• Description The lateral hypothalamus (LH), which regulates feeding, stress, reward, and motivation behavior, is a heterogeneous structure with distinct cell populations defined by expression of specific neural markers. (rutgers.edu)
  • However, LH CRF neurons are poorly characterized and their impact on feeding behavior and motivation is unknown. (rutgers.edu)
  • CRF-ires-cre mice injected with either Gq-DREADD, Gi-DREADD, or control were run through free access feeding and effort-related choice to gauge appetite and motivated behavior. (rutgers.edu)
  • Activation of LH CRF neurons via Gq-DREADD increased motivated behavior and locomotion but did not have an impact on feeding behavior. (rutgers.edu)
  • In recent years, considerable efforts have been devoted to study neural circuits, and to identify potential factors responsible for the derangement of homeostatic eating toward hedonic eating and addiction-like feeding behavior. (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition, the role played by different stressors in the reinstatement of preference for palatable food and food-seeking behavior is also considered in the light of endocannabinoid production, activation of orexin receptors and disinhibition of dopamine neurons. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here, we show that C. elegans males exhibit an altered, male-specific expression pattern of daf-7 in the ASJ sensory neuron pair with the onset of reproductive maturity, which functions to promote male-specific mate-searching behavior. (elifesciences.org)
  • Molecular genetic analysis of the switch-like regulation of daf-7 expression in the ASJ neuron pair reveals a hierarchy of regulation among multiple inputs-sex, age, nutritional status, and microbial environment-which function in the modulation of behavior. (elifesciences.org)
  • These inputs all converge onto a single pair of sensory neurons, which integrate the inputs and enable the worm to assess its current and past experiences and alter its behavior accordingly. (elifesciences.org)
  • While scientists have often surmised that there must be some level of communication between adipose tissue and the brain, to regulate feeding behavior and monitor the energy reserves, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. (genengnews.com)
  • They first searched for miRNAs that, when overexpressed in fat tissue, affected feeding behavior, and second for the gene targets of those miRNAs. (genengnews.com)
  • We perform a targeted genetic screen in Drosophila melanogaster and identify a role for the enzymatic cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) in regulating ad libitum feeding behavior in fruit flies," the authors wrote. (genengnews.com)
  • Our study indicates fat tissue sends a molecular signal to the fly brain to regulate feeding behavior," concluded senior study investigator Walton Jones, Ph.D., assistant professor at KAIST. (genengnews.com)
  • A simplified diagram of the regulation of feeding behavior at the level. (researchgate.net)
  • It used a single neuron RNN to build a model that exhibit such behavior. (stackexchange.com)
  • In the search for the neurons that control eating behavior, the researchers used recently mated females that tend to feed on higher protein sources to load up nutrients in their eggs. (news-medical.net)
  • The researchers then used tiny electrodes to measure the electrical firing (signaling) behavior of these neurons in fruit flies deprived of protein-rich yeast in their diets. (news-medical.net)
  • All of these feed data about residents' behavior to Caspar, which uses a number of algorithms to analyze the data so that it gradually learns and adapts to people's habits and preferences. (technologyreview.com)
  • Optogenetic activation of hypothalamic agouti-related peptide (AGRP) neurons enhances attraction to food odours but not to pheromones, and branch-specific activation and inhibition reveal a key role for projections to the paraventricular thalamus. (nature.com)
  • Mice that lack neuropeptide Y (NPY) or NPY receptor type 5 (NPY5R) fail to prefer food odours over pheromones after fasting, and hunger-dependent food-odour attraction is restored by cell-specific NPY rescue in AGRP neurons. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 1: Hunger and AGRP neuron activation promote attraction to food odours over pheromones. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 2: Thalamic AGRP neuron projections promote food-odour attraction. (nature.com)
  • Increase of energy accumulation elicits leptin release and simultaneous inhibition of orexigenic neurons expressing neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP), as well as activation of the anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons within the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC). (frontiersin.org)
  • Together, these findings show that food-odour-responsive neurons comprise an olfactory subcircuit that listens to hunger state through thalamic NPY release, and more generally, provide mechanistic insights into how internal state regulates behaviour. (nature.com)
  • Findings from the new study-published recently in PLOS Biology in an article entitled " A Fat-Derived Metabolite Regulates a Peptidergic Feeding Circuit in Drosophila "-has wide implications not only for weight loss but could also be beneficial for stimulating appetite and weight gain for a variety of disease with wasting-associated symptoms. (genengnews.com)
  • Previous research has shown that BH4 is required in the neurons that produce neuropeptide F (NPF), which regulates feeding. (genengnews.com)
  • The hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin) neuropeptides are associated with the regulation of sleep and feeding, and disturbances in orexinergic neurotransmission lead to a narcoleptic phenotype. (jneurosci.org)
  • These results suggest a functional connection between the two populations of hypothalamic neurons and that they may cooperate in the regulation of rapid-eye-movement sleep and feeding. (jneurosci.org)
  • Outside the canonical hypothalamic feeding circuits involved in energy homeostasis and the notion of "feeding center," we focused on lateral hypothalamus as neural substrate able to confront food-associated homeostatic information with food salience, motivation to eat, reward-seeking, and development of compulsive eating. (frontiersin.org)
  • These populations include the orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons that have projections to key neurons in other hypothalamic nuclei and higher brain centers in order to orchestrate the feeding responses. (researchgate.net)
  • These gut-innervating pain neurons, whose cell bodies sit in the lower spine, express a surface protein called TRPV1, which serves as a receptor for pain-related signals. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Like most other neurological processes, the effects of cannabis on the brain follow the standard protocol of signal transduction, the electrochemical system of sending signals through neurons for a biological response. (wikipedia.org)
  • We suggested a pivotal role for endocannabinoids in food reward processing within the lateral hypothalamus, and for orexin neurons to integrate endocrine signals with food reinforcement and hedonic eating. (frontiersin.org)
  • The findings suggest that the signals could help neurons find each other to form networks and wire the developing brain. (ucla.edu)
  • They observed that the microglia targeted the synaptic cleft - the business end of the connection that transmits signals between neurons. (analytica-world.com)
  • They also found apoptosis is gradually reduced during neuronal development before neurons make connections or innervate other cells, suggesting factors other than extrinsic signals can play a role. (prohealth.com)
  • But as they continued to analyze the neurons, they say they were able to assign the food preference signals to just two neurons on each side of the insects' brains in a region referred to as the wedge because of its shape, leading them to call these food preference cells dopamine wedge neurons. (news-medical.net)
  • They put an additional protein tagged with a green fluorescent protein that hung out on the edges of the neuron at the places where it sends signals to other neurons -- at the synapses. (news-medical.net)
  • Her research into the neurobiology of appetite aims to unravel neurobiological pathways that respond to orexigenic signals, such as the hormone, ghrelin, and that drive feeding behaviours, not only food intake but also food choice, food anticipation, food reward and food motivation. (gu.se)
  • The contacts between these two types of neurons seem to be reciprocal, because the orexin neurons are heavily innervated by histaminergic axons. (jneurosci.org)
  • The scientists imaged the electrical activity of 15 types of neurons in the brain region involved in processing vision. (ucla.edu)
  • Our results indicate that context-dependent recruitment of alternative intracellular signaling pathways within a single sensory neuron type conveys opposite hedonic valences, thereby providing a robust mechanism for odorant encoding and discrimination at the periphery. (plos.org)
  • Although mechanisms operating at the level of single sensory neuron types or sensilla in the periphery have also been implicated in this process [ 14 - 21 ], the contributions of sensory neurons to mediating odorant discrimination and olfactory behavioral plasticity are not fully understood. (plos.org)
  • The valence of individual chemicals is largely determined by the responding sensory neuron type, such that distinct subsets of chemosensory neurons drive either attraction or avoidance to different chemicals [ 25 , 26 ]. (plos.org)
  • The researchers found that silencing these TRPV1 receptors in gut nerves, or deleting TRPV1-expressing neurons, led to much worse inflammation and tissue damage in IBD mouse models, whereas activating the receptors had a protective effect. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Both orexin-A and orexin-B depolarized the histaminergic tuberomammillary neurons and increased their firing rate via an action on postsynaptic receptors. (jneurosci.org)
  • In a single-cell RT-PCR study using primers for the two orexin receptors, we found that most tuberomammillary neurons express both receptors and that the expression of the orexin-2 receptor is stronger than that of the orexin-1 receptor. (jneurosci.org)
  • The SP neurons (direct pathway) have D1 receptors. (scienceblogs.com)
  • The Enk neurons (indirect pathway) have D2 receptors. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Electroacupuncture (EA) has been confirmed effectiveness in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and P2X 3 receptors in the peripheral and central neurons participate in the acupuncture-mediated relief of the visceral pain in IBS. (hindawi.com)
  • Our previous clinical and animal studies have also confirmed the effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of IBS [ 11 - 13 ] and initially revealed that the P2X 2 , P2X 3 , and P2Y 1 receptors in the peripheral neurons of the colon and in central neurons participate in the acupuncture-mediated relief of the visceral pain in IBS. (hindawi.com)
  • Especially, P2X 3 receptors play an important role in mediating the occurrence and maintenance of pain in neurons of the intestinal myenteric plexus, dorsal root ganglia (DRG), spinal dorsal horn, prefrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex in a rat model of IBS with visceral hypersensitivity [ 14 ], and acupuncture can achieve visceral pain relief through purinergic receptors at different levels of the brain-gut axis. (hindawi.com)
  • Illustration representing astrocyte responsiveness to dopamine and the bidirectional communication flow between astrocytes and neurons with depression of excitatory post synaptic currents. (nature.com)
  • Cortical circuit activity is shaped by the parvalbumin (PV) and somatostatin (SST) interneurons that inhibit principal excitatory (EXC) neurons and the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) interneurons that suppress activation of other interneurons. (jneurosci.org)
  • We provide a searchable web resource for exploring differential mRNA expression and splice form usage between excitatory, PV, SST, and VIP neurons ( http://research-pub.gene.com/NeuronSubtypeTranscriptomes ). (jneurosci.org)
  • We sorted excitatory neurons and key inhibitory neuron subtypes from mouse brains and assessed differential mRNA expression. (jneurosci.org)
  • EA can regulate the P2X 3 receptor protein and mRNA expression levels in the colon and related DRG of IBS rats with visceral pain and then regulate the excitatory properties of DRG neurons. (hindawi.com)
  • We find that while medium-chain alcohols inhibit the AWC olfactory neurons to drive attraction, these alcohols instead activate AWC to promote avoidance when presented in the background of a second AWC-sensed odorant. (plos.org)
  • Reducing purple expression enhanced feeding, suggesting its normal function was to inhibit it. (genengnews.com)
  • Biologists at Washington University in St Louis unlocked a cure for jet lag in mice by activating a small subset of the neurons involved in setting daily rhythms, to be reported in a July 12 advance online publication of Neuron . (medicalxpress.com)
  • Herzog and his lab suspected a small subset of SCN neurons are involved because it produces vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or VIP, an essential compound that neurons use to communicate and synchronize their daily rhythms with one another. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Caenorhabditis elegans senses and navigates its complex chemical environment using a small subset of sensory neurons [ 22 - 24 ]. (plos.org)
  • Stimulating just 10 percent of these neurons to fire with the right pattern of electrical activity caused mice to rapidly shift to the new daily schedule, the researchers found. (medicalxpress.com)
  • There are only about 2,000 VIP neurons in the SCN of people and mice. (medicalxpress.com)
  • The researchers then tested whether activation of VIP neurons would shift the daily schedule of the SCN and the mice. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Testing the different firing patterns of VIP neurons, researchers found that mice got over jet lag faster when VIP neurons were activated to irregularly fire. (medicalxpress.com)
  • The mice were slower to adjust to the new local time when their VIP neurons were excited with tonic patterns. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Neuroendocrine regulation of diverse behaviors of Caenorhabditis elegans is under the control of the DAF-7/TGF-β ligand that is secreted from sensory neurons. (elifesciences.org)
  • Our results suggest that regulation of gene expression in sensory neurons can function in the integration of a wide array of sensory information and facilitate decision-making behaviors in C. elegans . (elifesciences.org)
  • We showed that just a few neurons forming a circuit in the fruit fly brain adopts processes used in learning and memory to control persistent, motivated behaviors, food preference in this case,' says Mark Wu, M.D., Ph.D., associate professor of neurology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. (news-medical.net)
  • The signal in question is molecule called DAF-7, which is released by several sensory neurons-nerve cells that are used for detecting cues from the environment. (elifesciences.org)
  • Researchers have generally believed that their survival is determined nearly extrinsically, or by outside forces, such as the tissues and cells that neurons supply with nerve cells. (prohealth.com)
  • Problems with autonomic nerve cells (autonomic neurons), which control involuntary body functions such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing, result in several features of spastic paraplegia type 49. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Motor neuron diseases are characterized by progressive deterioration of the nerve cells that initiate muscle movement. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Muscle movement is initiated by nerve cells (neurons) that are located in the spinal cord and in the front part of the brain (called the motor cortex). (msdmanuals.com)
  • In motor neuron diseases, these nerve cells progressively wither away and the peripheral nerves that connect them to the muscle deteriorate. (msdmanuals.com)
  • To this aim, through electrophysiology in cats, we explored that visual neurons, throughout the cortical column, have a tendency to alter their inherent properties even when presented a non-visual stimulus. (intechopen.com)
  • Then, they found cortical neurons reduce their sensitivity to apoptosis as early as neuron birth. (prohealth.com)
  • Neurons have a specific structure that takes inputs, multiplies them with weights, adds a bias value, and runs all that through an activation function. (infoworld.com)
  • Thus, the objective of the current project was to develop a neuron-fuzzy engine that could predict the muscle activation pattern for common lifting conditions. (cdc.gov)
  • They have the opportunity to explore the brain's functions, climb among neurons, feed the brain, rest in a synapse and play together under an eyelid. (lu.se)
  • Synapse = junction where a nerve impulse is transferred from a neuron to another cell. (lu.se)
  • Transmission of a signal to another neuron across a synapse occurs via chemical transmitter. (medscape.com)
  • We are really starting to understand how the timing system in the brain is wired together, and found that the code used by VIP neurons is really key to setting our daily schedule," Herzog said. (medicalxpress.com)
  • After additional experiments, including visualizing the fluorescently stained dancing edge of immature brain cells, researchers concluded that the supplement likely protects proteins that build neurons' cellular skeletons. (fabresearch.org)
  • Similar hyperbranched neurons are also seen in brain samples donated by people with schizophrenia, regardless of what treatments or medications they took while they were alive. (fabresearch.org)
  • Using fruit flies, neuroscientists from the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA observed that neurons displayed periodic bursts of electrical activity early in brain development, when the larva is still developing. (ucla.edu)
  • The discovery of a similar phenomenon in the fruit fly suggests that neurons' activity during development may be an essential phase of building a complex brain. (ucla.edu)
  • Serotonin-containing neurons in brain: depression of firing by monoami. (erowid.org)
  • Serotonin-containing neurons in rat brain: effects of microintophoreti. (erowid.org)
  • Parkinson's disease is a progressive motor disorder resulting from the selective death of a very tiny group of neurons in the brain called the substantia nigra . (scienceblogs.com)
  • The formation and removal of the physical connections between neurons is a critical part of maintaining a healthy brain and the process of creating new pathways and networks among brain cells enables us to absorb, learn, and memorize new information. (analytica-world.com)
  • Researchers have identified a molecule sent by fat cells to the fly brain that senses when they have had enough food and inhibits feeding. (genengnews.com)
  • However now, a team of researchers at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) has just published data identifying a molecule in fruit flies sent by fat cells to the fly brain that senses when they have had enough food and inhibits feeding. (genengnews.com)
  • These new study results suggest that BH4 plays a key role in suppressing appetite in flies and that PTP released from fat bodies delivers a signal to the brain indicating that energy stores are sufficient and that feeding can stop. (genengnews.com)
  • When our neurons - the principal cells of the brain - die, so do we. (prohealth.com)
  • An organism's survival, brain function, and fitness are dependent upon the survival of its neurons. (prohealth.com)
  • Using fruit flies, Johns Hopkins researchers say they have identified a specific and very small set of brain cells -- dubbed dopamine wedge neurons -- responsible for driving the insects' food preferences toward what they need, rather than what they like. (news-medical.net)
  • They searched through different fruit flies lines each engineered using a genetic tool that stopped certain different groups of neurons in the brain from firing. (news-medical.net)
  • They also found that some commercials caused more activity in the brain regions known to contain "mirror neurons", indicating empathy. (newscientist.com)
  • Previous studies have revealed that mirror neurons fire in an animal's brain when it completes a task or sees a counterpart from the same species complete that same task. (newscientist.com)
  • In an initial analysis of two of the five volunteers, the researchers found that this sketch caused mirror neurons in the female brain to fire, indicating empathy. (newscientist.com)
  • Other signs and symptoms of spastic paraplegia type 49 reflect problems with sensory neurons, which transmit information about sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch to the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Motor neuron diseases may involve the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) as well as the peripheral nervous system (nerves outside the brain and spinal cord). (msdmanuals.com)
  • The article describes how it has been possible to count the number of neurons in the brain, revealing that the brains of certain birds have a very high neuron density, even higher than humans. (lu.se)
  • In the new study, Dr. Artis and his team specifically examined pain neurons that innervate -- extend their nerve endings into -- the gut. (sciencedaily.com)
  • These results reveal numerous examples where neuron subtype-specific gene expression, as well as splice-isoform usage, can explain functional differences between neuron subtypes, including in presynaptic plasticity, postsynaptic receptor function, and synaptic connectivity specification. (jneurosci.org)
  • SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Understanding the basis of functional specialization of neuron subtypes and identifying drug targets for manipulating circuit function requires comprehensive information on cell-type-specific transcriptional profiles. (jneurosci.org)
  • This analysis reveals numerous examples of neuron subtype-specific isoform usage with functional importance, identifies potential drug targets, and provides insight into the neuron subtypes involved in psychiatric disease. (jneurosci.org)
  • This study optimized conditions for the differentiation of hONPs towards dopaminergic neurons. (scirp.org)
  • Several neurotrophic factors were detected in the pre-transfected hONPs which have potential roles in the maintenance, survival and proliferation of dopaminergic neurons. (scirp.org)
  • In Parkinson's disease, because of the death of neurons in the SNc, there is a loss of dopaminergic input to the striatum. (scienceblogs.com)
  • G) Focus of gliosis and neuronal necrosis in the cerebrum, associated with H) expression of influenza virus antigen in the nucleus and, to a lesser extent, cytoplasm of glial cells and neurons. (cdc.gov)
  • The shape of a healthy neuron is reminiscent of a tree: a cell body surrounded by branches, the dendrites, attached to a long trunk, the axon. (fabresearch.org)
  • A neurone consists of a cell body (with a nucleus and cytoplasm), dendrites that carry electrical impulses to the cell, and a long axon that carries the impulses away from the cell. (medscape.com)
  • The axon of one neurone and the dendrites of the next neurone do not actually touch. (medscape.com)
  • Conduction of an impulse along a neurone occurs from the dendrites to the cell body to the axon. (medscape.com)
  • This study aimed to characterize CRF neurons in the LH by comparing co-expression of VGat and VGlut2 mRNA through in situ hybridization (RNAscope). (rutgers.edu)
  • To test this idea, Cristina Mazuski, a graduate student in the Herzog lab, first developed a way to characterize the normal daily firing patterns of VIP neurons. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Clinical diagnosis of exclusion based on progressive symptoms of upper and lower motor neuron degeneration in which no other explanation can be found. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is characterized by pyramidal cell loss in the frontal and temporal lobes and degeneration of motor neurons in the hypoglossal nucleus and spinal motor neurons. (medscape.com)
  • Data now suggest that delocalization, accumulation, and ubiquitination of TDP-43 in the cytoplasm of motor neurons are early dysfunctions in the cascade of the events leading to motor neuron degeneration in ALS. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with motor neuron disease (MND) are generally free of cognitive impairment, but evidence is growing to support an association between MND and frontal lobe or frontotemporal dementia (FTD). (medscape.com)
  • Worldwide, frontotemporal lobe dementia with motor neuron disease (FTD/MND) is a sporadic condition with an unknown etiology. (medscape.com)
  • To understand the molecular-genetic basis of functional specialization and identify potential drug targets specific to each neuron subtype, we performed a genome wide assessment of both gene expression and splicing across EXC, PV, SST and VIP neurons from male and female mouse brains. (jneurosci.org)
  • This resource, combining a unique new dataset and novel application of analysis methods to multiple relevant datasets, identifies numerous potential drug targets for manipulating circuit function, reveals neuron subtype-specific roles for disease-linked genes, and is useful for understanding gene expression changes observed in human patient brains. (jneurosci.org)
  • If you look at marine mammals such as dolphins and whales, they have large brains, but they have fewer neurons than humans. (lu.se)
  • A new study found that the survival of neurons is intrinsically programmed at neural birth to decrease apoptosis, or cell death. (prohealth.com)
  • When this genetic regulation is halted, neuron survival is disrupted and leads to neural death. (prohealth.com)
  • It was previously thought that neuron survival is dictated by external forces, such as injury, infection, or neurodegenerative diseases. (prohealth.com)
  • A research team led by Sika Zheng, a biomedical scientist at the University of California, Riverside, has challenged this notion and reports the continuous survival of neurons is also intrinsically programmed during development. (prohealth.com)
  • We have long considered the reorganization of the brain's network of connections as solely the domain of neurons," said Ania Majewska, Ph.D. , an associate professor in the Department of Neuroscience at the University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) and senior author of the study. (analytica-world.com)
  • However, scientists are now beginning to appreciate that, in addition to serving as the brain's first line of defense, these cells also have a nurturing side, particularly as it relates to the connections between neurons. (analytica-world.com)
  • Histamine has also been shown to play a role in the regulation of sleep and feeding. (jneurosci.org)
  • The sensory neurons that release DAF-7 are found in both sexes of C. elegans but the specific way that the male worms express this signal encourages them to search for mates. (elifesciences.org)
  • Each chemosensory neuron type in C . elegans expresses multiple chemoreceptors that are likely tuned to different odorants, a subset of which can be behaviorally discriminated [ 27 , 28 ]. (plos.org)
  • To investigate the interrelationship between these two systems further, we have studied the orexinergic inputs to the TM nucleus using intracellular recordings and single-cell PCRs from TM neurons as well as immunocytochemical methods. (jneurosci.org)
  • Maybe viewers identify with the character because they are fed up with these extensive airport searches that are not convincingly effective," Iacoboni suggests. (newscientist.com)
  • To reveal the neurobiological mechanism that P2X 3 receptor of colonic primary sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia of the lumbosacral segment is involved in the alleviation of visceral hypersensitivity by EA in an IBS rat model. (hindawi.com)
  • The researchers also pinpointed one of the key molecular mechanisms in this process and observed that when a single receptor - called P2Y12 - was turned off the microglia ceased removing the connections between neurons. (analytica-world.com)
  • It has been hypothesized that decision making in animals is controlled primarily at the level of command interneurons or decision centers in the central nervous system, which receive input from an array of sensory neurons and integrate the information conveyed to inform behavioral decisions ( Kristan, 2008 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • After eight days of protein deprivation, their dopamine-wedge neurons fired four times faster than those in fruit flies fed a normal protein diet. (news-medical.net)
  • Using genetically engineered male fruit flies with silenced dopamine wedge neurons, the researchers deprived the flies of high-protein yeast and then measured how much sugar and yeast they ate. (news-medical.net)
  • Basically, a neural network is a directed graph of nodes called neurons . (infoworld.com)
  • The most well-known and simplest-to-understand neural network is the feed-forward multilayer neural network. (oreilly.com)
  • A one hidden layer feed-forward neural network architecture. (lu.se)
  • After key work condition variables affecting EMG in lifting tasks were found using this method, a novel structure of feed forward neural network was utilized to estimate the instantaneous EMG by evaluating the full lifting motion at one time rather than estimating one sampling point at a time. (cdc.gov)
  • MEAN FIELD THEORY NEURAL NETWORKS FOR FEATURE RECOGNITION, CONTENT ADDRESSABE MEMORY AND OPTIMIZATION Carsten Peterson Various applications of the mean field theory (MFT) technique for obtaining solutions close to optimal minima in feed-back networks are reviewed. (lu.se)
  • The study, published in the journal Neuron , identifies a mechanism the researchers say is triggered at neuron birth to intrinsically decrease a general form of cell death - or "apoptosis" - specifically in neurons. (prohealth.com)
  • The researchers, whose report appears Oct. 14 in Cell , found in a preclinical model that pain-sensing neurons in the gut secrete a molecule called substance P, which appears to protect against gut inflammation and related tissue damage by boosting the population of beneficial microbes in the gut. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Experiments also suggested that the signaling between neurons and microbes was two-way -- some bacterial species could activate TRPV1-expressing nerves to get them to produce more substance P. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The neurons that feed into the direct pathway can be stained with substance P (SP). (scienceblogs.com)
  • This substance causes the next neurone to be electrically stimulated and keeps the signal going along a nerve. (medscape.com)
  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ), also known as motor neurone disease ( MND ) or Lou Gehrig's disease , is a rare and terminal neurodegenerative disease that results in the progressive loss of motor neurons that control voluntary muscles . (wikipedia.org)
  • ALS is a motor neuron disease , which is a group of neurological disorders that selectively affect motor neurons , the cells that control voluntary muscles of the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • Finally, they showed that feeding flies a low-calorie diet reduced expression of the fat body enzymes that control BH4 production and led to increased feeding. (genengnews.com)
  • Normally, the KIF3B protein links together with another kinesin superfamily protein and transports cargo throughout a neuron by traveling up and down the cell's skeleton. (fabresearch.org)
  • When the investigators deprived flies of protein in their diets, those neurons released a chemical signal (dopamine) that appeared to direct the flies craving for their main protein source -- yeast -- overriding their natural tendency to seek out sugar, they report. (news-medical.net)
  • In nature, after protein deprivation, flies tend to seek out high-protein yeast as a food source instead of the fruit sugar they normally prefer for their quick energy boost, so the researchers wondered if the dopamine wedge neurons also suppressed sugar cravings. (news-medical.net)
  • When the scientists genetically engineered the dopamine wedge neurons to fire on command, sugar consumption fell to normal levels, whereas protein consumption increased. (news-medical.net)
  • Wu's team also searched for structural changes in the dopamine wedge neurons after protein deprivation. (news-medical.net)
  • Tumor cells more or less stain uniformly positive for S-100 protein, neuron-specific enolase, CD68, PGP9.5, and inhibin alpha. (medscape.com)
  • The research team identified a miRNA called miR-iab-4, which increased feeding by more than 27% and targeted a Drosophila gene called purple, which was expressed in fat bodies. (genengnews.com)
  • Motor Neurone Disease (MND) attacks the nerves, leaving those affected unable to walk, talk, eat and ultimately to breathe. (london-irish.com)
  • Motor neuron disease" and "Motor neurone disease" redirect here. (wikipedia.org)
  • For a group of muscle-wasting disorders, see Motor neuron diseases . (wikipedia.org)
  • [3] ALS is the most common form of the motor neuron diseases . (wikipedia.org)
  • London Irish can confirm that the Motor Neurone Disease Charity has been selected as the official charity partner for game two of Cunningham Duncombe Series. (london-irish.com)
  • Today in the UK, five people every day will sit in a hospital clinic and learn the devastating news that they have motor neurone disease. (london-irish.com)
  • Signs and symptoms reflect frontal and temporal lobe dysfunction with lower motor neuron-type weakness, muscle atrophy, and fasciculations. (medscape.com)
  • Moving forward the next challenge is to understand how information about both external environment and internal states, such as hunger, are communicated to and integrated by these sensory neurons. (elifesciences.org)
  • This context-dependent reversal of odorant preference is driven by cell-autonomous inversion of the response to these alcohols in the single AWC olfactory neuron pair. (plos.org)