Neurons produced. Medical search. Frequent questions

The researchers found that while stress-resilient mice had VTA dopamine neurons with stable firing rates and normal dopamine activity, these neurons had higher levels of an excitatory electrical current than those of stressed mice. (nih.gov)
Enhancing depression mechanisms in midbrain dopamine neurons achieves homeostatic resilience. (nih.gov)
Combining rabies-virus tracing, optical clearing (CLARITY), and whole-brain light-sheet imaging, we mapped the monosynaptic inputs to midbrain dopamine neurons projecting to different targets (different parts of the striatum, cortex, amygdala, etc) in mice. (elifesciences.org)
We found that most populations of dopamine neurons receive a similar set of inputs rather than forming strong reciprocal connections with their target areas. (elifesciences.org)
A common feature among most populations of dopamine neurons was the existence of dense 'clusters' of inputs within the ventral striatum. (elifesciences.org)
However, we found that dopamine neurons projecting to the posterior striatum were outliers, receiving relatively few inputs from the ventral striatum and instead receiving more inputs from the globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and zona incerta. (elifesciences.org)
These results lay a foundation for understanding the input/output structure of the midbrain dopamine circuit and demonstrate that dopamine neurons projecting to the posterior striatum constitute a unique class of dopamine neurons regulated by different inputs. (elifesciences.org)
Individual dopamine neurons typically send information to a single part of the brain. (elifesciences.org)
This suggests that dopamine neurons with different targets might have different roles. (elifesciences.org)
classified dopamine neurons in the mouse brain into eight types based on the areas to which they project, and then mapped which neurons send input signals to each type. (elifesciences.org)
Dopamine neurons that target part of the brain called the posterior striatum receive relatively little input from the ventral striatum. (elifesciences.org)
suggest that this population of dopamine neurons might be particularly relevant to Parkinson's disease and that focusing future studies on them could ultimately be beneficial for patients. (elifesciences.org)
Stimulating these neurons drives isolated mice to find friends, according to research ( Dorsal Raphe Dopamine Neurons Represent the Experience of Social Isolation ) published earlier this year in the journal Cell . (bibliotecapleyades.net)
The idea to use transplants of dopa- ment of protocols that allow generation of fully functional mine-producing cells to substitute for the lost midbrain and safe midbrain dopamine neurons from stem cells. (lu.se)
Based on these observations, the dopamine neu- from dopamine neurons implanted into the brain pa- rons used for transplantation in these experiments renchyma with the goal of reinnervating the dener- were neuroblasts obtained from mid-trimester rat vated striatum.8,9 Rats with unilateral, 6-hydroxydo- fetuses. (lu.se)
VM), showed that the recovery of motor functions induced implanted either (1) as a solid piece in the lateral ven- by the grafted fetal dopamine neurons was well cor- tricle6 or a cortical cavity8 adjacent to the denervated related with the extent of graft-derived reinnervation caudate-putamen, or (2) as a crude cell suspension of the host caudate-putamen. (lu.se)

Scientists were able to produce from human embryonic stem cells a highly pure, large quantity of functioning neurons that will allow them to create models of and study diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, prefrontal dementia and schizophrenia. (sciencedaily.com)
Researchers previously had been able to produce neurons - the impulse-conducting cells in the brain and spinal cord - from human embryonic stem cells. (sciencedaily.com)
Sun's method prodded human embryonic stem cells to differentiate into neural stem cells, the cells that give rise to neurons. (sciencedaily.com)
Using the same techniques to prod the two embryonic stem cells lines to differentiate, Sun found that one line had a bias to become neurons that are found in the forebrain. (sciencedaily.com)
Prof. Sprinzak explains that in the brains of all vertebrates, including humans, there are stem cells whose job is to produce new neurons (unlike embryonic stem cells, which can differentiate into all existing types of cells in the body, these stem cells can only produce neurons or additional stem cells). (eurekalert.org)
The researchers showed they could convert human embryonic stem cells to neurons by infecting them with a virus that expressed the same proteins used in the study. (stanforddaily.com)
This treatment, nicknamed "BAM" after an acronym of the three proteins, converted the embryonic stem cells into functional neurons within six days. (stanforddaily.com)
Researchers from Lund University in Sweden have published an article in Cell Stem Cell describing the generation of functional dopaminergic neurons from human embryonic stem cells. (medgadget.com)
Led by Prof. Malin Parmar, the team differentiated dopaminergic neurons from human embryonic stem cells in culture, then transplanted them into the brains of rats that were modeled to exhibit the symptoms of Parkinson's. (medgadget.com)
Unlike fetal stem cells, which have been previously used to create dopaminergic neurons, embryonic stem cells (from existing stem cell lines) offer an abundant, readily accessible supply of cells. (medgadget.com)

Sensory neurons, also known as afferent neurons, are neurons in the nervous system, that convert a specific type of stimulus, via their receptors, into action potentials or graded receptor potentials. (wikipedia.org)
The cell bodies of the sensory neurons are located in the dorsal ganglia of the spinal cord. (wikipedia.org)
Different types of sensory neurons have different sensory receptors that respond to different kinds of stimuli. (wikipedia.org)
The sensory neurons involved in smell are called olfactory sensory neurons. (wikipedia.org)
These sensory neurons produce action potentials. (wikipedia.org)
The neurons in the olfactory bulb that receive direct sensory nerve input, have connections to other parts of the olfactory system and many parts of the limbic system. (wikipedia.org)
9. Taste sensation is facilitated by specialized sensory neurons located in the taste buds of the tongue and other parts of the mouth and throat. (wikipedia.org)
When you eat or drink something, chemicals in the food or liquid interact with receptors on these sensory neurons, triggering signals that are sent to the brain. (wikipedia.org)
Issues and decay of sensory neurons associated with vision lead to disorders such as: Macular degeneration - degeneration of the central visual field due to either cellular debris or blood vessels accumulating between the retina and the choroid, thereby disturbing and/or destroying the complex interplay of neurons that are present there. (wikipedia.org)
The MSO provides an especially clear example of a neural representation of a sensory feature, with neurons tuned to different ITDs representing discrete horizontal locations. (jneurosci.org)
To reveal the neurobiological mechanism that P2X 3 receptor of colonic primary sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia of the lumbosacral segment is involved in the alleviation of visceral hypersensitivity by EA in an IBS rat model. (hindawi.com)
Ascending neurons provide sensory and motor feedback to the brain, whereas descending neurons carry sensory and motor-related information from the brain to central pattern generators in the posterior ganglia. (springer.com)
Descending neurons can thus initiate and modify behavior based on sensory input, and other higher order processing that takes place in the brain. (springer.com)
Indeed, orchestrating complex behavior using only 1100 descending neurons (Hsu and Bhandawat 2016 ), requires efficient integration of sensory input and motor output, as well as higher-order processing, such as learning. (springer.com)
It stops processing any sensory input, it stops producing any motor output to move the hand. (eurekalert.org)
Are Sensory Neurons in the Cortex Committed to Original Trigger Features? (intechopen.com)
Some of the dishes contained sensory neurons, and others contained motor neurons, which in the snail are responsible for the reflex. (sciencedaily.com)
When a marine snail is given electric tail shocks, its sensory neurons become more excitable. (sciencedaily.com)
Adding RNA from a marine snail that was not given the tail shocks did not produce this increased excitability in sensory neurons. (sciencedaily.com)
Mn accumulates in the inner ear (cochlea) following acute in vivo treatment and in vitro studies show that uM levels of Mn damage sensory hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons (SGN) in the inner ear. (cdc.gov)

The method may make it easier to produce patient- or disease-specific neurons for study. (stanforddaily.com)
The resulting cells are nonproliferating and present an alternative to induced pluripotent stem cells for obtaining patient- and disease-specific neurons to be used for disease modeling and for development of cell therapy. (lu.se)

We will be able to study the cellular properties of neurons in a very defined way that will maybe tell us what goes wrong in diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's," Sun said. (sciencedaily.com)
It may help in the development of future treatments based on using neural stem cells, such as for brain damage and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's where stem cells could be activated to produce new neurons. (eurekalert.org)
That can be crucial if, for example, you want to create dopamine-making neurons to treat someone with Parkinson's disease. (livescience.com)
Parkinson's disease results from a loss of dopaminergic neurons in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. (medgadget.com)
Cellular therapies that aim to restore lost dopaminergic neurons hold promise for slowing the progression of Parkinson's. (medgadget.com)

demonstrate through studies on induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neurons that miR-33a is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of SPG4-related hereditary spastic paraplegia. (portlandpress.com)
To this aim, through electrophysiology in cats, we explored that visual neurons, throughout the cortical column, have a tendency to alter their inherent properties even when presented a non-visual stimulus. (intechopen.com)

In past work, a group of researchers led by Dr. Ming-Hu Han of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai found that neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA)-one of the "reward" areas deep in the brain-fire at higher rates in mice that are more susceptible to social stress. (nih.gov)
At the cellular level, these mice showed a marked increase in both excitatory and inhibitory currents, resulting in normal neuron activity. (nih.gov)
The researchers have identified a small group of neurons in the brain of mice that can induce symptoms of sickness, including fever, appetite loss, and warm-seeking behavior. (bigthink.com)
They removed the suspected fever-generating neurons and injected the mice with LPS. (bigthink.com)
When the researchers activated the fever-generating neurons, the mice gravitated toward warmer regions of their cage and ate less food, indicating that the neurons also influenced appetite-loss and warm-seeking behavior. (bigthink.com)
When aromatase+ neurons are depleted, both male and female mice are slower to show aggressive signs, a new study reports. (neurosciencenews.com)
Deficits in this population of neurons may underlie social deficits in Shank3b knockout (KO) mice. (sfari.org)
The authors performed in vivo two-photon calcium imaging in OT neurons in the PVH (PVH-OT) of awake, head-fixed male mice using GCaMP6s and gradient refractive index (GRIN) lenses. (sfari.org)
Using DREADDs, they then showed that chemogenetic inhibition of PVH-OT neurons abolished the preference for social interaction in male wild-type mice in the three-chamber test, whereas chemogenetic activation of PVH-OT neurons elevated social preference even higher than what is seen in control mice. (sfari.org)
Having shown that PVH-OT neurons are necessary for social preference in wild-type mice, Stuber and colleagues then turned to Shank3b KO mice, a mouse model of Phelan-McDermid syndrome that has previously been shown to have reduced social preference in the three-chamber test. (sfari.org)
Shank3b KO mice had reduced numbers of OT neurons in the medial PVH compared to wild-type mice. (sfari.org)
These results demonstrate the importance of PVH-OT neurons in regulating social behavior in male mice and support the hypothesis that these neurons respond to social stimuli and promote the appropriate behavioral response. (sfari.org)
The figure shows activity heat maps (left and middle panels) and total time spent in each zone (right panel) in the three-chamber test in mice expressing a Gi-coupled DREADD in oxytocin-positive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH-OT), following administration of the DREADD ligand clozapine- N -Oxide (CNO) or saline. (sfari.org)
Chemogenetic inhibition of PVH-OT neurons abolished the preference for the social zone that was seen in control mice. (sfari.org)
Social stimuli induce activation of oxytocin neurons within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus to promote social behavior in male mice. (sfari.org)
In mice: ic inoculation produced marked neuron chromatolysis, cystic degeneration and some cuffing. (cdc.gov)

Sun will be among the first researchers to be able to study true neuron function. (sciencedaily.com)
Using Zebrafish, researchers from the School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics at the Faculty of Life Sciences of Tel Aviv University have developed an advanced simulation of a key process in the brain - the activation of the stem cells responsible for generating neurons. (eurekalert.org)
To explore how this mechanism works at the cellular level, the researchers focused on electrical events within the neurons. (nih.gov)
Researchers can produce up to 20,000 brain organoids per day and simultaneously supply and test them. (mpg.de)
Researchers have mapped all 302 neurons that make up the C. elegans nervous system. (rockefeller.edu)
Protein degradation in intact neurons has been observed by researchers, a new study reports. (neurosciencenews.com)
The researchers found that 11 of the 68 neurons responded specifically to pain while the others did not respond to pain at all. (newscientist.com)
Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) think they've found the source of that motivation in a group of little-studied neurons in part of the brain called the dorsal raphe nucleus. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
Researchers produced pluripotent stem cells from the fibroblast cells in the brain lining of human corpses. (livescience.com)
Next, the researchers added RNA to Petri dishes containing neurons extracted from different snails that did not receive shocks. (sciencedaily.com)

Prof. Parmar and colleagues showed that following transplantation, the embryonic stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons exhibited the functional characteristics of native dopaminergic neurons, including dopamine production as well as long distance extension and connection with target regions in the brain. (medgadget.com)

These signals are refined and controlled by the interactions with other types of neurons in the retina. (wikipedia.org)
We show that graded differences in these and other physiological properties across the MSO neuron population enable the MSO to duplex the encoding of ITD information in both fast, submillisecond time-varying signals as well as in slower envelopes. (jneurosci.org)
Upon further examination, Osterhout and her colleagues also found that the fever-generating neurons were capable of detecting immune signals secreted by non-neuronal cells that were near both the blood-brain barrier and the fever-generating cells. (bigthink.com)
While stimulating AWA, a neuron that processes smell signals, he observed that the cell's electrical voltage rose very rapidly before dramatically plummeting. (rockefeller.edu)
William Hutchison and his colleagues at the Toronto Hospital recorded electrical signals from 68 neurons in 11 patients undergoing brain surgery. (newscientist.com)

Using five control induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines and seven iPSC lines generated from fAD patients, we investigated the effects of mutations on the Aβ secretome in human neurons generated in 2D and 3D. (nature.com)

The cumulative death of alpha-motor neurons leads to breathing problems and progressive muscle weakness in children with SMARD1. (medlineplus.gov)
Descending neurons synapse with motor neurons or with interneurons that themselves connect with motor neurons (Venkatasubramanian and Mann 2019 ). (springer.com)
it did not do so in motor neurons. (sciencedaily.com)

We discuss their similarities with previously published visual neurons, in the optic lobes and ventral nerve cord, and suggest that they can be classified as target-selective, looming sensitive and optic flow sensitive, based on these similarities. (springer.com)
In addition, they provide an understanding of the neurophysiology of visual neurons that are likely to affect behavior. (springer.com)

it triggered the skin cells' transformation into functional neurons within about four to five weeks. (stanforddaily.com)
While they found that approximately 20 percent of mouse skin cells transform directly into functional neurons, under current culture conditions only about two to four percent of human skin cells do the same. (stanforddaily.com)
By viral expression of neural fate determinants, it is possible to directly reprogram mouse and human fibroblasts into functional neurons, also known as induced neurons. (lu.se)

Fetal stages are the best because the neurons are not specialized yet, so you are able to induce to grow in any way you want. (societyofrobots.com)
Recent studies have indicated that exposures to methyl iodide (MeI) produce a number of effects in laboratory animals, including fetal toxicity, neurotoxicity, and degeneration of the nasal epithelium. (cdc.gov)
Recent studies have indicated that exposures to methyl based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, and evaluat- iodide (MeI) produce a number of effects in laboratory ani- ing the relevance of the observations in animals to human mals, including fetal toxicity, neurotoxicity, and degenera- health. (cdc.gov)

When the time was right, Sun's team added protein growth factors into the cell culture that stopped the neural stem cells from self-renewing and prodded them into differentiating into neurons. (sciencedaily.com)
The neurons could then be separated from the neural stem cells that had not yet differentiated, a sort of chemical round-up that isolated the neurons. (sciencedaily.com)
Drosophila type II neuroblasts (NBs), like mammalian neural stem cells, deposit neurons through intermediate neural progenitors (INPs) that can each produce a series of neurons. (biologists.com)

Interestingly, this particular neuron fired again when the patient simply anticipated another prick. (newscientist.com)
Interestingly, however, while the global protein distribution across the neuron was homogenous, neighboring synapses often have very heterogenous levels of protein supply. (mpg.de)
Interestingly, your gut contains 500 million neurons, which are connected to your brain through nerves in your nervous system ( 5 ). (healthline.com)
Interestingly, many of these neurotransmitters are also produced by your gut cells and the trillions of microbes living there. (healthline.com)

Using a transgenic mouse model to specifically direct expression of reprogramming genes to parenchymal astrocytes residing in the striatum, we also show that endogenous mouse astrocytes can be directly converted into neural nuclei (NeuN)-expressing neurons in situ. (lu.se)
The selective neuronal dysfunction and subsequent loss of neurons in the striatum, cerebral cortex, and other parts of the brain can explain the clinical picture seen in cases of HD. (medscape.com)

Inhibitory currents correct out-of-balance electrical activity and thus produce resilience. (nih.gov)
Ethanol binds to postsynaptic GABAA receptors (inhibitory neurons). (medscape.com)

Seeking an answer, her team set out to measure the electrical behavior of C. elegans neurons-every single one of them, if necessary. (rockefeller.edu)
A new study shows that a population of oxytocin-positive (OT) neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) responds preferentially to social stimuli and is necessary for social behavior. (sfari.org)
PVH-OT neuron activity promotes social behavior. (sfari.org)
This suggests that activity of PVH-OT neurons is necessary for social interaction behavior. (sfari.org)
The new study - the first to link specific neurons to loneliness - is part of a growing effort to map out the genetics of social behavior and its underpinnings in the brain. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
In addition, IL VIP neuron activation significantly reduced novel object- and novel social investigative behavior. (nih.gov)

These neurons contain receptors, called olfactory receptors, that are activated by odor molecules in the air. (wikipedia.org)
Similar to olfactory receptors, taste receptors (gustatory receptors) in taste buds interact with chemicals in food to produce an action potential. (wikipedia.org)
The activation of GABAA receptors with muscimol, as well as bath application of glutamate, lead to increases in [Ca2+]i in pioneer neurons. (nih.gov)
The stimulatory action of glutamate is mostly produced through the NMDA-type of ionotropic receptors. (nih.gov)
Consistent with such results, immunocytochemical studies showed a prominent expression of GABAA and NMDA receptors in pioneer neurons. (nih.gov)
The activation of such receptors may be implicated in the remodelling of pioneer neurons during development. (nih.gov)
Electroacupuncture (EA) has been confirmed effectiveness in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and P2X 3 receptors in the peripheral and central neurons participate in the acupuncture-mediated relief of the visceral pain in IBS. (hindawi.com)
Our previous clinical and animal studies have also confirmed the effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of IBS [ 11 - 13 ] and initially revealed that the P2X 2 , P2X 3 , and P2Y 1 receptors in the peripheral neurons of the colon and in central neurons participate in the acupuncture-mediated relief of the visceral pain in IBS. (hindawi.com)
Especially, P2X 3 receptors play an important role in mediating the occurrence and maintenance of pain in neurons of the intestinal myenteric plexus, dorsal root ganglia (DRG), spinal dorsal horn, prefrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex in a rat model of IBS with visceral hypersensitivity [ 14 ], and acupuncture can achieve visceral pain relief through purinergic receptors at different levels of the brain-gut axis. (hindawi.com)
Most neurons send their messages to recipient neurons by releasing a substance called a 'neurotransmitter' that binds to receptors on the target cell. (elifesciences.org)

EA can regulate the P2X 3 receptor protein and mRNA expression levels in the colon and related DRG of IBS rats with visceral pain and then regulate the excitatory properties of DRG neurons. (hindawi.com)
neurons to the excitatory actions of ior and mental function. (lu.se)

Its cells produce discrete bursts of electric current, known as action potentials, that function as the zeros and ones of the nervous system. (rockefeller.edu)
Neurons are cells found in your brain and central nervous system that tell your body how to behave. (healthline.com)
The cellular and molecular processes seem to be very similar between the marine snail and humans, even though the snail has about 20,000 neurons in its central nervous system and humans are thought to have about 100 billion. (sciencedaily.com)

Minimally, a recep- tor includes a peripheral axon terminal of one pri- mary afferent neuron, whose cell body is sited proximally in the dorsal root ganglion. (cdc.gov)

Their axons form the olfactory nerve, and they synapse directly onto neurons in the cerebral cortex (olfactory bulb). (wikipedia.org)
But in a recent study, Rockefeller scientist Cori Bargmann and her colleagues, Qiang Liu, Phil Kidd, and May Dobosiewicz, discovered, among other things, a C. elegans olfactory neuron that produces action potentials. (rockefeller.edu)

We're excited because we have been able to purify so many more neurons out of the cell culture and they were, surprisingly, healthy enough to form synapses. (sciencedaily.com)
The large number of pure neurons produced will allow Sun and her team to study their biological form and structure, the genes they express, the development of synapses and the electric and chemical communication activities within the synapse network. (sciencedaily.com)
Some small populations of neurons modulate the activity of hundreds or thousands of these synapses all across the brain by releasing 'neuromodulators' that affect how they work. (elifesciences.org)
In neurons, ribosomes, the protein synthesis factories, are localized near 85% of synapses, supplying synaptic neighborhoods with nascent proteins. (mpg.de)
Neurons constantly process information from thousands of synapses. (mpg.de)
To study the dynamics of local protein distribution across neighboring synapses during spontaneous neural activity, the scientists stimulated neurons both globally and locally with high spatial precision. (mpg.de)
Each neuron has several thousand synapses. (sciencedaily.com)

Some neurons that do not contain these transmitters (neocortical neurons) are also affected. (erowid.org)
Transient pioneer neurons in the neocortical marginal zone generate an early corticofugal axonal projection at E12-E16 (Meyer et al. (nih.gov)

and as a neuron collects more and more chemical input, it approaches a threshold of activation. (rockefeller.edu)
Neurons have a specific structure that takes inputs, multiplies them with weights, adds a bias value, and runs all that through an activation function. (infoworld.com)
Activation of PL VIP neurons, however, produced a reduction in high calorie palatable food intake that was independent of food novelty. (nih.gov)

The other line differentiated into neurons found in rear portions of the brain and spinal cord. (sciencedaily.com)
Reprogrammed cells could then develop into a multitude of cell types, including the neurons found in the brain and spinal cord. (livescience.com)

For instance, we can compare neurons derived from fibroblasts with actual neurons from the same individual," Hyde said. (livescience.com)
It tells us about how reliable a given method for deriving neurons from fibroblasts is. (livescience.com)
In this study, we show that transplanted human fibroblasts and human astrocytes, which are engineered to express inducible forms of neural reprogramming genes, convert into neurons when reprogramming genes are activated after transplantation. (lu.se)

Despite exhibiting a similar morphology, neurons in the MSO exhibit subthreshold oscillations of differing magnitudes that drive action potentials at rates between 100 and 800 Hz. (jneurosci.org)
While this study initiates C. elegans into the ranks of spike-producing animals, the action potentials observed in this organism were not identical to those seen elsewhere. (rockefeller.edu)

Zebrafish were chosen because the stem cells in their brains are similar to those of mammals, but are much more numerous, so new neurons in their brains are constantly added. (eurekalert.org)
Here, the stem cells are shown expressing various markers and differentiating into neurons. (livescience.com)

Sun and Südhof also were able to isolate the neurons and determine that they had a functional synaptic network, which the neurons use to communicate. (sciencedaily.com)
The actions of the endogenous ORL 1 -receptor ligand nociceptin on the membrane properties and synaptic currents in rat periaqueductal gray (PAG) neurons were examined by the use of whole-cell patch-clamp recording in brain slices. (jneurosci.org)
Traditionally, all models of sound localization have assumed that MSO neurons represent a single population of cells with specialized and homogeneous intrinsic and synaptic properties that enable the detection of synaptic coincidence on a timescale of tens to hundreds of microseconds. (jneurosci.org)
Importantly, however, the responses of descending neurons are not always directly deducible from the responses of their presumed pre-synaptic counterparts (Wu et al. (springer.com)

We describe how the neurons can be identified based on their receptive field properties, and how they respond to moving targets, looming stimuli and to widefield optic flow. (springer.com)
Our results highlight the importance of using several visual stimuli as the neurons can rarely be identified based on only one response characteristic. (springer.com)
They found that about half of PVH-OT neurons increased their activity in the presence of a social stimulus (an anesthetized juvenile mouse), whereas only a third increased their activity in response to nonsocial stimuli, which decreased activity in about half of the neurons. (sfari.org)

In rats, MDMA produced dose-dependent reductions in 5-HT in all brain regions examined. (erowid.org)
EA also regulated the electrical properties of the membranes, including the resting membrane potential, rheobase, and action potential of colon-associated DRG neurons in the IBS rats. (hindawi.com)

These data support Aβ mechanistic tenets in a human physiological model and substantiate iPSC-neurons for modelling fAD. (nature.com)
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neurons in the medial superior olive (MSO) encode sound localization cues by detecting microsecond differences in the arrival times of inputs from the left and right ears, and it has been assumed that this computation is made possible by highly stereotyped structural and physiological specializations. (jneurosci.org)
The authors conclude that different TTS exposures are likely to produce different physiological changes even though the final behavioral measurement of TTS is the same. (cdc.gov)

i am currently reading Single Neuron Computation edited by THomas McKenna, Joel Davis, an Steven Zornetzer. (societyofrobots.com)

Nociceptin inhibited evoked fast GABAergic (IPSCs) and glutamatergic (EPSCs) postsynaptic currents and increased paired-pulse facilitation in a subpopulation of PAG neurons. (jneurosci.org)
Nociceptin inhibited evoked IPSCs and EPSCs in ∼50% of neurons throughout the PAG, except in the ventrolateral PAG, where nociceptin inhibited evoked IPSCs in most neurons. (jneurosci.org)
Nociceptin decreased the frequency of spontaneous miniature postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs and mEPSCs) in a subpopulation of PAG neurons but had no effect on their amplitude distributions. (jneurosci.org)
We have used the thin-slice patch-clamp technique to characterize the pre- and postsynaptic actions of nociceptin on PAG neurons. (jneurosci.org)

However, the descending neurons, which connect the optic lobes with the motor command centers of the ventral nerve cord, remain less studied. (springer.com)
In flies, three paired thoracic ganglia are fused with the abdominal ganglion to form the ventral nerve cord (Power 1948 ), which is connected to the anterior brain via the cervical connective containing both ascending and descending neurons. (springer.com)

The most vulnerable cells in HD are the striatal medium spiny neurons ( Vonsattel and DiFiglia, 1998 ). (frontiersin.org)

Instead of using just one central source (the cell body) which would be quite inefficient given the large neuronal volume, neurons have adapted a local solution. (mpg.de)

Here, using patch-clamp recordings from large populations of anatomically labeled neurons in brainstem slices from male and female Mongolian gerbils ( Meriones unguiculatu s), we show that MSO neurons are far more physiologically diverse than previously appreciated, with properties that depend regionally on cell position along the topographic map of frequency. (jneurosci.org)

Glanzman holds a different view, believing that memories are stored in the nucleus of neurons. (sciencedaily.com)
In the second experiment the VIII nerve action potential and neurons from the cochlear nucleus were measured from anesthetized and tracheotomized chinchillas. (cdc.gov)
We already have many examples ure of a discrete action (lever press) to in the sensitivity of nucleus accumbens of how brain biology can affect behav- produce the expected results (cocaine). (lu.se)

However, the percentage of neurons in the cell culture was not high and the neurons were difficult to isolate from the other cells. (sciencedaily.com)
The cells were then put into a cell strainer that allowed passage through of the isolated neurons. (sciencedaily.com)
The five basic classes of neurons within the retina are photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells. (wikipedia.org)
To gather this evidence, they used techniques that allowed them to specifically remove or activate these neurons while leaving other cells unaffected. (bigthink.com)
These cells can produce the cell types relevant for the organoids particularly quickly and reliably. (mpg.de)
The brain cells she was interested in produce dopamine , a brain chemical typically associated with pleasurable things. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
With the addition of four proteins, adult human skin cells can be transformed into neurons over a month-long period. (stanforddaily.com)
The cells expressed electrical activity characteristic of neurons and even integrated and interacted with mouse neurons on a laboratory dish. (stanforddaily.com)
Thus, unlike in other (round) cells, the distribution of goods (proteins) poses a particular "logistic challenge" to neurons. (mpg.de)
These neurons are specialized cells that produce dopamine, a neurotransmitter that helps nerves communicate. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Since dopamine is involved in the regulation of movement and emotional affect, the loss of these neurons leads to deficits in motor activity and emotional response. (medgadget.com)

Research suggests that the amount of functional protein that is produced from the mutated IGHMBP2 gene may play a role in the severity of SMARD1. (medlineplus.gov)
This suggests that these neurons are acting in concert with others. (newscientist.com)

The measurements indicated that low level, short duration sound exposures produced a progressively larger loss in sensitivity from peripheral to central auditory sites. (cdc.gov)

Scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Max Planck Florida Institute and Goethe University Frankfurt now pictured a tight spatial relationship between the protein production machinery and product in neurons at unprecedented resolution. (mpg.de)
The affected gene produces atypical protein. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Your gut microbes also produce a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which helps control feelings of fear and anxiety ( 13 ). (healthline.com)

These results indicated that treatment with 10 g/L of MnCl2 in drinking water produced a statistically significant increase of Mn in the cochlear portion of the inner ear. (cdc.gov)

But it seems that some neurons can differentiate between types of pain. (newscientist.com)

Here we mapped neurons derived from specific type II NB lineages and found that sibling INPs produced a morphologically similar but temporally regulated series of distinct neuron types. (biologists.com)

A longstanding challenge in neuroscience is to understand how neurons compute their output by integrating information from multiple sources. (elifesciences.org)

If you're studying a disease found in a certain part of the brain, you should use a human embryonic stem cell line that produces the neurons from that region of the brain to get the most accurate results from your study. (sciencedaily.com)
Sun said there are ways to prod an embryonic stem cell line biased to become neurons found in the rear brain to become neurons found in the forebrain. (sciencedaily.com)
The scientists later found that mouse susceptibility to social stress could be turned on and off by manipulating the firing rates of these neurons. (nih.gov)
Our brain cranks up the temperature, and the neurons responsible finally have been found. (bigthink.com)
The neurons that Osterhout found, however, were located in a distinctly different region of the preoptic area than the warmth-sensing neurons. (bigthink.com)
It seemed that they had found the fever-generating neurons. (bigthink.com)
Indeed, we found a shift in orientation tuning of neurons indicated by Gaussian tuning fits in both scenarios. (intechopen.com)

Opioid withdrawal produces a characteristic syndrome that may resemble viral illness. (medscape.com)

Typically, the neuron responds to odors in a more subtle, graded manner. (rockefeller.edu)

The C. elegans has just 302 neurons, so it's one of the few animals where you can look at each individual neuron," says Liu, a research assistant professor in Bargmann's lab who set out to measure how all of these neurons respond to stimulation. (rockefeller.edu)

Both type II NBs and INPs exhibit age-dependent expression of various transcription factors, potentially specifying an array of diverse neurons by combinatorial temporal patterning. (biologists.com)

However, a cluster of about 1,000 neurons in a small region of the hypothalamus, called the preoptic area , drew their attention. (bigthink.com)

About 80 years later, scientists discovered that the preoptic area contains thermoregulatory neurons that regulate body temperature by sensing ambient warmth and activating circuits to decrease body temperature. (bigthink.com)
So the scientists tried another method: They activated the neurons in the absence of LPS, and the mice's body temperature increased. (bigthink.com)
The two scientists have also designed an automated manufacturing process that allows them to produce and analyse the organoids in a standardized manner and in high numbers. (mpg.de)
A FAMILY of neurons that respond specifically to pain have been identified by scientists in Canada. (newscientist.com)
But scientists believe that at least some neurons are responsible for recognising pain itself, not just excess sensation. (newscientist.com)

To store and process information, the brain is constantly producing, distributing and degrading proteins, the essential cellular resources. (mpg.de)

Importantly, whereas the anterior brain of an adult Drosophila contains about 100,000 neurons (Zheng et al. (springer.com)

Anatomy105

Organisms19

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs66

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Psychiatry and Psychology5

Phenomena and Processes37

Disciplines and Occupations2

Health Care2

Dopamine neurons16

Embryonic stem10

Sensory20

Disease-specific neurons2

Parkinson's6

Cortical2

Mice16

Researchers10

Dopaminergic1

Signals5

Human neurons1

Motor neurons3

Visual neurons2

Functional neurons3

Fetal3

Neural stem3

Interestingly4

Striatum2

Inhibitory2

Behavior6

Receptors10

Excitatory2

Nervous system3

Afferent1

Olfactory2

Synapses7

Neocortical2

Activation3

Spinal cord2

Fibroblasts3

Action potentials2

Stem cells2

Synaptic4

Stimuli3

Rats2

Physiological3

Computation1

Nociceptin4

Ventral2

Striatal1

Neuronal1

Brainstem1

Nucleus3

Cells10

Deficits1

Suggests2

Peripheral1

Protein2

Neurotransmitter1

Cochlear1

Differentiate1

Distinct1

Neuroscience1

Found7

Opioid1

Typically1

Stimulation1

Exhibit1

Hypothalamus1

Scientists5

Cellular1

Drosophila1