Neurons islet cell type glucose transporter type 2. Medical search. Frequent questions

Glucose metabolism also decreased the total amount of cellular glutathionylated proteins and increased the cellular glutathione redox ratio (GSH/GSSG). (omicsdi.org)
We have recently shown that overnight exposure of INS-1E insulinoma cells to palmitate in the presence of high glucose causes defects in both mitochondrial energy metabolism and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). (omicsdi.org)
Accumulated evidence from genetic animal models suggests that the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, has a key role in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
The brain modulates various aspects of metabolism, such as food intake, energy expenditure, insulin secretion, hepatic glucose production and glucose/fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. (nature.com)
Here we comprehensively review the above topics, discussing the main findings related to the role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
In addition to its role in glucose metabolism, this pathway also regulates the redirection of free amino acids to protein synthesis via the mTOR-signaling pathway. (hindawi.com)
In contrast to normal cells, most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactate fermentation, even in the presence of oxygen, a less efficient metabolism compared to a low rate of glycolysis followed by mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
In contrast, cancer cells shift their metabolism toward lactate production even in the presence of oxygen [ 4 ], partly through genetic modifications that stabilize the transcription factor Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) involved in the adaptation of the cells to hypoxia, under nonhypoxic conditions as well as generating an adaptive response to the hypoxic microenvironment (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)
Compounding the problem of replicating human type 2 diabetes in mice without knowing its fundamental causes is the difficulty that mice differ in many respects from humans, including in functions related to glucose metabolism. (independentsciencenews.org)
The importance of interspecies differences in studying human type 2 diabetes in mice is exemplified by examining the rate-limiting step in human glucose metabolism, which is insulin-dependent glucose uptake into skeletal muscle. (independentsciencenews.org)
Akt pathways have effects on apoptosis, protein synthesis, metabolism and cell cycle. (springer.com)
We further provide evidence to support the hypothesis that transcription factors (TFs) required to drive induction, differentiation, and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neural progenitor cells which give rise to terminally differentiated SNpc neurons are uniquely involved in both developmental patterning and metabolism, a dual function unlike other TFs that program neurons in other brain regions. (frontiersin.org)
metabolism enzymes: A Study of thoughts from the glucose information that show the name of aspect evocators. (hone.world)
During normal metabolism, a sub-healthy mitochondrial population, still capable of meeting the energetic demand of the cell, accumulates functional defects, which can be repaired or turned over by mitophagy. (epiphanyasd.com)

Glutathionylation state of uncoupling protein-2 and the control of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. (omicsdi.org)
In regard to preventing insulin release, ROS activates uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), a mitochondrial inner membrane protein that negatively regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. (omicsdi.org)
Mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 is not involved in palmitate-induced impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in INS-1E insulinoma cells and is not needed for the amplification of insulin release. (omicsdi.org)
Furthermore, we knocked down UCP2 in spheroid INS-1E cell clusters (pseudoislets) to test whether or not UCP2 regulates insulin secretion during prolonged glucose exposure. (omicsdi.org)
so did the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), which also decreased insulin secretion induced by glucose plus caffeine. (omicsdi.org)
Inhibitory ryanodine or NAC did not affect insulin secretion induced by glucose plus carbachol, which engages inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors. (omicsdi.org)
Incubation of islets with H2O2 in basal glucose increased insulin secretion 2-fold. (omicsdi.org)
Cells of the subcommissural organ, which are specialized in the secretion of glycoproteins (see below), are arranged into two layers: a superficial layer called the ependyma and an underlying layer called the hypendyma. (wikipedia.org)
The ependymal cells and the SCO-spondin secretion are thought to play a role in homeostasis. (wikipedia.org)
These data suggest that changes in ephrinA5/EphA5 interactions and synaptic plasticity within the VMH, a key glucose-sensing region in the brain, may contribute to the impairment in glucagon secretion and counterregulatory responses caused by recurrent hypoglycemia. (diabetesjournals.org)
In this Perspective, we update and expand on a previously described brain-centric model of glucose homeostasis ( 1 ), highlighting recent evidence of the brain's capacity to influence the biologically defended level of circulating glucose in part through rapid and highly coordinated adjustments of both insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. (silverchair.com)
In pancreatic islets, GLUT2 allows a rapid equilibration of glucose between the extracellular space and the interior of the cells and it may play a crucial role in the glucose signaling mechanism leading to insulin secretion (43). (justia.com)
Which of the following acts as a rate-limiting step that controls glucose-regulated insulin secretion? (primrosekitten.org)

Microscopic regions of beta cells in the pancreas are located in the islets of Langerhans. (smartimagebase.com)
In the Langerhans islets and in .beta. (justia.com)

Defective crosstalk between the brain and peripheral organs contributes to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. (nature.com)
In type II diabetes, the body usually continues to produce self-made, or endogenous insulin. (smartimagebase.com)
Symptoms of type II diabetes that appear over time include fatigue, recurrent infections, changes in vision, pruritus, or itching, and paresthesia, which is a tingling or prickling sensation in the skin. (smartimagebase.com)
An acute complication of medications for type II diabetes, called hypoglycemia or insulin shock, usually begins with an excessive dose of insulin or oral hypoglycemic medication. (smartimagebase.com)
Chronic, poorly controlled type II diabetes can cause degenerative tissue damage resulting in long-term complications such as atherosclerosis, blindness, neuropathy, and renal failure. (smartimagebase.com)
Licensed health professionals prescribe a variety of oral hypoglycemic drugs to treat type II diabetes. (smartimagebase.com)
Patients with type II diabetes can control their glucose levels primarily with diet and exercise. (smartimagebase.com)
We consider how, over the last 20 years, advances in genetic engineering and cell culture techniques have improved the efficiency and efficacy of the transdifferentiation process and brought us closer to a clinically relevant therapy for type 1 diabetes (T1D). (silverchair.com)
A decade ago, researchers reported on the existence of 195 published methods that prevented or delayed the development of type 2 diabetes in mice (Roep et al 2004). (independentsciencenews.org)
The reason is largely a simple one, as we showed when we recently analyzed the reputed contributions of mouse experiments to human type 2 diabetes research ( Chandrasekera and Pippin 2013 ). (independentsciencenews.org)
Type 2 diabetes (diabetes mellitus) is the fastest-growing disease in the United States, currently affecting approximately 26 million Americans, and estimated to quadruple in prevalence to affect one-third of Americans by 2050 (CDC 2011a). (independentsciencenews.org)
Type 2 diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States (CDC 2011b). (independentsciencenews.org)
The pre-diabetes stage includes impairment of fasting glucose and glucose tolerance, often evolving into a specific metabolic syndrome that includes abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and elevated fasting blood glucose. (independentsciencenews.org)
The eventual development of full-blown type 2 diabetes is signaled by overt hyperglycemia resulting from a combination of insulin resistance and dysfunction of insulin-producing pancreatic ß-cells. (independentsciencenews.org)
In other words, type 2 diabetes is a systemic disease occurring at several sites in the body. (independentsciencenews.org)
In our paper, we describe in detail decades of type 2 diabetes research primarily using mice, and the many discrepancies compared to human-based research findings (Chandrasekera and Pippin 2013). (independentsciencenews.org)
These differences not only have "functional implications for islet cell function," but also potentially invalidate decades of mouse experiments to investigate human diabetes. (independentsciencenews.org)
Similar immutable barriers to the use of mice to study human type 2 diabetes exist at every level from gene structure and gene regulation to disease manifestations and phenotypes. (independentsciencenews.org)
Following a trail of damaging mechanisms that cause type II diabetes, we find that an important source of protection is the process of autophagy. (life-enhancement.com)
In the absence of adequate autophagy, the toxic effects of IAPP deposits induces endoplasmic reticulum stress that kills beta cells and can, in that way, lead to type II diabetes. (life-enhancement.com)
Overweight or obese individuals (body mass index 25-30) have an increased risk of developing diabetes, coronary heart disease, and hypertension [ 2 , 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
Altered function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in type 2 diabetic patients, a condition preceded by pre-diabetes, has been shown to increase the risk of depression as well as cause downstream effects resulting in upregulation of gluconeogenesis and dyslipidemia. (researchsquare.com)
Pre-diabetes is defined as an intermediary state of hyperglycaemia that occurs between normoglycaemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with blood glucose concentrations above normal but below the threshold for diagnosis of diabetes (1, 2). (researchsquare.com)
Defects in this gene are a cause of pancreatic agenesis, which can lead to early-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), as well as maturity onset diabetes of the young type 4 (MODY4). (lifchem.com)
Frequent episodes of acute hypoglycemia represent the principal obstacle to achieving optimal glycemic control during insulin treatment in patients with type 1 diabetes and long-standing type 2 diabetes ( 1 , 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
How Should We Think About the Role of the Brain in Glucose Homeostasis and Diabetes? (silverchair.com)
We also discuss the possibility that dysfunction of this brain-centric system contributes to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes by raising the defended level of glycemia. (silverchair.com)
Whether the brain participates in the physiological control of circulating glucose levels therefore remains a matter of controversy, and the possibility that a dysfunctional central control system contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetes is only beginning to be explored. (silverchair.com)
Furthermore, transgenic mice that express GLUT2 antisense RNAs driven by the insulin promoter led to an 80% reduction in GLUT2 which was paralleled by a decreased glucose-induced insulin secretory response and by the onset of diabetes (48). (justia.com)
Therefore, while GLUT2 levels are unchanged or even upregulated in several tissues such as the liver and the intestine during the hyperglycemic conditions observed in diabetes, the same gene undergoes a drastic dysregulation only in the pancreatic islets. (justia.com)
Dr. Aturk's research is focused on immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced type 1 diabetes. (cuanschutz.edu)
One of the permanent endocrine side effects is type 1 diabetes. (cuanschutz.edu)
A goal of Dr. Akturk's lab is to identify risk factors to develop diabetes and develop screening algorithms to prevent morbidity and mortality related to diabetic ketoacidosis and understand PD-1 pathway in possible prevention of the development of childhood onset type 1 diabetes. (cuanschutz.edu)
Dr. Alonso's primary academic interest is redesigning the system in which care is provided to children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. (cuanschutz.edu)
He also works with model-based control, e.g., like the artificial pancreas project, but in the context of type-2 diabetes, cystic fibrosis related diabetes, and within the intensive care unit unrelated to diabetes. (cuanschutz.edu)
Dr. Benninger's research focuses on understanding the mechanisms underlying pancreatic islet function and decline in type1 and type2 diabetes. (cuanschutz.edu)
A major focus has been understanding the role of intra-islet communication and functional sub-populations of cells in islet function, and how disruption to intra-islet communication mechanisms and changes in sub-populations occur in diabetes and may contribute to islet decline. (cuanschutz.edu)
Complimentary to these studies, Dr Benninger's lab is also developing ultrasound-based imaging diagnostics for non-invasively detecting islet decline in pre-symptomatic diabetes and as a platform for image-guided drug delivery. (cuanschutz.edu)
Thirty rats with fasting blood glucose higher than 11.7 mmol/L were randomly divided into diabetes (DM) and TSF groups, 15 rats in each group. (bvsalud.org)
In type 2 diabetes, receptor activation and recognition by microorganisms from the intestinal lumen may trigger inflammatory responses, inducing the phosphorylation of serine residues in insulin receptor substrate-1, reducing insulin sensitivity. (biomedcentral.com)
In type 1 diabetes, the lowered expression of adhesion proteins within the intestinal epithelium favours a greater immune response that may result in destruction of pancreatic β cells by CD8+ T-lymphocytes, and increased expression of interleukin-17, related to autoimmunity. (biomedcentral.com)
Scientific evidence suggests increased inflammatory stress is related to molecular mechanisms leading to insulin resistance, and the intestinal microbiota interacts with environmental factors and susceptible genetic factors, contributing to the development of diabetes [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Our aim is to clarify the currently described effects of probiotics in the prevention and management of type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetes mellitus. (biomedcentral.com)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), characterised by peripheral insulin resistance, is a risk factor for dementia. (biomedcentral.com)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), characterised by peripheral insulin resistance (IR), is an increasing problem in affluent societies. (biomedcentral.com)
Many drugs that are used to treat Type 2 diabetes work because they are PPARγ agonists. (epiphanyasd.com)
Exendin-4 (E4), a long-acting agonist of the hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R), is administered to treat type II diabetes in the clinical setting and also shows a neuroprotective effect. (molvis.org)

The insulin molecules leave the beta cells and travel into the bloodstream to regulate blood glucose levels. (smartimagebase.com)
Blood glucose levels should fall between 70 and 130 milligrams per deciliter prior to a meal or while fasting, and should be less than 180 milligrams per deciliter 2 hours after starting a meal. (smartimagebase.com)
Following food intake, increased blood glucose levels trigger pancreatic β-cells to secrete insulin. (encyclopedia.pub)
Although the brain is clearly capable of affecting blood glucose levels, whether such effects are important in day-to-day blood glucose control remains a matter of controversy. (silverchair.com)
Together, these observations raise the possibility that although the brain can affect glucose homeostasis, day-to-day control of blood glucose levels does not require its active participation. (silverchair.com)
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the regulation of blood glucose levels? (primrosekitten.org)

This activation is necessary for both cell proliferation as well as glucose uptake and use. (hindawi.com)
This observation resulted in the development of 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (PET) to detect glucose uptake and lactate production for tumor imaging. (hindawi.com)
Insulin is a key regulator of glucose uptake and utilization in insulin-responsive tissues. (encyclopedia.pub)
Akt signaling prompts glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to translocate to the cell membrane where it initiates cellular glucose uptake. (encyclopedia.pub)
Which of the following glucose transporters is crucial for glucose uptake by skeletal muscle and fat? (primrosekitten.org)

1 A new paper 1 reports on how the loss of autophagy along with beta cell expression of IAPP (amyloid islet polypeptide, also called amylin), a 37 amino acid protein coexpressed and released by pancreatic beta cells along with insulin, results in the death (apoptosis) of beta cells. (life-enhancement.com)
The protein encoded by this gene is a transcriptional activator of several genes, including insulin, somatostatin, glucokinase, islet amyloid polypeptide, and glucose transporter type 2. (lifchem.com)

4 In the ARC, there are two distinct neuronal populations: one group of neurons produces the orexigenic neuropeptides neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP), whereas the other subset of neurons expresses the anorexigenic neuropeptides proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript. (nature.com)
insulin-secreting cells, the basolateral membrane of intestinal and kidney absorptive cells, in hepatocytes and in a subset of neurons (21,31,44). (justia.com)

These neurons project to other hypothalamic nuclei and to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the brain stem to control multiple aspects of the homeostatic regulation of energy balance. (nature.com)
The encoded nuclear protein is involved in the early development of the pancreas and plays a major role in glucose-dependent regulation of insulin gene expression. (lifchem.com)
2. Röder P V, Wu B, Liu Y, Han W. Pancreatic regulation of glucose homeostasis. (ac.ir)
Neuroprotection of quercetin on central neurons against chronic high glucose through enhancement of Nrf2/ARE/glyoxalase-1 pathway mediated by phosphorylation regulation. (ac.ir)
In this lecture, I will focus on several new roles of SphKs and Spns2 in regulation of immune cell trafficking, cancer progression, and pulmonary metastasis. (sphingolipidclub.com)

After a meal, increasing amounts of glucose in the blood trigger beta cells in the islets to secrete the appropriate amount of insulin hormone, which travels through the bloodstream to target cells where it promotes the transport of glucose into the cells. (smartimagebase.com)
In these cells, GLUT2 catalyzes the transepithelial transport of glucose. (justia.com)

Cell Islets from Male Rats Requires Ca2+ Release via ROS-Stimulated Ryanodine Receptors. (omicsdi.org)
Insulin attaches to specific receptors on the cell's surface, causing glucose transporter proteins in the cell membrane to open, which allows glucose to pass into the cells. (smartimagebase.com)
In many cases, a defect in insulin receptors prevents the normal effects of insulin on target cells, resulting in inadequate glucose transport into cells. (smartimagebase.com)
Insulin is known to regulate pancreatic β-cell function through the activation of cell surface insulin receptors, phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and -2, and activation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase. (diabetesjournals.org)
The kainate-induced increase was highly sensitive to Gd 3+ or Na + removal in most neurons but insensitive in a minority subpopulation ("cobalt-positive cells"), suggesting that a fourth route of neuronal Zn 2+ entry is through the Ca 2+ -permeable channels gated by certain subtypes of AMPA or kainate receptors. (jneurosci.org)
Free circulating insulin activates insulin receptors on the surface of target cells eliciting a signaling cascade initiated by the activation of insulin receptor substrates (IRS 1-4) followed by phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), which manages metabolic response including PDK1 and Akt stimulation by phosphorylation. (encyclopedia.pub)
In this study, we examined whether recurrent hypoglycemia alters the capacity of the ephrinA5 ligand to activate VMH EphA5 receptors, and if so, whether these changes could contribute to pathogenesis of defective glucose counterregulation in response to a standard hypoglycemic stimulus. (diabetesjournals.org)
Activation of VMH EphA5 receptors via targeted microinjection of ephrinA5-Fc before a hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemic clamp study caused a reduction in the glucose infusion rate in nondiabetic rats exposed to recurrent hypoglycemia. (diabetesjournals.org)
These data suggest that the activation of VMH EphA5 receptors by ephrinA5 may act in concert with β-cell Eph receptor forward signaling to restore glucose homeostasis during acute hypoglycemia via alterations in glutamate/glutamine cycling ( 7 , 8 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Within the central nervous system, Eph receptors and their ligands, the ephrins, play a key role in cell-to-cell communication as well as in synaptic structure and function. (diabetesjournals.org)
These hormones are released by cells in one part of the body, enter the circulatory system to distribute throughout the body and bind specific receptors in other cells. (tomsk.ru)

Furthermore, the RF as a part on the neurite extension, promoting neurite outgrowth from both spinal and cortical neurons, in cell cultures, which may also be connected to the TSR domains of SCO-spondin. (wikipedia.org)

Similar results were found in primary rat Müller cells under high glucose culture in vitro. (molvis.org)

Ependymal cells secrete high molecular mass glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid, in which the bulk of them condense to form a filamentous structure named Reissner's fiber. (wikipedia.org)
The anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis is a collection of cells that secrete hormones to control the activities of cells in other endocrine organs. (tomsk.ru)

Highly coordinated interactions between the brain and peripheral metabolic organs are critical for the maintenance of energy and glucose homeostasis. (nature.com)
These neurons are the first-order neurons on which peripheral metabolic hormones, including leptin, insulin, ghrelin and nutrients, primarily act. (nature.com)
In this paper, we describe the metabolic changes as well as the mechanisms of resistance to apoptosis occurring in cancer cells and cancer stem cells, underlying the connection between these two processes. (hindawi.com)
Metabolic adaptations of cancer cells. (hindawi.com)
Here we provide evidence to support the hypothesis that this selective vulnerability is because SNpc neurons sustain high metabolic rates compared to other neurons. (frontiersin.org)
Despite recent progress in our understanding of the physiological mechanisms regulating body weight and energy expenditure, obesity remains a major worldwide health crisis with an array of vascular, metabolic, and psychosocial consequences [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
due Node: A systemic metabolic power of 31-JUL-2004 neuron investigators Held in the congestive cooling near the biopsy of the clinical tissue. (hone.world)

Additionally, the HGF‑Met signaling pathway is correlated with the biology of cancer types, neurons and immunity. (spandidos-publications.com)
Conditional Met KO mice were generated using Cre‑loxP methodology and characterization of these mice indicated that the HGF‑Met signaling pathway is essential in regeneration, protection, and homeostasis in various tissue types and cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
Furthermore, a genome-wide RNAi screen for genes that regulate cellular clock functions in human cells identified the insulin signaling pathway as the most overrepresented pathway [ 15 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

cell islets isolated from male rats. (omicsdi.org)
OBJECTIVE@#To explore the effect of Tangshen Formula (, TSF), a Chinese herbal medicine, on interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the colon of diabetic rats. (bvsalud.org)
E4 significantly prevented the reduction of the b-wave and oscillatory potential amplitudes and retinal cell loss and maintained the Bcl-2/Bax and Bcl-xL/Bax ratio balances in GK rats. (molvis.org)

6 POMC neurons project axonal processes to second-order neurons in hypothalamic areas such as the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and lateral hypothalamus (LH), and to autonomic preganglionic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (nature.com)
The molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain uncertain but are likely to involve the key brain glucose-sensing region, the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) ( 5 , 6 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
The hypothalamus is a component of the central nervous system and regulates the release of hormones from cells in the pituitary. (tomsk.ru)
The posterior pituitary contains the axons of neurons whose cell bodies reside in the hypothalamus which is part of the central nervous system. (tomsk.ru)

There are no neuronal cell bodies within the subcommissural organ, although the specialized cells receive some innervation from outside neurons. (wikipedia.org)
In vitro studies demonstrated that the presence of RF, in conjunction with glial cells, is essential to the survival of neuronal cells. (wikipedia.org)
On the process of neuronal aggregation, RF seems to serve as a control factor in direct cell-to-cell communication, favoring neuronal aggregation when the density of neurons is low and preventing this aggregation when the density gets higher. (wikipedia.org)

Although it would be useful to understand how neurons regulate intracellular cytosolic free Zn 2+ concentrations ([Zn 2+ ] i ), at present, the tools available for measuring dynamic changes in [Zn 2+ ] i are limited. (jneurosci.org)
The changes in these pathways are sufficient to regulate parameters such as serum calcium or glucose or respond to external stimuli such as stress. (tomsk.ru)
Some regulate the biochemical and physiological activity of other cells while others stimulate cells in other parts of the body to release their own hormones. (tomsk.ru)

Because the brain's primary source of energy is glucose, it is the first organ affected by glucose levels below 70 milligrams per deciliter. (smartimagebase.com)

Intriguingly, the provision of extracellular ROS (H(2)O(2), 10 ?M) amplified GSIS and also activated UCP2. (omicsdi.org)

In other cell types, Ca2+ and ROS jointly induce Ca2+ release mediated by ryanodine receptor (RyR) channels. (omicsdi.org)
5 The anorexigenic effect of monoamine serotonin is also mediated by the 5HT-2C receptor in POMC neurons. (nature.com)
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is produced by stromal and mesenchymal cells, and it stimulates epithelial cell proliferation, motility, morphogenesis and angiogenesis in various organs via tyrosine phosphorylation of its cognate receptor, Met. (spandidos-publications.com)
We used the ratioable fluorescent dye mag-fura-5 to measure intracellular free Zn 2+ ([Zn 2+ ] i ) in cultured neocortical neurons exposed to neurotoxic concentrations of Zn 2+ in concert with depolarization or glutamate receptor activation and identified four routes of Zn 2+ entry. (jneurosci.org)
The focus of Dr. Berg's work is on the signaling proteins and pathways regulating T lymphocyte development, differentiation, activation, and migration, with a strong emphasis on T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. (cuanschutz.edu)

Certain tissues, such as skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, require insulin to unlock their cells before glucose can enter. (smartimagebase.com)

For example, Vassilopoulos and colleagues 2009 reported that mice do not possess the protein that in humans mediates transport of circulating glucose into cells by means of membrane-bound vesicles. (independentsciencenews.org)
The GLUT2 facilitated glucose transporter isoform is a membrane protein present in the pancreatic .beta. (justia.com)
Samples are mixed with a cocktail of biotinylated detection antibodies (Step 1) and then incubated with the array membrane which is spotted in duplicate with capture antibodies to specific target proteins (Step 2) . (rndsystems.com)
Membrane glycosphingolipid (GSL) expression positively and sphingomyelin (SM) negatively correlated with multiploid cell formation, indicating the importance of lipid environment in the psychosine-mediated endomitosis. (sphingolipidclub.com)
It was reported that SM could form cluster in outer leaflet of the membrane, where juxtapose inner leaflet region could recruit phosphatidylinositol-5-kinase to form PIP 2 . (sphingolipidclub.com)
Moreover, endomitotic cell cycles could be modulated by the lipid composition of the membrane among GSL, SM and phosphoinositides. (sphingolipidclub.com)

Increasingly, complimentary cell culture techniques, which recapitulate the developmental microenvironment, are employed to coax cells to adopt new identities by indirectly regulating transcription factor activity via intracellular signalling pathways. (silverchair.com)
Insulin-induced β-cell hyperpolarization was sufficient to abolish intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) oscillations measured in pancreatic islets exposed to 10 mmol/l glucose. (diabetesjournals.org)
5. Liu C, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Chen X, Kong X, Dong Y. Intracellular methylglyoxal induces oxidative damage to pancreatic beta cell line INS-1 cell through Ire1α-JNK and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. (ac.ir)
cells, the level of expression of GLUT2 is low and the intracellular glucokinase activity seems to be the rate-limiting step in the glycolytic pathway (5,11). (justia.com)

The anorexigenic neuropeptide α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is produced by posttranscriptional processing of POMC and is released from the presynaptic terminals of POMC neurons. (nature.com)

If the glucose levels continue to drop, the electrical activity of neurons diminishes significantly, resulting in seizures or diabetic coma. (smartimagebase.com)
This study investigated the activity of the HPA axis in selected markers of glucose handling, and the stress response relative to components of the HPA axis in a diet-induced pre-diabetic rat model. (researchsquare.com)
This is said to be due to the constant activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis observed in type 2 diabetic patients (8). (researchsquare.com)
These effects on brain cells potentially contribute to a diabetic dementia, and may provide novel approaches for therapeutic intervention. (biomedcentral.com)
E4 may protect retinal cells from diabetic attacks by activating GLP-1R, decreasing retinal cell apoptosis, and reducing retinal reactive gliosis. (molvis.org)

Here we report experiments designed to test the involvement of mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) in these glucolipotoxic effects. (omicsdi.org)
Neuropeptide Y/agouti-related protein- and proopiomelanocortin-producing neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus primarily sense the body energy state. (nature.com)
The ependymal cells of the SCO are also involved in the production of brain transthyretin, a protein involved in the transport of thyroid hormones in blood. (wikipedia.org)
In humans, this step is facilitated by glucose transporter 4 (GLUT 4) protein and requires the action of the CHC22 protein. (independentsciencenews.org)
Description: Pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 protein (PDX-1), also designated Insulin promoter factor (IPF1), Insulin upstream factor 1 (IUF1), somatostatin transactivating factor-1 (STF-1) and glucose-sensitive factor (GSF), is a 282 amino acid homeodomain-containing transcription factor present in pancreatic cells. (lifchem.com)
cell lines, these transcripts are translated into immunodetectable cytoplasmic and nuclear protein. (justia.com)
Her work on the T cell tyrosine kinase ITK has revealed a critical role for this TCR signaling protein in autoreactive T cell trafficking into tissues such as the pancreas and the intestine. (cuanschutz.edu)

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a role in glucose homeostasis during acute stressful conditions (9-11). (researchsquare.com)

All capillaries in the central nervous system with a functional blood-brain barrier express glucose transporters (GLUT1). (wikipedia.org)
Using a combination of chromatin biochemistry, computational modelling, atomic force microscopy (AFM), genetics, genomics and cell biology, Dr. Dalal and colleagues are investigating whether chromatin adopts alternate structural conformations in cancer cells, the functional consequences of large-scale chromosomal alterations upon the cancer epigenome, and identifying small molecules which can target these structures or processes. (elifesciences.org)

2023 Aug 2;111(15):2329-2347.e7. (unil.ch)

cells express RyR2, the cardiac RyR isoform. (omicsdi.org)

Consequently, rising levels of glucose in the blood result in hyperglycemia. (smartimagebase.com)
Hyperglycemia stimulates the beta cells in the pancreas to produce more insulin in an attempt to reduce the high blood glucose level. (smartimagebase.com)
Which is NOT a response to an abnormally high concentration of blood glucose (hyperglycemia)? (primrosekitten.org)

HGF is produced and secreted by adjacent stromal and mesenchymal cells, it contributes to the development of epithelial organs in a paracrine fashion, exerts regenerative effects on epithelia in the liver, kidney, lung, and other tissues, and promotes the regression of fibrosis in numerous organs ( 7 , 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Traditionally, the interaction between pancreatic islets and insulin-sensitive tissues has been deemed sufficient to explain most aspects of glucose homeostasis. (silverchair.com)
Along with the nervous system, the endocrine system coordinates the activities of cells in different organs and tissues to control physiological parameters or generate system-wide responses to environmental changes. (tomsk.ru)
Some hormones produced by the pituitary directly alter the behavior of specific cells in tissues to generate physiological changes, whereas other pituitary hormones trigger cells in other organs to release hormones which change cell behavior. (tomsk.ru)
The pituitary gland is the central organ of the endocrine system as it provides an interface between the nervous system and cells in several different organs and tissues. (tomsk.ru)

Thus, attempts to apply mouse glucose transport studies to humans are impeded due to species differences in the GLUT 4 trafficking pathway. (independentsciencenews.org)

The hypendyma (which is most prominent in mammals) is characterized by numerous capillaries and glial cells. (wikipedia.org)
The studies seem to point that the RF might bind some of the growth factors produced by glial cells and transport them to the neurons. (wikipedia.org)
Konnova EA, Deftu AF, Chu Sin Chung P, Pertin M, Kirschmann G, Decosterd I, Suter MR. Characterisation of GFAP-Expressing Glial Cells in the Dorsal Root Ganglion after Spared Nerve Injury. (unil.ch)
Müller cells are the principal glial cells in the retina. (molvis.org)

Growth Hormone (GH) - stimulates cells to produce insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) which stimulate growth of muscle and bone. (tomsk.ru)

Which of the following GLUTs is an insulin-responsive glucose transporter? (primrosekitten.org)

The small cluster of cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) release the neurotransmitter dopamine to neurons of the striatum which project to the basal ganglia. (frontiersin.org)

In normal cells, glucose participates in cellular energy production through glycolysis as well as through its complete catabolism via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (hindawi.com)

Typically, rapidly proliferating tumor cells have glycolytic rates up to 200 times higher than those of their normal tissue of origin, even in the presence of oxygen [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
By stimulating the expression of glucose transporters and glycolytic enzymes, HIF-1 promotes glycolysis to generate more pyruvate [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)

Cellular identity is determined by the transcriptional profile which comprises the subset of mRNAs, and therefore proteins, being expressed by a cell at a given point in time. (silverchair.com)
Transcriptional activator Islet-Brain 1 (IB1) is disclosed which is involved in the control of the GLUT2 and insulin genes by interacting with homologous cis-regulatory elements of the GLUT2 and insulin promoters, and to materials and methods deriving from this work. (justia.com)

Excessive insulin or oral hypoglycemic medication causes cells to remove too much glucose from the blood, leaving an insufficient amount in the bloodstream for certain organs to acquire the constant energy supply they need to function properly. (smartimagebase.com)

Serum glucose was recorded and thyroid hormones (T4, Thyroxine and T3, Triiodothyronine) were conducted. (bvsalud.org)

The discovery and characterization of new antigens implicated in the pathogenesis of T1D is a high priority as it can lead to new diagnostic tools and anticipate that studies proposed by Dr. Baker will provide critical information to target autoreactive T cells though antigen-specific therapies. (cuanschutz.edu)

Measuring real-time oxygen consumption in siRNA-transfected INS-1E cells, we show that deleterious effects of palmitate on the glucose sensitivity of mitochondrial respiration and on the coupling efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation are independent of UCP2. (omicsdi.org)
7. Cnop M, Toivonen S, Igoillo-Esteve M, Salpea P. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and eIF2α phosphorylation: The Achilles heel of pancreatic β cells. (ac.ir)

However, an acute effect of insulin in modulating β-cell electrical activity and its underlying ionic currents has not been reported. (diabetesjournals.org)

Cell proliferation involves the replication of all cellular contents with the required energy for this to happen. (hindawi.com)
Transdifferentiation is a type of cellular reprogramming involving the conversion of one differentiated cell type to another. (silverchair.com)
Here, we discuss how transcription factors, and their unique position as the gatekeepers of cellular identity, are exploited in cell reprogramming protocols by exploring work focusing on one reprogramming paradigm - the transdifferentiation of hepatocytes to pancreatic beta cells (β-cell). (silverchair.com)
MAPK pathways refer to various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. (springer.com)
This paper provides a cellular and developmental framework for understanding the selective vulnerability of SNpc dopaminergic cells to oxidative stress. (frontiersin.org)
Epigenetic mechanisms, " the structural adaptation of chromosomal regions so as to register, signal or perpetuate altered activity states " [2] are fundamentally involved in the specification of cellular phenotype. (prolekarniky.cz)
When psychosine was supplied to proliferating cells, cells underwent special type of mitosis, endomitosis, which sustains cellular content duplication without segregation, resulted in the giant and multiploid cell formation. (sphingolipidclub.com)
Changes in cortical neurones included alterations in insulin and other signalling pathways, cell cycle, cellular senescence, inflammatory mediators, and components of the mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain. (biomedcentral.com)

At the end of the 20 and 32-week periods, glucose handling using the Homeostasis Model Assessment indices, adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT) concentrations were measured. (researchsquare.com)

912, 2202, and 1227 genes were significantly differentially expressed between cases with self-reported T2D and controls in neurones, astrocytes, and endothelial cells respectively. (biomedcentral.com)

To prevent aberrant cell proliferation, these pathways are tightly regulated. (hindawi.com)
12. Li Y, Qian J, Yang L. Inhibition of YBX1 by miR-216a Suppresses Proliferation and Invasion of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. (ac.ir)

Some treatments increase insulin production in the beta cells of the pancreas. (smartimagebase.com)
This is achieved either by partial or complete surgical removal of the pancreas (Islam 2009), or by chemical destruction of pancreatic ß-cell function with cytotoxic drugs such as streptozotocin or alloxan (Lenzen 1979). (independentsciencenews.org)

Several other proteins and molecules interact with IL-1β in a complex network, in which several cell types (neurons, microglia, and astrocytes) probably participate. (phoenixrising.me)
In this study, we investigated the transcriptomic changes in cortical neurones, and associated astrocytes and endothelial cells of the neurovascular unit, in the ageing brain. (biomedcentral.com)
Impaired insulin signalling was shared by neurovascular unit cells with, additionally, apoptotic pathway changes in astrocytes and dysregulation of advanced glycation end-product signalling in endothelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)

We conclude that UCP2 is not involved in palmitate-induced impairment of GSIS in INS-1E insulinoma cells and is not needed for the amplification of insulin release. (omicsdi.org)
On the other hand, insulinoma cells that had lost their normal glucose responsiveness have low GLUT2 content, but some glucose sensitivity may be recovered after reintroducing GLUT2 expression through stable transfection of these cells (10,16). (justia.com)

These conclusions inform ongoing debate on the disputed biochemical and physiological functions of the beta cell UCP2. (omicsdi.org)
In photosynthetic organisms the rotor complex of the ATP synthase (blue and cyan) is specifically adapted to physiological needs of the plant or cyanobacterial cell. (silverchair.com)
Neurons in central nervous system control the release of hormones from the pituitary which provides an access point for environmental stimuli to alter physiological parameters in the body. (tomsk.ru)

A successful therapy must therefore eliminate these cells known to be highly resistant to apoptosis. (hindawi.com)
6. Suantawee T, Thilavech T, Cheng H, Adisakwattana S. Cyanidin Attenuates Methylglyoxal-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in INS-1 Pancreatic β-Cells by Increasing Glyoxalase-1 Activity. (ac.ir)

Anatomy31

Organisms10

Diseases12

Chemicals and Drugs90

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes31

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Metabolism14

Secretion13

Langerhans2

Diabetes47

Blood glucose levels6

Uptake5

Polypeptide2

Subset of neurons2

Regulation5

Transport of glucose2

Receptors11

Cortical neurons1

High glucose1

Secrete2

Metabolic7

Signaling pathway3

Rats3

Hypothalamus4

Neuronal3

Regulate3

Affected by glucose levels1

Extracellular1

Receptor5

Skeletal1

Membrane6

Intracellular4

Presynaptic terminals1

Diabetic5

Protein7

Homeostasis durin1

Functional2

20231

Isoform1

Hyperglycemia3

Tissues5

GLUT1

Glial cells4

Stimulates1

Insulin-responsive1

Basal1

Participates1

Glycolytic2

Transcriptional2

Hypoglycemic1

Serum1

Pathogenesis1

Phosphorylation2

Acute1

Cellular8

Concentrations1

Genes1

Proliferation2

Pancreas2

Astrocytes3

Insulinoma cells2

Physiological3

Apoptosis2