. (standardofcare.com)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig disease) is the most common form of motor neuron disease. (msdmanuals.com)

The brain's neurons are located in the cerebral cortex -the grey matter at the surface of the brain-and in the deep grey matter in nuclei such as the thalamus. (brainline.org)

The sensory neurons of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus sending axons to the trigeminal motor nucleus, which in turn innervates the master muscle. (standardofcare.com)
In two other types of Guillain-Barré syndrome, acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) and acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN), the axons themselves are damaged by the immune response. (medlineplus.gov)
In AMAN, only the axons of motor neurons are damaged. (medlineplus.gov)
In AMSAN, the axons of sensory neurons are also damaged. (medlineplus.gov)
The parts of the brain responsible for awareness-the ability to think and perceive-are the neurons (brain cells) in the cortex (grey matter) of the two hemispheres and the axons (communicating projections) in the white matter between those neurons. (brainline.org)
These billions of neurons make trillions of connections via axons in the white matter, constituting functional neural networks that support all conscious effort of the brain, as well as many functions of the brain that do not require consciousness. (brainline.org)

By examining nerve cells that already were known to react to capsaicin, Liu's team was able to identify a class of small neurons linked to sneezing that was caused by that substance. (wustl.edu)
By 'nervous system' I mean the network of special cells in the body called 'nerve cells' or 'neurons' which process and conduct the multitude of signals responsible for regulation of many body functions. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
Nerve cells communicate to each other by acting as 'transducers', creating electrical signals (very small voltages and currents) in response to the input of certain chemical compounds called neurotransmitters, and releasing neurotransmitters when stimulated by electrical signals. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
Motor neuron diseases are characterized by progressive deterioration of the nerve cells that initiate muscle movement. (msdmanuals.com)
Muscle movement is initiated by nerve cells (neurons) that are located in the spinal cord and in the front part of the brain (called the motor cortex). (msdmanuals.com)

The inflammatory reflex is a neural circuit that regulates the immune response to injury and invasion. (wikipedia.org)
Deglutition is one of the most complex reflex neural activities. (nature.com)
This division of labour within the nervous system highlights the specialized functions of different neural structures in managing various types of responses. (tiwariacademy.com)
As an evolutionarily conserved neural population, understanding their synaptic and circuit-level properties can offer insight into vertebrate antigravity reflexes. (eneuro.org)

It has also been shown that the brain can use this circuit not only to regulate the immune response but also to extend the immunological memory The molecular basis of cytokine-inhibiting signals requires the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and the Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor receptor expressed on cytokine-producing cells. (wikipedia.org)
Whenever signals are transmitted from the motor cortex to the alpha motor neurons, the gamma motor neurons are stimulated simultaneously. (positivehealth.com)
This allows reflexes to occur rapidly, without the delay of routing signals through the brain. (tiwariacademy.com)
When a reflex action is triggered, sensory neurons quickly transmit signals from the point of stimulus directly to the spinal cord. (tiwariacademy.com)

Analyses of circuit, fibre and synapse density in segments caudal to the spinal cord injury revealed an extensive, lamina-specific remodelling of neuronal networks in response to the interruption of supraspinal input. (nih.gov)
stimulus receptor afferent (sensory) neuron synapse (transmitter rx) efferent (motor) neuron effector (eg. (brainscape.com)
Interestingly, the tripartite synapse hypothesis came to light to fill some knowledge gaps that constitute an interaction of a subpopulation of astrocytes, neurons, and synapses. (cdc.gov)
This review highlights astrocytes' role in health and neurological/neurodegenerative diseases arising from the omnidirectional signaling between astrocytes and neurons at the tripartite synapse. (cdc.gov)

Scientists first identified a sneeze-evoking region in the central nervous system more than 20 years ago, but little has been understood regarding how the sneeze reflex works at the cellular and molecular level. (wustl.edu)
Conversely, when they eliminated the NMD-sensitive neurons in the part of the nervous system that evoked sneezes in the mice, they blocked the sneeze reflex. (wustl.edu)
But our nervous system does - have you seen this demo of the arthrokinetic reflex to underline this point ? (begin2dig.com)
Normal voiding is essentially a spinal reflex modulated by the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), which coordinates function of the bladder and urethra. (medscape.com)

In summary, the brain's role in reflex actions is generally passive. (tiwariacademy.com)

Its function is manifested in the form of the muscle stretch reflex, which consists of static & dynamic reflexes. (positivehealth.com)
The dynamic stretch reflex is caused by the potent dynamic signal transmitted via the primary endings of the muscle spindles. (positivehealth.com)
With the dynamic stretch reflex over within a few a fraction of a second after the muscle has been stretched to its new length, a much weaker static reflex continues after for as long as the muscle is maintained at an excessive length. (positivehealth.com)
Thus this negative stretch reflex opposes the shortening of the muscle in the same way that the positive stretch reflex opposes lengthening of the muscle. (positivehealth.com)
Thus sudden stretch of muscle spindles is all that is required to elicit a stretch reflex. (positivehealth.com)

This dysfunction is characterized by premature exhaustion of muscle activity during assisted locomotion, which is associated with the emergence of abnormal reflex responses. (nih.gov)
Syndromic analysis uncovered significant correlations between the development of neuronal dysfunction, emergence of abnormal reflexes, and anatomical remodelling of lumbosacral circuitries. (nih.gov)
Because of sensory nerve damage, affected individuals can lose the ability to sense the position of their limbs and can have abnormal or absent reflexes (areflexia). (medlineplus.gov)
Recently, the lab has been focusing on determining the mechanisms by which exercise training improves cardiovascular function during physical activity in hypertension with the goals of identifying: i) novel treatments for the abnormal response to exercise in the disease and ii) new treatment therapies for the disease. (utsouthwestern.edu)

For instance, labeling the somata and distal endings of tension neurons inserted into the apodeme will reveal their location relative to muscle fibers 8,17-21 . (jove.com)
The primary endings have a strong dynamic response, which means it responds very actively to a rapid change in length. (positivehealth.com)

Typically a chordotonal organ has 60-100 or more sensory neurons embedded within an elastic strand, neurons that signal static joint position, direction and speed of movement 3-6 . (jove.com)

If the muscle is already taut any sudden release of the load on the muscle that allows it to shorten will elicit both dynamic & static reflex muscle inhibition rather than reflex excitation. (positivehealth.com)

Other entirely soft organisms, such as cephalopods, can change color and have nervous systems capable of localized responses to sensory inputs without the need for centralized processing (i.e., the brain). (nature.com)
How inputs to and outputs of neuromodulatory descending neurons affect walking activity is largely unknown. (uni-koeln.de)
The present experiments used optogenetic methods in a lightly anesthetized rat and an adult RVM slice to determine whether there are direct, functionally relevant inputs to RVM pain-modulating neurons from PB. (eneuro.org)
Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings demonstrated that PB conveys direct glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs to RVM neurons. (eneuro.org)
They also reveal additional inputs from PB with the capacity to activate both classes of RVM pain-modulating neurons and the potential to be recruited under different physiological and pathophysiological conditions. (eneuro.org)
Next, using a unilateral loss-of-function approach, we characterized the source of vestibular inputs to vestibulospinal neurons from each ear. (eneuro.org)
We observed systematic loss of high-amplitude excitatory inputs after utricular lesions ipsilateral, but not contralateral, to the recorded vestibulospinal neuron. (eneuro.org)
characterized the synaptic inputs and spiking outputs of larval zebrafish vestibulospinal neurons, and proposed a model for this transformation. (eneuro.org)
Defining the properties of synaptic inputs to vestibulospinal neurons is critical to understand how sensed imbalance is transformed into corrective behaviors. (eneuro.org)

Reflex responses elicited by intra-arterial (i.a) instillation of nociceptive agents are known as vasosensory reflex responses. (ijpp.com)
Two distinct classes of RVM neurons, "ON-cells" and "OFF-cells," exert net pronociceptive and anti-nociceptive effects, respectively. (eneuro.org)
These data show that a direct connection from the PB to the RVM conveys nociceptive information to the pain-modulating neurons of RVM under basal conditions. (eneuro.org)

The Inflammatory reflex has a sensory afferent arc, which is activated by cytokines, and a motor or efferent arc, which transmits action potentials in the vagus nerve to suppress cytokine production. (wikipedia.org)
Tandem spinal stenosis is a simultaneous cervical and lumbar stenosis resulting from spondylosis - It is a triad of findings: neurogenic claudication, complex gait abnormality, and a mixed pattern of upper and lower motor neuron signs. (medscape.com)
ALS causes muscle wasting due to the loss of motor neurons. (thebobs.com)
The jaw jerk reflex tests the integrity of the upper motor neurons projecting to the trigeminal motor nucleus. (standardofcare.com)
Cranial nerve V mediates the sensory and motor aspects of this reflex. (standardofcare.com)
Assess muscle tone by passively flexing and extending the limbs (floppy limbs = lower motor neurone sign). (vin.com)
Following acute SCI, muscle tone can be dramatically reduced despite upper motor neurone (UMN) lesion-localization (i.e. (vin.com)
In these motor neurons, descending octopaminergic neurons apparently functioned as components of a positive feedback network mainly driven by load-detecting sense organs. (uni-koeln.de)
Reflexlike responses in excitatory extensor tibiae motor neurons evoked by stimulations of a femur-tibia movement sensor either are increased or decreased or were not affected by the activity of the descending neurons, indicating different functions of desDUM neurons. (uni-koeln.de)
The increase in motor neuron activity is often accompanied by a reflex reversal, which is characteristic for actively moving animals. (uni-koeln.de)
Our findings indicate that some descending octopaminergic neurons can facilitate motor activity during walking and support a sensory-motor state necessary for active leg movements. (uni-koeln.de)
what are motor neurons activated by? (brainscape.com)
But a small number of large sensory fibres from the muscle spindles terminate directly on the anterior motor neurons. (positivehealth.com)
His modeling efforts elucidated how these two motor systems interact in the near response to changes in viewing distance though cross-coupling interactions between accommodation and convergence. (berkeley.edu)
Upon receiving the sensory input, the spinal cord immediately coordinates an appropriate motor response. (tiwariacademy.com)
The three-layer model could account for long-duration responses in motor neurons. (yale.edu)
Poliovirus-induced destruction of motor neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord and brain stem cells results in distinctive paralysis. (cdc.gov)

The presence of a hyperactive positive jaw jerk reflex suggests a neurological abnormality that exists above the foramen magnum. (standardofcare.com)

He investigated vertical and horizontal directional biases of fixational eye movements (i.e. jerk nystagmus) found in amblyopia, latent nystagmus, and dissociated vertical deviation (DVD), that were related to a postnatal developmental biases of a reflex optokinetic stabilization reflex (i.e. (berkeley.edu)
Together, our work establishes functional consensus and evolutionary context for zebrafish vestibulospinal neurons, a key step toward understanding vertebrate postural stabilization. (eneuro.org)

Similarly these reflexes can be obtained from almost any muscle of the body by striking its tendon, i.e. eliciting a knee jerk. (positivehealth.com)
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a rare presynaptic disorder of neuromuscular transmission in which quantal release of acetylcholine (ACh) is impaired, causing a unique set of clinical characteristics, which include proximal muscle weakness, depressed tendon reflexes, posttetanic potentiation, and autonomic changes. (medscape.com)
Clinically, this phenomenon is noted by the appearance of previously absent tendon reflexes following a short period of strong muscle contraction by the patient. (medscape.com)
He was not able to tetraplegia, loss of sensation and sphincter move any limbs, muscle tone was decreased disturbance, and in rare cases it can cause and deep tendon reflexes were absent in his respiratory insufficiency. (who.int)

withdrawing the limb alone does not indicate intact DPP, some form of behavioral responses from the head are necessary). (vin.com)
We measured two behavioral responses lipping, an appetitive pavlovian reflex, and bar release, a goal-directed (operant) action, as we manipulated the size of the expected reward and whether or not the monkey had to make an action to obtain the reward. (jneurosci.org)
This month in Nature Neuroscience ( PDF ), Caroline Wee, together with collaborators from the Engert , Kunes , Schier , and Douglass (University of Utah) laboratories, reports a neuromodulatory population deep in the zebrafish hypothalamus that is sufficient to drive strong behavioral responses to pain. (harvard.edu)

EA can regulate the P2X 3 receptor protein and mRNA expression levels in the colon and related DRG of IBS rats with visceral pain and then regulate the excitatory properties of DRG neurons. (hindawi.com)
Vestibulospinal neurons integrate sensed imbalance to regulate postural reflexes. (eneuro.org)

When a reflex is triggered, the sensory information bypasses the brain and is directly processed in the spinal cord, which immediately coordinates a response. (tiwariacademy.com)

All reflexes have an afferent and efferent arc. (wikipedia.org)
Signaling in the efferent arc of the inflammatory reflex, termed the "Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway," provides a regulatory check on the innate immune system response to invasion and injury. (wikipedia.org)

Motivated by recent work, we set out to verify and extend the characterization of vestibulospinal neurons in the larval zebrafish. (eneuro.org)

The reflex is not part of a standard neurological examination, but performed when there are other signs of damage to the trigeminal nerve. (standardofcare.com)
We propose here that SARS-CoV-2 invasion via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves generates a local neuro-inflammatory process aggravated by systemic inflammatory responses and micro-circulatory ischemic process. (scientificarchives.com)

We report here that the Fgf2 null mutant mice show an ∼40% decrease in cortical glutamatergic pyramidal neurons. (jneurosci.org)

To study how LC neuronal responses are related to motivational intensity, we recorded 121 single neurons from two monkeys while reward size (one, two, or four drops) and the manner of obtaining reward (passive vs active) were both manipulated. (jneurosci.org)

The Significance of a Triple Flexion Reflex in the Acute Spinal Cord I" by S. K. Fetouh, S. Kolli et al. (jefferson.edu)
Education of initial response physicians may prevent overlooking an acute SCI. (jefferson.edu)
responses were abolished after chronic or acute loss of the utricular otolith. (eneuro.org)

We aimed to characterise the role of TRPM3 in airway sensory nerve activation and the cough reflex. (ersjournals.com)

Optokinetic Nystagmus), that failed to develop responses to all motion-stimulus directions when binocular vision was disrupted, for example by strabismus or extreme anisometropia. (berkeley.edu)

During outer segment turnover by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, necessary for the recycling of bleached retinal photopigment, DHA is released from phagocytosed membranes to activate cytoprotective mechanisms that protect the photoreceptor from oxidative damage and cell death, while maintaining inflammatory responses at bay. (fatsoflife.com)

Astrocytes exhibit heterogeneous phenotypes in response to various insults, a process known as astrocyte reactivity. (cdc.gov)

The jaw jerk reflex is referred to as the master reflex. (standardofcare.com)
Normally the jaw jerk reflex is absent or very slight. (standardofcare.com)
There is a significant effect of gender difference on the jaw jerk reflex as measured by electromyographic impulse within the muscle, with females showed a significantly higher amplitude than males. (standardofcare.com)
52% of the elderly exhibit an absence of jaw jerk reflex. (standardofcare.com)

These data suggest that TRPM3 is expressed in airway sensory neurons and that activators of TRPM3 cause functionally relevant activation of airway nerves. (ersjournals.com)

It is important not to misinterpret such responses as volitional movements, particularly in patients with cognitive dysfunction where the history and physical examination may be limited. (jefferson.edu)

In humans, for example, nerve networks send sensory information to the brain, which processes the information to determine a response (muscle contraction). (nature.com)
In humans, for example, reflexes bypass the brain to achieve a rapid, albeit less sophisticated response. (nature.com)
The researchers also found they could stimulate the sneeze reflex by exposing part of the mouse brain to the NMB peptide. (wustl.edu)
Neuromodulatory neurons located in the brain can influence activity in locomotor networks residing in the spinal cord or ventral nerve cords of invertebrates. (uni-koeln.de)
The neurons and their circuits (connections) that support wakefulness are in one region of the brain, and the neurons and circuits that provide awareness are in other regions of the brain. (brainline.org)
What is the role of the brain in reflex action? (tiwariacademy.com)
Tiwari Academy / NCERT Solutions / NCERT Solutions for Class 10 / NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science / NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Control and Coordination / What is the role of the brain in reflex action? (tiwariacademy.com)
In reflex actions, the brain plays a minimal role. (tiwariacademy.com)
This minimal brain involvement is key to the speed and efficiency of reflex responses. (tiwariacademy.com)
This bypassing of the brain is what makes reflex actions much faster than voluntary responses, which require brain processing. (tiwariacademy.com)
While the brain is largely bypassed in simple reflex actions, it may play a more significant role in more complex reflexes. (tiwariacademy.com)
In these cases, the brain receives information about the reflex after the spinal cord has already initiated the response. (tiwariacademy.com)
This allows the brain to record the incident and potentially adjust future responses, though it does not actively control the immediate reflex action. (tiwariacademy.com)
Cognitive control of micturition is achieved by communication from a number of brain structures to the periaqueductal gray matter, which then exerts control over the pontine micturition center to suppress or trigger a voiding reflex. (medscape.com)
Higher brain centers then determine whether it is socially acceptable to void and trigger downstream structures to permit or suppress the voiding reflex. (medscape.com)
As a result of dependence upon higher brain centers, certain lesions or diseases of the brain (eg, stroke, cancer, dementia) can result in a loss of voluntary control of the normal micturition reflex as well as symptoms such as urinary urgency. (medscape.com)
The pons relays afferent information from the bladder to higher brain centers, which in turn communicate with the periaqueductal gray matter, a relay station that collects higher brain center intput and processes this in order to signal the PMC to trigger or suppress the voiding reflex. (medscape.com)
The accuracy and precision of brain signaling are primarily based on interactions involving neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, pericytes, and dendritic cells within the CNS. (cdc.gov)

Those neurons all make a protein called the neuromedin B receptor. (wustl.edu)

It does not typically appear for several days after an injury but in patients with pre-existing myelopathy, an early onset exaggerated Babinski response exhibited as a TFR may occur. (jefferson.edu)

He was crying curs commonly among adults and rarely in in response to pain, but unable to move his the paediatric population, especially chil- limbs. (who.int)

Recent data using preclinical models and clinical challenge studies has demonstrated differing profiles of cough responses across diseases, supporting the concept of disease-specific neurophenotypes and underlining the need to understand airway neurobiology (Belvisi MG. et al .AJRCCM.2016). (ersjournals.com)

Together, these results suggest that spinal neurons deprived of supraspinal input strive to re-establish their synaptic environment. (nih.gov)

Assess these reflexes: patellar, withdrawal and perineal reflexes. (vin.com)
This feature gave the model redundancy in its plastic properties and points to the possibility of distributed memory in the circuitry mediating withdrawal reflexes in Aplysia. (yale.edu)
1 . White JA, Ziv I, Cleary LJ, Baxter DA, Byrne JH (1993) The role of interneurons in controlling the tail-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia: a network model. (yale.edu)

EA also regulated the electrical properties of the membranes, including the resting membrane potential, rheobase, and action potential of colon-associated DRG neurons in the IBS rats. (hindawi.com)
Two groups were dedicated to study the temperature-induced reflex cardiorespiratory (CVR) responses after i.a instillation of cold (0°C) and warm saline (55°C). The responses in these groups were compared with the responses after instillation of normal saline at room temperature (30°C) in a separate group of rats that served as time matched control group. (ijpp.com)
Another group of rats was pre-treated with pheniramine and the responses elicited by warm saline were studied. (ijpp.com)

In addition, we demonstrate how to stain the neurons for a quick assessment of their anatomical arrangement or for permanent fixation. (jove.com)

Therefore when a muscle is suddenly stretched a strong signal is transmitted to the spinal cord causing an instant v strong reflex contraction of the same muscle from which the signal originated. (positivehealth.com)

what is the protective function of somatic reflexes? (brainscape.com)
This direct and rapid response mechanism is crucial for protective reflexes, such as withdrawing a hand from a hot surface. (tiwariacademy.com)

In contrast to pyramidal neurons, cortical GABA interneurons are unaffected by the lack of Fgf2. (jneurosci.org)

Ion channels on sensory afferents can activate these reflexes and as such are attractive therapeutic targets. (ersjournals.com)

Anatomy104

Organisms15

Diseases14

Chemicals and Drugs44

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment32

Psychiatry and Psychology9

Phenomena and Processes56

Disciplines and Occupations2

Health Care1

Cortical neurons4

Dorsal7

Peripheral10

Brainstem6

Primary sensory neurons2

Upper motor3

Lower motor n2

Stimuli11

Excitatory and inhibitory3

Afferent Neurons1

Projection neurons1

Inhibitory3

Monosynaptic4

Impulses4

Pathways4

Receptors3

Stimulation4

Muscles3

Pupillary reflex1

Amyotrophic lateral s2

Cerebral cortex1

Axons6

Nerve cells5

Neural4

Signals4

Synapse4

Nervous system4

Brain's1

Stretch reflex5

Abnormal4

Endings2

Chordotonal organ1

Inhibition1

Inputs9

Nociceptive3

Motor17

Hyperactive1

Stabilization2

Tendon4

Behavioral3

Regulate2

Processed in the spinal cord1

Efferent2

Zebrafish1

Trigeminal2

Glutamatergic1

Neuronal1

Acute3

Sensory nerve1

Stimulus1

Inflammatory1

Reactivity1

Jerk reflex4

Functionally relevant1

Dysfunction1

Brain18

Receptor1

Typically1

Limbs1

20161

Synaptic1

Withdrawal3

Rats3

Anatomical1

Muscle1

Protective2

Contrast1

Afferents1