Neuronal receptors cholinergic. Medical search. Frequent questions

The protein encoded by this gene is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit and a member of a superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels that mediate fast signal transmission at synapses. (nih.gov)
The CHRNB2 gene provides instructions for making one part (subunit) of a larger protein called a neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). (medlineplus.gov)
The subunit encoded by this gene is subject to RNA editing at multiple sites within the first and second transmembrane domains, which is thought to alter the structure and function of the receptor complex. (nih.gov)
Clustered mutations in the GRIK2 kainate receptor subunit gene underlie diverse neurodevelopmental disorders. (nih.gov)
Repetitive CP exposure increased striatal PKA-dependent phosphorylation of the D1 dopamine receptor downstream effector Ser845 of the GluR1 subunit of the AMPA receptor. (cdc.gov)

Trihexyphenidyl is a selective M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. (aksci.com)
Benztropine is a selective M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. (aksci.com)
14. Regulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expression and function. (elsevier.com)
20. Participation of small GTP-binding proteins in m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signalling to phospholipase D and C. (elsevier.com)

Summary: Using patch-clamp recordings from mouse brain slices the authors demonstrate that adenosine not only directly inhibits cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain, it also reduces excitatory inputs to these neurons as well. (atsbio.com)
Summary: Highly selective and efficient depletions of the NGF receptor-positive cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain, associated with profound behavioral changes, have been reported after treatment with 192 IgG-saporin, a recently introduced immunotoxin. (atsbio.com)

The butyrophenone domperidone also binds to central dopamine receptors 12 , but it is a very weak antagonist of dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase 13 (Table 1), suggesting that it may bind only to D-2 receptors. (nature.com)
Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic commonly used in pediatrics, and MK-801/Dizocilpine, a potent N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist commonly used for research purposes, are structural analogues of PCP that possess varying degrees of adverse clinical effects. (medscape.com)
Application of the A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclo-pentyl-theophylline (200 nM) blocked the effects of adenosine. (nih.gov)
Ketamine, an antagonist at the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, produces rapid antidepressant effects with low, subanesthetic doses of 0.5 mg/kg administered IV over 40 minutes. (uspharmacist.com)
METHODS: CCl4 (20%) and active N-terminal peptide of AnxA1 (Ac2-26) and N-formylpeptide receptor antagonist N-Boc-Phe-Leu-Phe-Leu-Phe (Boc2) were injected intraperitoneally to induce liver fibrosis in eight wild-type mice/Anxa1 knockout mice, and to detect expression of inflammatory factors, collagen deposition, and the role of the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway in hepatic fibrosis. (bvsalud.org)
The centrally active cholinergic receptor antagonist atropine also caused significant impairment in radial arm maze behavior, while equivalent doses of methylatropine were without effect. (tmc.edu)
The relative effects of cholinotoxin and receptor antagonist treatment on short-term (working) memory and long-term (reference) memory in radial arm maze behavior were examined. (tmc.edu)
The increase of neuronal firing was antagonized by pirenzepine (M 1 /M 4 mAChRs antagonist) but not by AF-DX 116 (M 2 /M 4 mAChRs antagonist). (biomedcentral.com)
The improvement of therapeutic approaches using specific mAChR modulators is further impeded by a lack of established and validated protocol to screen efficacy of different mAChR agonist/antagonist at native receptors in neocortical slices. (biomedcentral.com)

Many drugs and other substances (for example pilocarpine and scopolamine) manipulate these two distinct receptors by acting as selective agonists or antagonists. (wikipedia.org)
Binding and functional profiles of the selective M1 muscarinic receptor antagonists trihexyphenidyl and dicyclomine. (aksci.com)
and c) peripheral administration of peptide CRF receptor antagonists blocked the colonic responses to exogenous CRF and was able to attenuate the colonic responses to stress. (uclahealth.org)
As stress plays a major role in the onset, maintenance and/or exacerbation of IBS symptoms, long-acting CRF receptor antagonists developed by J. Rivier are presently being evaluated by Dr. Muriel Larauche for their ability to prevent visceral pain and diarrhea in experimental models of IBS. (uclahealth.org)
The cholinergic receptor antagonists, atropine and methylatropine were used to reversibly inhibit cholinergic transmission. (tmc.edu)
We investigated the effects of the cholinergic agonist carbachol (CCh) and various agonists and antagonists on neuronal activity in rat neocortical slices using intracellular (sharp microelectrode) and field potential recordings. (biomedcentral.com)

Glutamate receptors are the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian brain and are activated in a variety of normal neurophysiologic processes. (nih.gov)
Cholinergic modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission in the CA3 area of the hippocampus. (harvard.edu)
SCN1A-deficient excitatory neuronal networks display mutation-specific phenotypes. (medscape.com)
The interaction of a variety of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal systems influence the activity of the PMC, which by default attempts to trigger the voiding reflex. (medscape.com)
Depending on the receptor, the response may be excitatory or inhibitory. (msdmanuals.com)

FGFR1) on projecting basal forebrain cholinergic neurons suggests that FGF-2 acts directly on these neurons to induce the lesion-induced sprouting response. (jneurosci.org)
The role of NGF in the damaged peripheral nervous system (PNS) may differ from its actions on basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. (jneurosci.org)
In the basal forebrain, adenosine accumulates during wakefulness and, when locally applied, suppresses neuronal activity and promotes sleep. (nih.gov)
These results demonstrate that, in the magnocellular preoptic nucleus and substantia innominata region of the basal forebrain, adenosine inhibits both cholinergic neurons and a subset of noncholinergic neurons. (nih.gov)
Adenosine inhibits glutamatergic input to basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. (atsbio.com)
Hawryluk JM, Ferrari LL, Keating SA, Arrigoni E (2012) Adenosine inhibits glutamatergic input to basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. (atsbio.com)
Dose-related effects of 192 IgG-saporin on basal forebrain cholinergic neurons: Biochemical, immunocytochemical and behavioral studies on neonatal and adult rats. (atsbio.com)
Similar dose-related patterns of ChAT activity reduction and neuronal loss throughout the basal forebrain were seen in rats neonatałly injected with the immunotoxin. (atsbio.com)
25. Immunolesion by 192IgG-saporin of rat basal forebrain cholinergic system: a useful tool to produce cortical cholinergic dysfunction. (elsevier.com)
In comparisons of ill and well GW veterans, magnetic resonance spectroscopy found metabolite abnormalities in basal ganglia associated with increased central dopamine turnover, and cholinergic challenge with physostigmine caused abnormal cholinergic response in caudate, putamen and globus pallidus. (cdc.gov)

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, or mAChRs, are acetylcholine receptors that form G protein-coupled receptor complexes in the cell membranes of certain neurons and other cells. (wikipedia.org)
When released in the synaptic cleft, ACh binds to two distinct types of receptors: Ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and metabotropic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). (genome.jp)
Specifically, inhibition of presynaptic mAChRs (mostly M2), which are part of a negative feedback loop that limits ACh release from cholinergic neurons, can exacerbate the OP-induced cholinergic crisis. (nih.gov)
NT2.N/A cells possess much of the functionality of mature neurons and astrocytes, key cholinergic phenotypic markers and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). (uea.ac.uk)
However, the cellular effects induced by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) activation are poorly understood in the neocortex. (biomedcentral.com)
In this context metabotropic ACh receptors, termed muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs) [ 7 ] play a crucial role. (biomedcentral.com)

The nAChR is the principal structure of cholinergic neuromodulation and is responsible for coordinated neuronal network interaction. (weeksmd.com)

The pathological hallmarks of AD, consistently demonstrated in brain tissue of patients, are extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of tau protein and a profound loss of mainly cholinergic and glutamatergic synapses and ultimatively neurons. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
As in AD patients a loss of mainly cholinergic and glutamatergic synapses is obvious, these validated forms of LTP were used to study drugs potentially being able to enhance cholinergic and/or glutamatergic neuronal functions. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
PACAP/PAC1R signaling modulates acetylcholine release at neuronal nicotinic synapses. (harvard.edu)

Eglen (2006) Muscarinic receptor subtypes in neuronal and non-neuronal cholinergic function. (multispaninc.com)
It is able to discriminate between the M1 (cortical or neuronal) and the peripheral muscarinic subtypes (cardiac and glandular). (aksci.com)
Although rarely taken into account, the non-selective inhibition of all muscarinic receptor (mAChR) subtypes by atropine may be an important determinant of these poor outcomes. (nih.gov)

However, the subsequent hyperpolarization (IPSP) and slow depolarization (Slow EPSP) that represent the recovery of the postganglionic neuron from stimulation are actually mediated by muscarinic receptors, types M2 and M1 respectively (discussed below). (wikipedia.org)

24. Activity-related modulation of cholinergic transmission. (elsevier.com)
Cholinergic activation of M2 receptors leads to context-dependent modulation of feedforward inhibition in the visual thalamus. (harvard.edu)
G-protein-coupled receptor modulation of striatal CaV1.3 L-type Ca2+ channels is dependent on a Shank-binding domain. (harvard.edu)

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors belong to a class of metabotropic receptors that use G proteins as their signaling mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
Furthermore, two drugs exclusively interfering with glutamatergic function were analyzed: the metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor postive allosteric modulator ADX-47273 (chapter 3) and the phosphodiesterase (PDE) 9A inhibitor BAY 73-6691 (chapter 5). (uni-wuerzburg.de)

We therefore hypothesize that this molecule could displace the virus from nAChR attachment and pave the way for unimpaired cholinergic signal transmission. (weeksmd.com)
A. nAChRβ4 labeling (red) appears in neuronal cell bodies. (alomone.com)

CCh increased neuronal firing but reduced synaptic transmission. (biomedcentral.com)

They play several roles, including acting as the main end-receptor stimulated by acetylcholine released from postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] Peripheral autonomic fibers (sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers) are categorized anatomically as either preganglionic or postganglionic fibers, then further generalized as either adrenergic fibers, releasing noradrenaline, or cholinergic fibers, both releasing acetylcholine and expressing acetylcholine receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Both preganglionic sympathetic fibers and preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are cholinergic. (wikipedia.org)
The adrenal medulla is considered a sympathetic ganglion and, like other sympathetic ganglia, is supplied by cholinergic preganglionic sympathetic fibers: acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter utilized at this synapse. (wikipedia.org)
all are cholinergic fibers, and use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter. (wikipedia.org)

Network analysis of disrupted genes with high brain expression identified significant enrichment in pathways of the cholinergic synapse, guanine-exchange factor activation and the mammalian target of rapamycin. (bmj.com)
In the first group adenosine, via activation of postsynaptic A1 receptors, reduced spontaneous firing via inhibition of the hyperpolarization-activated cation current. (nih.gov)
16. Activation, cellular redistribution and enhanced degradation of the G proteins Gq and G11 by endogenously expressed and transfected phospholipase C-coupled muscarinic m1 acetylcholine receptors. (elsevier.com)
Neural control of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase via cholinergic activation of Egr-I. Adv Pharmacol. (harvard.edu)
CONCLUSION: AnxA1 inhibited liver fibrosis in mice, and its mechanism may be related to inhibition of HSC Wnt/ß-catenin pathway activation by targeting formylpeptide receptors to regulate macrophage function. (bvsalud.org)
Activation of the D1 dopamine receptor/cAMP/PKA cascade is regulated by the neuronal protein kinase, Cdk5. (cdc.gov)

Their counterparts are nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), receptor ion channels that are also important in the autonomic nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are also present and distributed throughout the local nervous system, in post-synaptic and pre-synaptic positions. (wikipedia.org)
It is known that muscarinic acetylcholine receptors also appear on the pre-synaptic membrane of somatic neurons in the neuro-muscular junction, where they are involved in the regulation of acetylcholine release. (wikipedia.org)
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) If you don't smoke cigarettes, you don't have enough nicotine in your blood to kick off the spike protein from that receptor. (weeksmd.com)
Several investigators could demonstrate that the SARS-CoV-2 related spike glycoprotein (SGP) attaches not only to ACE-2 receptors but also shows DNA sections highly affine to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). (weeksmd.com)
9. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on hippocampal neurons: cell compartment specific expression and modulatory control of channel activity. (elsevier.com)
10. Structure and function of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. (elsevier.com)

Dopamine also acts directly on AVK via an inhibitory dopamine receptor. (vanderbilt.edu)
CCh also decreased the paired-pulse inhibition of field potentials and the inhibitory conductances mediated by GABA A and GABA B receptors. (biomedcentral.com)

Almey A, Cannel E, Bertram K, Filardo E, Milner TA, Brake WG (2014) Medial prefrontal cortical estradiol rapidly alters memory system bias in female rats: Ultrastructural analysis reveals membrane-associated estrogen receptors as potential mediators. (concordia.ca)
Almey A, Filardo EJ, Milner TA, Brake WG (2012) Estrogen receptors are found in glia and at extranuclear neuronal sites in the dorsal striatum of female rats: evidence for cholinergic but not dopaminergic colocalization. (concordia.ca)
2001. Subchronic dermal application of N,N-diethyl m-toluamide (DEET) and permethrin to adult rats, alone or in combination, causes diffuse neuronal cell death and cytoskeletal abnormalities in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus, and purkinje neuron loss in the cerebellum. (cdc.gov)

4. Biosynthesis and integration of acetylcholinesterase in the cholinergic synapse. (elsevier.com)

They were validated by addressing the hallmarks accepted for these forms of LTP: protein-synthesis independence and NMDA receptor dependence without contribution of L-VDCCs for early LTP, as opposed to protein-synthesis and NMDA / L-VDCCs dependence for late LTP (chapter 3). (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Here, they were demonstrated to impair early and late LTP to different extents by exclusively targeting NMDA receptors and/or their signaling. (uni-wuerzburg.de)

To investigate the molecular mechanisms of cholinergic sprouting in the hippocampus after removal of entorhinal cortical inputs, we evaluated trophic factor gene expression in the denervated hippocampus. (jneurosci.org)

28. The systems-level organization of cholinergic innervation in the human cerebral cortex and its alterations in Alzheimer's disease. (elsevier.com)
This study assessed the time course of changes to detrusor autonomic innervation, smooth muscle (SM) content and cholinergic-mediated contraction post-BPNI. (lu.se)

The DVA interneuron antagonizes signaling from AVK by releasing cholecystokinin-like neuropeptides that potentiate cholinergic neurons, in response to dopaminergic neurons that sense food. (vanderbilt.edu)

Cholinergic Dysfunction: 1. (elsevier.com)
Cholinergic Dysfunction: 2. (elsevier.com)
Section X. Cholinergic Dysfunction: 3. (elsevier.com)
Mice treated with either ECA or EACA showed behavioral deficits associated with cholinergic dysfunction. (tmc.edu)

that's where an axon releases neurotransmitters that bind to receptors present on the cell membrane of the dendrites or the cell body of the next neuron in the series. (osmosis.org)
Neurotransmitters that are released bind to receptors on another neuron. (msdmanuals.com)

There is also some evidence for postsynaptic receptors on sympathetic neurons allowing the parasympathetic nervous system to inhibit sympathetic effects. (wikipedia.org)

30. New trends in cholinergic therapy for Alzheimer disease: nicotinic agonists or cholinesterase inhibitors? (elsevier.com)

Treatment relies heavily on the use of high doses of atropine to block muscarinic receptor overactivation by acetylcholine (ACh) build up due to OP-induced block of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). (nih.gov)

The Deletion of GluK2 Alters Cholinergic Control of Neuronal Excitability. (nih.gov)
However, linopirdine had no effect on the amplitude of EPSP or on the paired-pulse inhibition, indicating that M-current is involved in the increase of neuronal excitability but neither in the depression of EPSP nor paired-pulse inhibition. (biomedcentral.com)

Individually, dicycloverine had the most significant effect regarding inhibition of the astrocytic cholinergic response to oxotremorine, followed by amitriptyline then cyclobenzaprine and cimetidine, in agreement with the ACB scale. (uea.ac.uk)
The depression of EPSP and increase of neuronal firing might enhance the signal-to-noise ratio, whereas the concomitant depression of inhibition would facilitate long-term potentiation. (biomedcentral.com)

The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), also known as the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR), binds nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3 and neurotrophin-4 with varying specificities. (atsbio.com)

15. The role of G-protein coupled receptor kinases in the regulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors. (elsevier.com)

Quinlan MG, Almey A, Caissie M, LaChappelle I, Radiotis G, Brake WG (2013) Estradiol and striatal dopamine receptor antagonism influence memory system bias in the female rat. (concordia.ca)

5. The VAChT/ChAT "cholinergic gene locus": new aspects of genetic and vesicular regulation of cholinergic function. (elsevier.com)
This gene product belongs to the kainate family of glutamate receptors, which are composed of four subunits and function as ligand-activated ion channels. (nih.gov)
Gene expression was assessed by qPCR for muscarinic receptor types 2 (M2) and 3 (M3), collagen type 1α1 and 3α1, and SM actin. (lu.se)

26. Cholinergic drug resistance and impaired spatial learning in transgenic mice overexpressing human brain acetylcholinesterase. (elsevier.com)

Muscarinic receptors are used in the following roles: ACh is always used as the neurotransmitter within the autonomic ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
Here acetylcholine is again used as a neurotransmitter, and muscarinic receptors form the principal receptors on the innervated tissue. (wikipedia.org)
In the adrenal medulla, acetylcholine is used as a neurotransmitter, and the receptor is of the nicotinic type. (wikipedia.org)
Cholinergic receptors are receptors on the surface of cells that get activated when they bind a type of neurotransmitter called acetylcholine . (osmosis.org)
The signal may stimulate or inhibit the receiving cell, depending on the neurotransmitter and receptor involved. (msdmanuals.com)

In neuronal cells, mainly on synaptic terminals, stimulation of the M2 autoreceptors is responsible for presynaptic muscarinic autoinhibition of acetylcholine release in both central and peripheral cholinergic neurons. (multispaninc.com)

Restoring neuronal chloride extrusion reverses cognitive decline linked to Alzheimer's disease mutations. (medscape.com)

Both of these effects occur via postsynaptic A1 receptors, but are mediated downstream by two separate mechanisms. (nih.gov)
These discoveries throw new light on many areas of cholinergic mechanisms. (elsevier.com)

In such cases, the dendrites (a neuron's receiving branches) on the postsynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters that affect receptors on the presynaptic neurons. (msdmanuals.com)

The present results confirm 192 IgG-saporin as a powerful tool to induce specific and robust cholinergic lesions either during development or adulthood and emphasize the crucial role of the forebrain cholinergic system in cognitive functions. (atsbio.com)
Conversely, drugs that augment cholinergic transmission (e.g. donepezil or galatamine) have been shown to improve certain cognitive functions [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Additionally, we demonstrated the expression of CRF receptor signaling in the gut and its role as effector of stress-related alterations of gastric and colonic motility and visceral hypersensitivity. (uclahealth.org)

Furthermore, immunocytochemical localization of receptors for FGF-2 (i.e. (jneurosci.org)

Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind briefly to specific receptors on the adjoining neuron or effector cell. (msdmanuals.com)

This receptor is bound to intracellular proteins, known as G proteins, which begin the information cascade within the cell. (wikipedia.org)
The cholinergic response of NT2 astrocytes to the mAChR agonist oxotremorine was examined using the fluorescent dye fluo-4 to quantitate increases in intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i. (uea.ac.uk)

Muscarinic receptors are so named because they are more sensitive to muscarine than to nicotine. (wikipedia.org)
The spike protein which allows the dangerous COVID virus to enter your cells requires access to a nicotine related receptor. (weeksmd.com)

Another role for these receptors is at the junction of the innervated tissues and the postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
The somatic nervous system uses a nicotinic receptor to acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. (wikipedia.org)
In other dopamine-rich areas of the central nervous system, there is evidence for multiple dopamine receptor types 4-7 , and two sub-types have been suggested 8 . (nature.com)

Receptor expression on cell surface measured by flow cytometry (FACS) using an anti-FLAG antibody. (multispaninc.com)
Immunohistochemical staining of rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) frozen sections using Anti-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor β4 (CHRNB4) (extracellular)-ATTO Fluor-594 Antibody (#ANC-014-AR), (1:100). (alomone.com)

peptides injection into the cholinergic nuclei: morphological, neurochemical and behavioral effects. (elsevier.com)

Neonatal exposure to a Type-I pyrethroid (bioallethrin) induces dose-response changes in brain muscarinic receptors and behaviour in neonatal and adult mice. (cdc.gov)

Bladder sections were stained with Masson's trichrome for SM content and immunofluorescence staining for nerve terminals expressing vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). (lu.se)

The same effects like for the PDE9A inhibitor were observed for the α7 nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptor partial agonist SSR180711 (chapter 4), which interferes with both, cholinergic and glutamatergic function. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Thus, drugs facilitating glutamatergic function or both glutamatergic and cholinergic function seem to be more efficacious in enhancing LTP than drugs facilitating solely cholinergic function. (uni-wuerzburg.de)

We identified FLP-1 receptors required for these effects in distinct motoneurons. (vanderbilt.edu)

1. Molecular properties and cellular distribution of cholinergic synaptic proteins. (elsevier.com)

These results suggest that endogenous FGF-2 promotes cholinergic axonal sprouting in the injured adult brain. (jneurosci.org)
Although much evidence supports the role of endogenous NGF in promoting neuronal survival in vivo ( Barde, 1989 ), less is known about its ability to influence axonal growth. (jneurosci.org)
Superior specificity is achieved by combining Cre-mediated AAVR overexpression with whole-body knockout of endogenous Aavr , which is demonstrated in heart cardiomyocytes, liver hepatocytes and cholinergic neurons. (nature.com)

We used whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in in vitro rat brain slices to investigate the effect of adenosine on identified cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons of the magnocellular preoptic nucleus and substantia innominata. (nih.gov)
Other neuronal systems and brain regions showed no evidence of toxicity. (tmc.edu)
Interestingly, brain slice treatment with CP induced calpain-dependent conversion of the Cdk5 activating cofactor p35 to p25, a neuronal injury marker. (cdc.gov)
When the bladder becomes full, the stretch receptors of the detrusor muscle send a signal to the pons, which in turn notifies the brain. (medscape.com)

Anatomy62

Organisms16

Diseases18

Chemicals and Drugs82

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment24

Psychiatry and Psychology8

Phenomena and Processes47

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Health Care1

Subunit5

Muscarinic acetylch4

Neurons in the basal forebrain2

Antagonist9

Antagonists6

Excitatory5

Basal10

MAChRs6

Coordinated neuronal network1

Synapses3

Subtypes3

Mediated by muscarinic receptors1

Modulation3

Metabotropic2

NAChR2

Synaptic Transmission1

Fibers5

Activation6

Acetylcholine receptors7

Inhibitory2

Rats3

Synapse1

NMDA2

Cortical1

Innervation2

Dopaminergic neurons1

Dysfunction4

Bind to receptors2

Postsynaptic receptors1

Agonists1

Atropine1

Excitability2

Inhibition2

Neurotrophin receptor1

Protein-coupled receptor1

Striatal1

Gene3

Transgenic Mice1

Neurotransmitter5

Peripheral1

Alzheimer's Disease1

Mechanisms2

Presynaptic1

Cognitive2

Alterations1

Immunocytochemical1

Effector1

Intracellular2

Nicotine2

Nervous3

Antibody2

Behavioral1

Neonatal and adult1

VAChT1

Glutamatergic2

Distinct1

Cellular1

Endogenous3

Brain4