The anterograde tracer biocytin was ejected iontophoretically in layers II, III, and V. Some 30-50 neurons within a radius of approximately 250 microm were thus stained. (nih.gov)
Depending on the tracer used, this can be limited to a single neuron or can progress trans-synoptically to adjacent neurons. (wikipedia.org)
Viruses in tracer studies are all neurotropic (capable of infecting neurons). (wikipedia.org)
Thus, we injected different anterograde tracers into the Vme and medial vestibular nucleus (MVN)-the subnuclear area particularly harboring excitatory vestibulo-ocular neurons, and immunostained III/IV motoneurons. (listlabs.com)
Under confocal microscope, we observed the Vme and MVN neuronal endings simultaneously terminated onto the same III/IV motoneurons and the same INC pre-oculomotor neurons. (listlabs.com)
The dopaminergic tract is predominantly affected in Parkinson disease, and histologically, it is characterized by nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration leading to neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), most conspicuous in the ventrolateral tier of neurons 11 . (radiopaedia.org)
In two of the macaque monkeys, injections in M1 reveal more widespread intrinsic connections than in normal M1, and in several monkeys and galagos, injections of tracers in muscles of the stump, shoulder, or hip labeled spinal cord motor neurons that normally project to the distal limb. (iospress.com)
Plasticity1
Intracerebral grafting presently remains an experimental model used to address fundamental questions concerning brain development, neuronal plasticity, regeneration and formation of topographic connections. (org.es)
Glial3
Moreover, the inclusions and cell types involved can range from neuronal cells to glial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Astrocytes, a type of glial cell essential to regulating neuronal activity, have recently been shown to modulate the sleep-wake cycle. (duke.edu)
Advances in defining clinical criteria and immunologic biomarkers of autoimmune diseases such as MS or autoimmune encephalitides coupled with conventional MRI studies and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) have revealed overlapping diseases characterized by autoantibodies against neuronal or glial surface proteins (NMDA receptor, aquaporin 4, or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein) 1 , 2 and may disclose in the future unclassified autoimmune disorders with yet unknown mechanisms. (neurology.org)
Differentiation3
Here, we screened a combination of four small molecules, LDN193189, SB431542, CHIR99021 and P7C3-A20, that can increase neuronal differentiation of mouse and rat spinal cord NSCs. (atpasesignal.com)
Revisiting adult neurogenesis and the role of erythropoietin for neuronal and oligodendroglial differentiation in the hippocampus. (ukw.de)
This involves selective suppression of both neurogenin1 ( ngn1 ) and coe2 mRNA expression in a process that is independent of Notch signalling, and where inhibition of either ngn1 or coe2 expression is sufficient to prevent neuronal differentiation across the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. (silverchair.com)
Neural Pathways1
Viral neuronal tracing is the use of a virus to trace neural pathways, providing a self-replicating tracer. (wikipedia.org)
Regeneration2
The neuronal regeneration in the lesion sites resulted in some recovery of locomotion. (atpasesignal.com)
Here we deployed a two-pronged strategy in a rodent model of spinal injury to promote regeneration by the corticospinal tract, a critical mediator of fine motor control. (biorxiv.org)
Retrograde1
Retrograde tracer was injected into the III in the same animals after dual anterograde tracers' injections. (listlabs.com)
Axonal2
Axonal tracers such as biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) and Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (Pha-L) yield highly specific visualization of neural connections in histological sections. (list.lu)
The establishment of neural circuits depends on the ability of axonal growth cones to sense their surrounding environment en route to their target. (biologists.com)
Spinal cord1
Injury to the spinal cord often disrupts long-distance axon tracts that link the brain and spinal cord, causing permanent disability. (biorxiv.org)
Distal1
The upper gastrointestinal (GI) tracts were sepa- rate but became united at the distal ileum. (forexmangates.com)
Circuits3
Jacobs, Russell E. Year: 2007 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.04.053 PMCID: PMC2096707 MEMRI offers the exciting possibility of tracing neuronal circuits in living animals by MRI. (caltech.edu)
In opposition to this, a few investigations have demonstrated that such grafts can restore, at least partially, complex motor behaviors (skilled forelimb reaching for food) that require a precise interaction between neuronal circuits, much more than expected of paracrine effects (Cicirata et al. (org.es)
In cases of incomplete injury, severed axons often sprout spontaneously to form new connections with spared tracts, creating detour circuits that re-route information around the injury ( 1 - 6 ). (biorxiv.org)
Morphology2
Neuronal tracing methods offer an unprecedented view into the morphology and connectivity of neural networks. (wikipedia.org)
Microtubule-associated protein tau encoded by the MAPT gene binds to microtubules and is important for maintaining neuronal morphology and function. (biomedcentral.com)
Focal2
In addition, there are several non-AD tauopathies with focal cortical neuronal loss and gliosis that fit into the spectrum of sporadic frontotemporal lobar degeneration with tau pathology (FTLD-tau), including progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), and Pick's disease (PiD). (biomedcentral.com)
C' ) Example of neuronal activity (ΔF/F 0 ) within one focal plane in response to a dark, leftwards moving prey-like spot (mean activity over eight presentations) overlaid onto anatomical image (grey). (elifesciences.org)
Molecular1
Viruses have the advantage of self-replication over molecular tracers but can also spread too quickly and cause degradation of neural tissue. (wikipedia.org)
Brain5
Cnp −/− mice exhibit early low-grade inflammation of white matter tracts and blood-brain barrier disruption. (nature.com)
Important neuronal paths in the depth of the brain can be displayed two- and three-dimensionally with Diffusion Tensor Imaging. (kockro.com)
Positron emission tomography ( PET ) with amino acid tracers (FET-PET) measures the metabolic activity of tumor tissue compared to the surrounding brain tissue. (kockro.com)
A Diffusion MRI Tractography Connectome of the Mouse Brain and Comparison with Neuronal Tracer Data. (duke.edu)
Octreotide is a synthetic analogue of somatostatin, which is a cyclic neuropeptide that is normally found in neuronal and endocrine cells (brain, peripheral nerves, pancreatic endocrine cells). (medscape.com)
Viruses4
An important innovation in this field is the use of neurotropic viruses as tracers. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] The life cycle of viruses, such as those used in neuronal tracing, is different from cellular organisms. (wikipedia.org)
This trait is what makes viruses so useful in tracer studies. (wikipedia.org)
Viruses are introduced into neuronal tissue in many different ways. (wikipedia.org)
Gastrointestinal1
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is innervated both intrinsically by the enteric nervous system (ENS), and extrinsically by visceral sensory afferent and visceral motor efferent (sympathetic and parasympathetic) fibers. (jneurosci.org)
Positron1
In the second section we discuss the neuroimaging methodologies that are available for measuring tau pathology (directly using tau positron emission tomography ligands) and tau-mediated neuronal injury (magnetic resonance imaging and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography). (biomedcentral.com)
Peripheral1
The viral tracer may be introduced in peripheral organs, such as a muscle or gland. (wikipedia.org)
Proteins1
Further advances in neuronal tracing allow for the targeted expression of fluorescent proteins to specific cell types. (wikipedia.org)
Mechanisms1
Once the tracer is introduced into the cell, the aforementioned transport mechanisms take over. (wikipedia.org)
Adjacent1
Thermal anomalies in adjacent dermatomes are considered to be suggestive of sympathetic neuronal function. (wholisticthermography.com)
Connections1
Subsequent research allowed for the incorporation of immunohistochemical techniques to systematically label neuronal connections. (wikipedia.org)
White matter2
Highly significant differences in the tensor trace and both the axial and radial diffusivity were observed within the major white matter tracts and in the thalamus, midbrain, brainstem and cerebellar white matter, consistent with a high density of myelinated axons within these regions. (caltech.edu)
Higher binding of the tracer in normal-appearing white matter also associated with higher clinical disability and reduced white matter structural integrity. (neurology.org)
Essential2
Finally, using a kinesin light chain 1 knockout mouse, we find that conventional kinesin is a participant but not essential to neuronal transport of Mn^(2+) in the optic tract. (caltech.edu)
The corticospinal tract (CST) is essential for fine motor control but has proven refractory to many attempted pro-regenerative treatments. (biorxiv.org)
Major1
There are two major methods to introduce tracers into the target tissues. (wikipedia.org)
Study1
In this study we completed an in-depth review of literature relating to cutaneous thermography, analyzed the basic theory of commonly used instrumentation and postulated new concepts relating to paraspinal thermoceptive neuronal sympathetic function. (wholisticthermography.com)
Function1
This is the 'pattern of interference' theory which proposes that interference with neuronal function at the spinal level creates side-to-side paraspinal thermal anomalies that may persist until the eliciting VSC is corrected. (wholisticthermography.com)
Cell2
Pressure injection requires the tracer, in liquid form, to be injected directly into the cell. (wikipedia.org)
The tracer molecules pick up a charge and are driven into the cell via the electric field. (wikipedia.org)