PancreaticSecretionSubset of neuronsGlycogenMetabolismHomeostasisUptakeLangerhansTranscriptional activatorNormal glucoseIntracellularPancreasReceptorsMin6NeuronalHypothalamusGenesRatsHormonesRegulationOxidativeExtracellularHepatocytesMaturityMolecularAnalysesSynthesisDiabetesMetabolicCellularHormoneConcentrationCellsCell typesTherapeuticProteinEnergyRoleBloodChemicalFoundHighly
Pancreatic14
- Using Min6 cells and pancreatic islets, we demonstrate that induction of glutathionylation not only deactivates UCP2-mediated proton leak but also enhances GSIS. (omicsdi.org)
- Defects in this gene are a cause of pancreatic agenesis, which can lead to early-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), as well as maturity onset diabetes of the young type 4 (MODY4). (lifchem.com)
- Description: Pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 protein (PDX-1), also designated Insulin promoter factor (IPF1), Insulin upstream factor 1 (IUF1), somatostatin transactivating factor-1 (STF-1) and glucose-sensitive factor (GSF), is a 282 amino acid homeodomain-containing transcription factor present in pancreatic cells. (lifchem.com)
- The GLUT2 facilitated glucose transporter isoform is a membrane protein present in the pancreatic .beta. (justia.com)
- In pancreatic islets, GLUT2 allows a rapid equilibration of glucose between the extracellular space and the interior of the cells and it may play a crucial role in the glucose signaling mechanism leading to insulin secretion (43). (justia.com)
- pancreatic cells to glucose remains debated. (justia.com)
- Therefore, while GLUT2 levels are unchanged or even upregulated in several tissues such as the liver and the intestine during the hyperglycemic conditions observed in diabetes, the same gene undergoes a drastic dysregulation only in the pancreatic islets. (justia.com)
- This factor is abundantly expressed in the pancreatic islets and in the brain and has been named IB-1 for Islet-Brain 1. (justia.com)
- The IB1 gene is highly expressed in the pancreatic islets and in the brain and to a much lesser extent in the heart and the kidney. (justia.com)
- This also includes the control of different kinds of hormone secretion from pancreatic islets. (bvsalud.org)
- Since pancreatic islets are physically connected to the brain by nerves, parasympathetic and sympathetic neurotransmitters can directly potentiate or repress insulin secretion and beta-cell proliferation. (bvsalud.org)
- Pancreatic islets comprise different cell types. (bvsalud.org)
- the endocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of clusters of cells called the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans). (50webs.org)
- Diabetes mellitus is the collective name of metabolic abnormalities primarily caused by a defect in the secretion of insulin hormone by the pancreatic islets. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Secretion13
- Glutathionylation state of uncoupling protein-2 and the control of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. (omicsdi.org)
- In regard to preventing insulin release, ROS activates uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), a mitochondrial inner membrane protein that negatively regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. (omicsdi.org)
- Mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 is not involved in palmitate-induced impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in INS-1E insulinoma cells and is not needed for the amplification of insulin release. (omicsdi.org)
- We have recently shown that overnight exposure of INS-1E insulinoma cells to palmitate in the presence of high glucose causes defects in both mitochondrial energy metabolism and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). (omicsdi.org)
- Furthermore, we knocked down UCP2 in spheroid INS-1E cell clusters (pseudoislets) to test whether or not UCP2 regulates insulin secretion during prolonged glucose exposure. (omicsdi.org)
- so did the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), which also decreased insulin secretion induced by glucose plus caffeine. (omicsdi.org)
- Inhibitory ryanodine or NAC did not affect insulin secretion induced by glucose plus carbachol, which engages inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors. (omicsdi.org)
- Incubation of islets with H2O2 in basal glucose increased insulin secretion 2-fold. (omicsdi.org)
- The brain modulates various aspects of metabolism, such as food intake, energy expenditure, insulin secretion, hepatic glucose production and glucose/fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. (nature.com)
- METHODS AND RESULTS: Immunofluorescence colocalization and islet perfusion were performed and the results demonstrated that ACh/NE and their receptors were highly expressed in islet and rapidly regulated different hormones secretion. (bvsalud.org)
- CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal innervation was closely associated with the degree of islet dysfunction in diabetic mice and the aberrant rhythm in insulin secretion could be ameliorated significantly after intervention with key receptors and kinases in the early stage of diabetes mellitus, which may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for diabetes mellitus in the future. (bvsalud.org)
- Unlike adult ß cells, fetal and neonatal islets are more proliferative and have decreased insulin secretion in response to stimuli. (bvsalud.org)
- Which of the following acts as a rate-limiting step that controls glucose-regulated insulin secretion? (primrosekitten.org)
Subset of neurons2
- 4 In the ARC, there are two distinct neuronal populations: one group of neurons produces the orexigenic neuropeptides neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP), whereas the other subset of neurons expresses the anorexigenic neuropeptides proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript. (nature.com)
- insulin-secreting cells, the basolateral membrane of intestinal and kidney absorptive cells, in hepatocytes and in a subset of neurons (21,31,44). (justia.com)
Glycogen3
- Glucose for metabolism is stored as a polymer, in plants mainly as starch and amylopectin, and in animals as glycogen. (wikipedia.org)
- In animals, glucose is released from the breakdown of glycogen in a process known as glycogenolysis. (wikipedia.org)
- In 1947, Bernardo Houssay (for his discovery of the role of the pituitary gland in the metabolism of glucose and the derived carbohydrates) as well as Carl and Gerty Cori (for their discovery of the conversion of glycogen from glucose) received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. (wikipedia.org)
Metabolism5
- Glucose metabolism also decreased the total amount of cellular glutathionylated proteins and increased the cellular glutathione redox ratio (GSH/GSSG). (omicsdi.org)
- In energy metabolism, glucose is the most important source of energy in all organisms. (wikipedia.org)
- For the discovery of the metabolism of glucose Otto Meyerhof received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1922. (wikipedia.org)
- Accumulated evidence from genetic animal models suggests that the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, has a key role in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
- Here we comprehensively review the above topics, discussing the main findings related to the role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
Homeostasis4
- Highly coordinated interactions between the brain and peripheral metabolic organs are critical for the maintenance of energy and glucose homeostasis. (nature.com)
- Conditional Met KO mice were generated using Cre‑loxP methodology and characterization of these mice indicated that the HGF‑Met signaling pathway is essential in regeneration, protection, and homeostasis in various tissue types and cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
- ERS pathways are triggered by the unbalance of ER environment, including hypoxia, disturbance of Ca 2+ homeostasis and glucose starvation. (springer.com)
- Islet function is critical for normal glucose homeostasis. (bvsalud.org)
Uptake1
- Which of the following glucose transporters is crucial for glucose uptake by skeletal muscle and fat? (primrosekitten.org)
Langerhans1
- In the Langerhans islets and in .beta. (justia.com)
Transcriptional activator2
- The protein encoded by this gene is a transcriptional activator of several genes, including insulin, somatostatin, glucokinase, islet amyloid polypeptide, and glucose transporter type 2. (lifchem.com)
- Transcriptional activator Islet-Brain 1 (IB1) is disclosed which is involved in the control of the GLUT2 and insulin genes by interacting with homologous cis-regulatory elements of the GLUT2 and insulin promoters, and to materials and methods deriving from this work. (justia.com)
Normal glucose1
- On the other hand, insulinoma cells that had lost their normal glucose responsiveness have low GLUT2 content, but some glucose sensitivity may be recovered after reintroducing GLUT2 expression through stable transfection of these cells (10,16). (justia.com)
Intracellular1
- cells, the level of expression of GLUT2 is low and the intracellular glucokinase activity seems to be the rate-limiting step in the glycolytic pathway (5,11). (justia.com)
Pancreas2
- The encoded nuclear protein is involved in the early development of the pancreas and plays a major role in glucose-dependent regulation of insulin gene expression. (lifchem.com)
- Poorly controlled diabetes can lead to the damage of multiple organs, including the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and cardiovascular system [1] Among the two most common types of diabetes, Type 1 occurs when the insulin producing cells in the pancreas are destroyed by the immune system and there is usually no cure, while in Type 2 diabetes there is insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency [2]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Receptors1
- Cell Islets from Male Rats Requires Ca2+ Release via ROS-Stimulated Ryanodine Receptors. (omicsdi.org)
Min61
- Then, the kinases were predicted by motif analysis and further screened and verified by kinase-specific siRNAs in different islet cell lines (αTC1-6, Min6 and TGP52). (bvsalud.org)
Neuronal1
- Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed critical pathways regulating functional maturation of islets, including nutrient sensing, neuronal function, immune function, cell replication, and extracellular matrix. (bvsalud.org)
Hypothalamus2
- 6 POMC neurons project axonal processes to second-order neurons in hypothalamic areas such as the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and lateral hypothalamus (LH), and to autonomic preganglionic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (nature.com)
- Some specialized neurons, particularly in the hypothalamus, secrete chemical messengers into the blood rather than into a narrow synaptic cleft. (50webs.org)
Genes2
- Transcriptomes and genome-wide histone landscapes of H3K4me3, H3K27me3, and H3K27Ac from intact islets isolated from 2- and 10-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were integrated to elucidate genes and pathways modulating islet development, as well as the contribution of epigenetic regulation. (bvsalud.org)
- Furthermore, we identified significant changes in enrichment of H3K4me3, H3K27me3, and H3K27Ac marks, which correlated with expression changes of genes critical for islet function. (bvsalud.org)
Rats1
- cell islets isolated from male rats. (omicsdi.org)
Hormones1
- These neurons are the first-order neurons on which peripheral metabolic hormones, including leptin, insulin, ghrelin and nutrients, primarily act. (nature.com)
Regulation2
- These neurons project to other hypothalamic nuclei and to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the brain stem to control multiple aspects of the homeostatic regulation of energy balance. (nature.com)
- Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the regulation of blood glucose levels? (primrosekitten.org)
Oxidative1
- Measuring real-time oxygen consumption in siRNA-transfected INS-1E cells, we show that deleterious effects of palmitate on the glucose sensitivity of mitochondrial respiration and on the coupling efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation are independent of UCP2. (omicsdi.org)
Extracellular1
- Intriguingly, the provision of extracellular ROS (H(2)O(2), 10 ?M) amplified GSIS and also activated UCP2. (omicsdi.org)
Hepatocytes2
- HGF was cloned as a growth factor for hepatocytes ( 1 , 2 ), is identical to scatter factor (SF) and was originally discovered as a fibroblast-derived cell motility factor for epithelial cells ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- A fragment of the murine GLUT2 promoter has been cloned and shown to be glucose-responsive when transfected into differentiated insulin-producing cells or into hepatocytes (35,36,52). (justia.com)
Maturity1
- However, the underlying mechanisms governing functional maturity of islets have not been completely elucidated. (bvsalud.org)
Molecular3
- Glucose is a sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6. (wikipedia.org)
- However, the molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated, and whether innervation in islets is abnormal in diabetes mellitus also remains unclear. (bvsalud.org)
- Thus, the study of intact islets is optimal to identify novel molecular mechanisms controlling islet functional development. (bvsalud.org)
Analyses1
- Phosphorylation is considered an important posttranslational modification in islet innervation and it was identified by quantitative proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses in this study. (bvsalud.org)
Synthesis1
- The synthesis of glucose established the structure of organic material and consequently formed the first definitive validation of Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff's theories of chemical kinetics and the arrangements of chemical bonds in carbon-bearing molecules. (wikipedia.org)
Diabetes11
- Defective crosstalk between the brain and peripheral organs contributes to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. (nature.com)
- We consider how, over the last 20 years, advances in genetic engineering and cell culture techniques have improved the efficiency and efficacy of the transdifferentiation process and brought us closer to a clinically relevant therapy for type 1 diabetes (T1D). (silverchair.com)
- Overweight or obese individuals (body mass index 25-30) have an increased risk of developing diabetes, coronary heart disease, and hypertension [ 2 , 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Furthermore, transgenic mice that express GLUT2 antisense RNAs driven by the insulin promoter led to an 80% reduction in GLUT2 which was paralleled by a decreased glucose-induced insulin secretory response and by the onset of diabetes (48). (justia.com)
- The high prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Mauritius during the last decade has been an alarming situation that needs scrutiny for a healthier future Mauritian population. (heraldopenaccess.us)
- Diet, on the other hand, is considered a universal factor linked to type 2 diabetes [3]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
- The multi-ethnic island Mauritius which is around 1.2 million according to World Bank, 2017, has an estimated 257,442 people between the ages of 25 and 79 years living with type 2 diabetes. (heraldopenaccess.us)
- Type 2 diabetes is the second leading cause of death on the island, with a death percentage of 24.1% in 2016. (heraldopenaccess.us)
- Furthermore, it is estimated that 30-40% of people with type 2 diabetes will develop chronic renal disease. (heraldopenaccess.us)
- There is also a high occurrence of pre-type 2 diabetes in the country, a condition associated with an increased risk of subsequent diabetes. (heraldopenaccess.us)
- These figures are alarming and constitute a significant threat in terms of the future social and economic burden of type 2 diabetes complications for Mauritius. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Metabolic1
- Despite recent progress in our understanding of the physiological mechanisms regulating body weight and energy expenditure, obesity remains a major worldwide health crisis with an array of vascular, metabolic, and psychosocial consequences [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Cellular1
- Transdifferentiation is a type of cellular reprogramming involving the conversion of one differentiated cell type to another. (silverchair.com)
Hormone1
- The anorexigenic neuropeptide α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is produced by posttranscriptional processing of POMC and is released from the presynaptic terminals of POMC neurons. (nature.com)
Concentration1
- Which is NOT a response to an abnormally high concentration of blood glucose (hyperglycemia)? (primrosekitten.org)
Cells1
- In these cells, GLUT2 catalyzes the transepithelial transport of glucose. (justia.com)
Cell types4
- In other cell types, Ca2+ and ROS jointly induce Ca2+ release mediated by ryanodine receptor (RyR) channels. (omicsdi.org)
- A better understanding of the levers governing transcription factor activity benefits our ability to generate therapeutic cell types at will. (silverchair.com)
- The microenvironment of islets and interactions between these cell types are critical for ß-cell development and maturation. (bvsalud.org)
- Thousands of copies of the circular mtDNA are present in most cell types that are packaged by TFAM into higher-order structures called nucleoids1. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Therapeutic1
- Furthermore, the results of studies using HGF‑overexpressing mice have indicated the therapeutic potential of HGF for various types of disease and injury. (spandidos-publications.com)
Protein2
- Here we report experiments designed to test the involvement of mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) in these glucolipotoxic effects. (omicsdi.org)
- Neuropeptide Y/agouti-related protein- and proopiomelanocortin-producing neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus primarily sense the body energy state. (nature.com)
Energy1
- Glucose is mainly made by plants and most algae during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight, where it is used to make cellulose in cell walls, the most abundant carbohydrate in the world. (wikipedia.org)
Role1
- The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in glucose-stimulated insulin release remains controversial because ROS have been shown to both amplify and impede insulin release. (omicsdi.org)
Blood2
- Glucose circulates in the blood of animals as blood sugar. (wikipedia.org)
- The disease is chiefly manifested in the form of elevated levels of blood glucose. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Chemical2
- Glucose is the term coined by Jean Baptiste Dumas in 1838, which has prevailed in the chemical literature. (wikipedia.org)
- Since glucose is a basic necessity of many organisms, a correct understanding of its chemical makeup and structure contributed greatly to a general advancement in organic chemistry. (wikipedia.org)
Found2
- Glucose is naturally occurring and is found in its free state in fruits and other parts of plants. (wikipedia.org)
- The phosphorylated islet proteins were found involved in many biological and pathological processes, such as synaptic signalling transduction, calcium channel opening and insulin signalling pathway. (bvsalud.org)
Highly1
- Glucose forms white or colorless solids that are highly soluble in water and acetic acid but poorly soluble in methanol and ethanol. (wikipedia.org)