Neurons in aplysia. Medical search. Frequent questions

To investigate how neuron-immunocyte interactions might influence regeneration, we developed an in vitro model whereby neurons and hemocytes from Aplysia californica were cocultured. (elsevierpure.com)
NYU scientists studied Aplysia californica, the California sea slug, in shedding new light on the nature of long-term memories. (nyu.edu)
To explore this question, the scientists studied Aplysia californica , the California sea slug. (nyu.edu)
Once the instrumentation is in place, subcellular neurotransmitter distribution and release will be studied using several different model neuronal systems from the marine snail Aplysia californica . (illinois.edu)
The sea slug, Aplysia californica, was an important animal model for the first neuroscientists studying synaptic plasticity because its nerve cells are relatively few and easy to observe. (brainfacts.org)
2021. Co-expression analysis identifies neuro-inflammation as driver of sensory neuron aging in Aplysia californica . (miami.edu)
2020. Changes in metabolism and proteostasis drive aging phenotype in Aplysia californica sensory neurons. (miami.edu)
2018. Whole-transcriptome changes in gene expression accompany aging of sensory neurons in Aplysia californica. (miami.edu)
2018. A comparison of hatchery-rearing in exercise to wild animal physiology and reflex behavior in Aplysia californica. (miami.edu)
Phylogenetic analysis of ionotropic L-glutamate receptor genes in Bilateria, with special notes on Aplysia californica. (miami.edu)
Resource availability drives mating role selection in a simultaneous hermaphrodite Aplysia californica. (miami.edu)
Habituation in the tail withdrawal reflex circuit is impaired during aging in Aplysia californica. (miami.edu)
Age-related deficits in synaptic plasticity rescued by activating PKA or PKC in sensory neurons of Aplysia californica. (miami.edu)
2015. Dietary metal toxicity to the marine sea hare, Aplysia californica. (miami.edu)
Aging in sensory and motor neurons results in learning failure in Aplysia californica. (miami.edu)
Comparative analysis of early ontogeny in Bursatella leachii and Aplysia californica. (miami.edu)
Behavioral aging is associated with reduced sensory neuron excitability in Aplysia californica. (miami.edu)
2013 Isolation of sensory neurons of Aplysia californica for patch clamp recordings of glutamatergic currents. (miami.edu)
Pharmacological evidence that D-aspartate activates a current distinct from ionotropic glutamate receptor currents in Aplysia californica. (miami.edu)
Unique ionotropic receptors for D-aspartate are a target for serotonin-induced synaptic plasticity in Aplysia californica. (miami.edu)
2010. The transcriptome of the early life history stages of the California sea hare Aplysia californica. (miami.edu)
2009 Larval growth, development, and survival of laboratory-reared Aplysia californica: effects of diet and veliger density. (miami.edu)
2008. Multiple mating, sperm storage, and mating preference in Aplysia californica. (miami.edu)
Bianchini A, Playle RC, Wood CM, Walsh P.J. 2007, Short-term silver accumulation in tissues of three marine invertebrates: shrimp Penaeus duorarum, sea hare Aplysia californica, and sea urchin Diadema antillarum. (miami.edu)
Kandel made his most famous breakthrough working with the sea slug Aplysia californica , which has large nerve cells amenable to experimental manipulation and is a member of the simplest group of animals known to be capable of learning . (alchetron.com)

Synaptic transmission and excitability in Aplysia sensory neurons (SNs) are bidirectionally modulated by 5-HT and FMRFamide. (jneurosci.org)
To examine this memory-weakening effect in isolated neurons, the researchers gave another group of slug the shock, then removed the two-neuron 'circuit'---one sensory neuron and one motor neuron---responsible for the tail-retracting reaction to touch. (discovermagazine.com)
The scientists removed the key neurons from the snail's nervous system and put them in a Petri dish, thereby recreating in the dish the two-neuron "circuit" - a sensory neuron and a motor neuron - that produces the reflex. (scienceblog.com)
Individual sensory neurons can be tuned to many stimuli, each driving unique, stimulus-relevant behaviors, and the ability of multimodal nociceptor neurons to discriminate between potentially harmful and innocuous stimuli is broadly important for organismal survival. (elifesciences.org)
Central Pattern Generators A central pattern generator (CPG) is a network of neurons that produce rhyth- mic behavior in the absence of sensory input. (forextrading-madeeasy.com)
For one thing, when the RNA was transferred to snail neurons in Petri dishes, the operation was found to increase the excitability of sensory neurons , which convert external stimuli to electrical impulses, but not movement-controlling motor neurons. (iflscience.com)
AC stimulation in Aplysia sensory neuron (SN) membranes was also blocked by methiothepin. (johnshopkins.edu)

Those neurotransmitters from the "sending," or presynaptic, neuron diffuse across the synaptic gap to the "receiving," or postsynaptic, neuron. (brainfacts.org)
There, they interact with receptors embedded in the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron. (brainfacts.org)
The receptors then release the neurotransmitters, which are recycled back into the presynaptic terminal or broken down enzymatically, allowing postsynaptic receptors to receive new signals from the presynaptic neuron. (brainfacts.org)
In general, LTP involves an increase in the number of glutamate receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. (brainfacts.org)
GABAergic miniature postsynaptic currents in septal neurons show differential allosteric sensitivity after binge-like ethanol exposure. (tamu.edu)
It has recently been suggested that MAP kinase plays a role in coupling the synaptic excitation to gene expression in the nucleus of postsynaptic neurons. (asahq.org)
It has recently been reported that mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (also known as extracellular signal reactive kinase [Erk]) might play an important role in linking membrane depolarization to gene expression in the postsynaptic neurons. (asahq.org)

Our studies suggest that hemocytes, and by extrapolation, vertebrate macrophages, exhibit highly complex interactions with neurons that can exert a variety of influences on the course of nerve regeneration. (elsevierpure.com)
Is the appropriate distribution of G-protein-coupled receptors regulated by interactions with neurons that synthesize and release the neuromodulator? (jneurosci.org)

The ability of neurons from the Aplysia central nervous system to regenerate both in vitro and in vivo has prompted a search for endogenous neurotrophic factors. (nature.com)
These results indicate that functional G-protein-coupled receptors for two neuromodulators are distributed differentially along the surface of a presynaptic neuron that forms chemical connections in vitro . (jneurosci.org)
Studies were done in vitro in a pressurization chamber with intracellular recordings using multiple microelectrodes in identified neurons in the Aplysia ganglion or from the crayfish giant axon. (dtic.mil)
Critically timed ethanol exposure reduces GABAAR function on septal neurons developing in vivo but not in vitro. (tamu.edu)

2011 ) Identification of single neurons in a forebrain network. (neurotree.org)

This differential distribution of receptors on the presynaptic neuron is regulated by a target and does not require the physical presence of neurons that release the neuromodulators. (jneurosci.org)

2013 ) Rhythmic cortical neurons increase their oscillations and sculpt basal ganglia signaling during motor learning. (neurotree.org)
It has been found that in cultured Aplysia neurons bath applications of 40 mM cafffeine evokes oscillations of the membrane potential with about a 40 mV amplitude with a frequency of 0.2 to 0.5 Hz. (modeldb.science)
Caffeine-induced oscillations of the membrane potential in Aplysia Neurons. (modeldb.science)

a type of marine slug, and in neurons in a lab dish, by blocking the activity of a particular enzyme. (discovermagazine.com)
A marine slug may seem like an unusual choice for a study of memory, but Aplysia have been used in a wide range of neuroscience studies , thanks to their large neurons, relatively simple nervous system, and set of behaviors. (discovermagazine.com)

This is especially true in neurons where axons and dendrites have long aspect ratio geometry, which limits the effectiveness of passive diffusion. (nature.com)

Neurons also contain other types of neurotransmitter receptors, such as those coupled via G-proteins to second-messenger cascades, that can modulate synaptic transmission and/or membrane excitability. (jneurosci.org)

Neurons can release small molecule neurotransmitters very rapidly in part because synaptic vesicles are docked to the membrane at active zones. (rupress.org)
These studies are aimed at answering the questions: does a neuron target different neurotransmitters to specific release sites, and can a neuron release different neurotransmitters at specific terminals? (illinois.edu)
Neurons can also adjust the amount of chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) they release as well as the number of membrane proteins (receptors) that receive messages. (brainfacts.org)
First, an electrical signal in a neuron triggers the release of chemical messengers - called neurotransmitters - from its axon terminals. (brainfacts.org)

Ten ATA of air had no demonstrable effect on the resting potential, membrane resistance, time constant or action potential of neurons R2, R14 and R15 Aplysia, and equivalent pressures of nitrogen or hydrostatic force did not affect resting potential of crayfish axon. (dtic.mil)
In Caenorhabditis elegans motor neurons, dense core vesicles dock at the plasma membrane but are excluded from active zones at synapses. (rupress.org)

Neurons transport subcellular cargo along axons and neurites through a stochastic interplay of active and passive transport. (nature.com)

Enhanced regeneration of dissociated bag cell neurons was observed in the presence of central nervous system (CNS) sheath cells or arterial cells 12 , or material remaining after such cells were killed 13 . (nature.com)
2010. Changes in D-aspartate ion currents in the Aplysia nervous system with aging. (miami.edu)

Pinsker HM (1977) Aplysia bursting neurons as endogenous oscillators. (yale.edu)

We also evidence that CIII neurons make use of atypical depolarizing chloride currents to encode cold, and that overexpression of ncc69 -a fly homologue of NKCC1 -results in phenotypes consistent with neuropathic sensitization, including behavioral sensitization and neuronal hyperexcitability, making Drosophila CIII neurons a candidate system for future studies of the basic mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain. (elifesciences.org)
This is an important manuscript that clarifies mechanisms of multimodality in a class of insect somatosensory neurons and presents a model for how Cl - currents underlie cold nociception. (elifesciences.org)

2021. Aplysia Neurons as a Model of Alzheimer's Disease: Shared Genes and Differential Expression. (miami.edu)

Neurons communicate with each other at nodes called synapses. (brainfacts.org)
Forming a new memory requires rerouting nerve fibers and altering synapses , the tiny gaps across which neurons relay chemical messages. (brainfacts.org)
Connection weights based on molecular mechanisms in Aplysia neuron synapses. (auth.gr)

Kole MH, Hallermann S, Stuart GJ (2006) Single Ih channels in pyramidal neuron dendrites: properties, distribution, and impact on action potential output. (yale.edu)
Williams SR (2004) Spatial compartmentalization and functional impact of conductance in pyramidal neurons. (yale.edu)
Williams SR, Stuart GJ (2000) Site independence of EPSP time course is mediated by dendritic I(h) in neocortical pyramidal neurons. (yale.edu)
These forms of plasticity are due to increases in presynaptic neurotransmitter release, and can be engaged when dentate GCs fire in bursts (e.g., during exploratory behaviors) and bring CA3 pyramidal neurons above threshold. (eneuro.org)

abstract = "We attempted to identify compounds that are effective in blocking the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptor(s) that activate adenylyl cyclase (AC) in Aplysia CNS. (johnshopkins.edu)

The researchers "trained" these neurons by applying repeated chemical pulses that replicated Aplysia 's responses to stimuli, such as mild electric shocks, typically used in experiments. (nyu.edu)
The demonstration that the same class of somatosensory neurons can respond to innocuous versus noxious stimuli, depending upon which protein those neurons are activated, could shed light on disease states such as neuropathic pain when touch signals are confused as painful. (elifesciences.org)

This is a protocol describing how to isolate and culture primary sympathetic neurons from superior cervical ganglia (SCG) of newborn rat pups. (jove.com)
The buccal ganglia of Aplysia contain a central pattern generator (CPG) that mediates rhythmic movements of the foregut during feeding. (modeldb.science)

Researchers identified chemical and structural changes in relevant nerve cells of Aplysia that correlated with simple forms of learning and memory. (brainfacts.org)

We have investigated Aplysia hemolymph as a source of endogenous factors to promote regeneration of bag cell neurons. (nature.com)

Glanzman, a cellular neuroscientist, and his colleagues report that they have eliminated, or at least substantially weakened, a long-term memory in both the marine snail known as Aplysia and neurons in a Petri dish. (scienceblog.com)
Dr David Glanzman with a marine Aplysia snail he really hopes doesn't remember what his team did to it. (iflscience.com)

The resulting voltage oscillation spreads throughout a subset of gap junction-coupled buccal network neurons and by triggering plateau potential-mediated bursts in B63, can initiate motor output driving food-seeking action. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)

In addition to synaptic vesicles, neurons also contain secretory vesicles, called dense core vesicles, that release neuropeptides and catecholamines ( Burgoyne and Morgan, 2003 ). (rupress.org)
To this end, we investigate the active and passive transport of vesicles in Aplysia neurons while changing neurite tension via applied strain and quantify the resulting dynamics. (nature.com)
We found that tension in neurons modulates active transport of vesicles by increasing the probability of active motion, effective diffusivity and induces a retrograde bias. (nature.com)
a) A representative image of an Aplysia neurite showing vesicles of varying size (example image sequence available in supplementary information, video S1 ). (nature.com)

Goldberg JA, Deister CA, Wilson CJ (2007) Response properties and synchronization of rhythmically firing dendritic neurons. (yale.edu)
Magee JC (1999) Dendritic lh normalizes temporal summation in hippocampal CA1 neurons. (yale.edu)
Schultheiss NW, Edgerton JR, Jaeger D (2010) Phase response curve analysis of a full morphological globus pallidus neuron model reveals distinct perisomatic and dendritic modes of synaptic integration. (yale.edu)
GP Neuron, somatic and dendritic phase response curves (Schultheiss et al. (yale.edu)
In larvae, nociception begins in peripheral dendritic arborization neurons of the class III (CIII) and class IV (CIV) subtypes. (elifesciences.org)

Aplysia is a model organism for this type of research because its simple memories are well understood at the molecular and cellular level. (nyu.edu)

CIII neurons function via a high-low threshold detection system, whereby high levels of CIII activation (and strong Ca 2+ transients) are associated with CT, and low levels of activation (and relatively modest Ca 2+ transients) with touch behaviors. (elifesciences.org)

Isolated Aplysia neurons have also become valuable tools for investigating the basic biology of neurite growth and regeneration. (nature.com)

How do neurons differentially regulate synaptic vesicle and dense core vesicle release? (rupress.org)

The way I see it, this model neglects to consider the neuron itself, as a -- well -- cellular automaton . (blogspot.com)

The expression and distribution of neurotransmitter receptors are critical for information transfer between neuron and target. (jneurosci.org)
Are different receptors on a given neuron distributed in similar ways? (jneurosci.org)

Neurons that control them can be isolated and studied in a Petri dish, as the study's authors did here, reproducing all the essential components of memory formation. (nyu.edu)

Lateral hypothalamic orexin/hypocretin neurons: A role in reward-seeking and addiction. (tamu.edu)
The aim of this study was to examine the involvement of the hypothalamic oxytocin (OXT) and vasopressin (AVP) neurons in acute phase reaction using quantitative dual-labeled immunostaining with Fos and either OXT and AVP in several hypothalamic regions. (shengsci.com)

CREB acts in the nucleus of a neuron to switch on a series of genes, many of which direct protein synthesis. (brainfacts.org)

Gi protein functions in thalamic neurons to decrease orofacial nociceptive response. (tamu.edu)
The findings contradict the dominant synaptic theory of memory, which Glanzman has previously challenged by interrupting protein synthesis in Aplysia, affecting memories in the process. (iflscience.com)

The effects of increased air, nitrogen andor hydrostatic pressures to 10 ATA have been studied on electrophysiological properties of identified neurons in two model neurobiological preparations, the marine mollusc Aplysia and the crayfish. (dtic.mil)

Functional compensation by other voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in mouse basal forebrain neurons with Ca(V)2.1 mutations. (tamu.edu)

Several studies have found that hemolymph can effect regeneration of isolated neurons. (nature.com)

Long-lasting distortion of GABA signaling in MS/DB neurons after binge-like ethanol exposure during initial synaptogenesis. (tamu.edu)

UCLA researchers gave electric shocks to the tails of Aplysia marine snails, not strong enough to harm them, but sufficient to cause mild pain and trigger the snail's withdrawal response into its shell. (iflscience.com)

Our research shows that the effects of individual repeated events interact in more nuanced ways and have distinct roles in working to form long-term memories-neurons can sense not just repetition, but also the order of repeated experiences and can use that information to discriminate between different patterns of these events in building memories. (nyu.edu)

Hutcheon B, Yarom Y (2000) Resonance, oscillation and the intrinsic frequency preferences of neurons. (yale.edu)
He was a recipient of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on the physiological basis of memory storage in neurons . (alchetron.com)

GFAP-expressing radial glia-like cell bodies are involved in a one-to-one relationship with doublecortin-immunolabeled newborn neurons in the adult dentate gyrus. (tamu.edu)

We show that mechanical tension modulates active transport processes in neurons and that external forces can couple to internal (subcellular) forces and change the overall transport dynamics. (nature.com)

This process allows the neuron to control the spatial organization of vital proteins and molecules throughout its complex structures. (nature.com)

By answering questions of neurotransmitter targeting and release, Professor Sweedler gains further insight into how complex systems of neurons interact in both healthy and diseased systems. (illinois.edu)

When hemocytes attached to the cell body, it presaged the destruction of the neuron. (elsevierpure.com)
In neurons, most proteins are synthesized in the cell body and must be transported through thin structures over long distances where normal diffusion is insufficient. (nature.com)

We performed experiments using Aplysia neurons to identify the mechanism underlying the changes in the firing patterns in response to temperature changes. (kjpp.net)
Accordingly, the voltage-dependent potassium current is likely to play a leading role in the temperature-dependent changes in the firing patterns in Aplysia neurons. (kjpp.net)

They are the first scientists to show that long-term memory can be erased at a connection between just two neurons. (scienceblog.com)

Anatomy45

Organisms7

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs23

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment12

Psychiatry and Psychology10

Phenomena and Processes19

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science1

Health Care1

Californica25

Sensory7

Postsynaptic7

Interactions with neurons2

Vitro4

Single neurons1

Presynaptic neuron1

Oscillations3

Slug2

Axons and dendrites1

Excitability1

Neurotransmitters4

Membrane2

Neurites1

Nervous system2

19771

Currents2

20211

Synapses3

Pyramidal4

Abstract1

Stimuli2

Ganglia2

Nerve cells1

Endogenous1

Snail2

Buccal1

Vesicles4

Dendritic5

Organism1

Behaviors1

Growth1

Differentially1

Cellular1

Receptors2

Petri1

Hypothalamic2

Nucleus1

Protein2

Model1

Basal1

Regeneration1

Synaptogenesis1

Electric shocks1

Memories1

20002

Newborn1

Processes1

Spatial1

Neurotransmitter1

Cell2

Patterns2

Scientists1