Neuronal cell oxidative cell cycle. Medical search. Frequent questions

In cerebellar granule cells and cortical neurons, E2F1 can trigger neuronal apoptosis through activation of Bax/caspase-3 and the induction of the Cdk1/FOXO1/Bad pathway (Giovanni et al. (wikipedia.org)
2000). The downregulation of p130/E2F4 (a complex which has been shown to maintain the post mitotic nature of neurons) induces neuronal apoptosis by upregulating B-myb and C-myb (Liu et al. (wikipedia.org)
This in turn caused cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells. (oncotarget.com)
OBJECTIVE: Cell apoptosis is strongly associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progress. (bvsalud.org)
4 Decreased expression of selenoproteins promotes cellular oxidative stress and apoptosis, which inhibits cells differentiation and development. (interclinical.com.au)
4. neuronal apoptosis from the AβPP-mediated pathway due to the age-induced decline of growth hormone (GH), GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF). (preprints.org)
Although the conventional activities of p53 such as cell cycle arrest, senescence, and apoptosis are well accepted as the major checkpoints in stress responses, accumulating evidence implicates the importance of other tumor suppression mechanisms. (nature.com)
Is p53-dependent ferroptosis sufficient for tumor suppression in the absence of cell cycle arrest, senescence, and apoptosis? (nature.com)
To date, various mechanisms have been suggested to explain the powerful tumor-suppressive effect of p53, including the induction of cell cycle arrest, senescence, and apoptosis. (nature.com)
Other effects include impaired cellular respiration, altered cell signaling , apoptosis , and impaired calcium homeostasis . (bmglabtech.com)
Oxidative stress-induced cytoskeletal dysfunction of neurons has been implicated as a crucial cause of cell apoptosis or death in the central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. (ijbs.com)
The current study is to reveal the regulatory effects of Rg1 on cytoskeletal and morphological lesion in oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis. (ijbs.com)
The results demonstrated that pre-treatment with Rg1 (0.1-10 μM) attenuated hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )-induced neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress through reducing the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) level. (ijbs.com)
A successful therapy must therefore eliminate these cells known to be highly resistant to apoptosis. (hindawi.com)
In this paper, we describe the metabolic changes as well as the mechanisms of resistance to apoptosis occurring in cancer cells and cancer stem cells, underlying the connection between these two processes. (hindawi.com)

What happens when the protein machinery that drives the cell division cycle gets activated in non-dividing cells such as neurons? (alzforum.org)
For a quantitative comparison, the authors counted cell cycle-positive neurons in the hippocampal samples. (alzforum.org)
If AD neurons in-vivo died as soon as 12 hours after entry into the cell cycle (as shown in vitro and in developing mouse brain in vivo), and five percent of cells were dying at any one time (as shown in this study), then it would take less than a year for complete neuronal ablation. (alzforum.org)
Obviously, this is not the case, leading Yang and colleagues to posit that these neurons are probably stuck for months or even a year in a cell cycle they cannot complete, and that they may not die by a typical apoptotic process. (alzforum.org)
However fast these neurons die, the paper states that neurons die at the same rate in all stages of the disease process, and that neurons die from the same root cause (i.e., cell cycle reentry) throughout the disease. (alzforum.org)
Taken together with the positive results in many different neuronal populations, this study arrives at the conclusion that ectopic reentrance into the cell cycle is a "unified" mechanism of neurodegeneration, indicative of a "single disease process" in all neurons in many disease states. (alzforum.org)
The presence of cell cycle markers in neurons may, therefore, constitute one of the most reliable harbingers of death. (alzforum.org)
Unlike most cell types however, neurons are generally considered incapable of proliferating once they are differentiated, as they are in the adult nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
Nevertheless, it remains plausible that neurons may re-enter the cell cycle under certain circumstances. (wikipedia.org)
Sympathetic and cortical neurons, for example, try to reactivate the cell cycle when subjected to acute insults such as DNA damage, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity. (wikipedia.org)
It is believed that neurons are permanently blocked from the cell cycle once they differentiate. (wikipedia.org)
As a result, neurons are typically found outside of the cell cycle in a G0 state. (wikipedia.org)
However, this is not always the case as exhibited by sensory and sympathetic neurons, which are able to replicate their DNA without neuronal death (Smith et al. (wikipedia.org)
0.001) increase in neuronal cell death as well as in the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1, macrophage inflammatory protein alpha, and RANTES from cultured neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
Neurotoxic factors such as amyloid beta (Aβ) evoke oxidative stress and directly injure neurons [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
However, a clear connection between exposure to oxidative stress and release of inflammatory mediators in brain neurons has not been shown. (biomedcentral.com)
From the cover: Manganese and rotenone-induced oxidative stress signatures differ in iPSC-derived human dopamine neurons. (purdue.edu)
Sphingolipids are a major component of neuronal membranes and help neurons in intracellular signaling and trafficking. (epilepsygenetics.net)
Both neurons and astrocytes take up glucose via the cell-specific transporters GLUT1 and GLUT3. (epilepsygenetics.net)
Upon increased demand neurons ability to take up glucose is limited and lactate provided by astrocytes becomes the primary oxidative fuel. (epilepsygenetics.net)
Neurons metabolize ketone bodies to Acetyl-CoA, which is further oxidized through the TCA cycle. (epilepsygenetics.net)
For these studies we use neurons that are maintained in cell culture as well as genetically-modified strains of mice that are at increased risk for developing neurodegenerative conditions analogous to those observed in humans. (uml.edu)
Synaptic Signals from Glutamate-Treated Neurons Induce Aberrant Post-Synaptic Signals in Untreated Neuronal Networks. (uml.edu)
New research indicates that photoreceptor neurons themselves can also import EPA and convert it to DHA to serve a role in their differentiation and protection from oxidative damage. (fatsoflife.com)
Abstract Over the last two decades, it has been established that glucose metabolic fluxes in neurons and astrocytes are proportional to the rates of the glutamate/GABA-glutamine neurotransmitter cycles in close to 1:1 stoichiometries across a wide range of functional energy demands. (marbilab.it)
PARK2 KO neurons displayed increased tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity, perturbed mitochondrial ultrastructure, ATP depletion, and dysregulation of glycolysis and carnitine metabolism. (ox.ac.uk)
Key findings for PARK2 KO cells were confirmed using patient-specific iPSC-derived neurons. (ox.ac.uk)
Neurons, the primary cells responsible for transmitting information in the brain, heavily rely on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to maintain their activity and support cognitive processes. (mybrainfirst.com)
Mitochondria play a crucial role in calcium homeostasis within neurons, which is essential for proper neuronal function and synaptic plasticity [3]. (mybrainfirst.com)

Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation compensation may preserve vision in patients with OPA1-linked autosomal dominant optic atrophy. (omicsdi.org)
In addition, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) enzymology in ADOA patients with normal vision revealed increased complex II+III activity and levels of complex IV protein. (omicsdi.org)
Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in autosomal dominant optic atrophy. (omicsdi.org)
Results suggest that the nuclear DNA mutations that give rise to ADOA in our patient population do not alter mitochondrial electron transport.We conclude that the pathophysiology of ADOA likely stems from the role of OPA1 in mitochondrial structure or fusion and not from OPA1 support of oxidative phosphorylation. (omicsdi.org)
Mitochondrial dynamics are tightly coordinated in association with the cell cycle and state with complex structural and practical interactions leading SGX-523 to fusion and fission of mitochondria to alter the balance of oxidative-phosphorylation get rid of damaged mitochondrial parts (e.g. mtDNA) SGX-523 and regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS)22. (biopaqc.com)
Mitochondria, often referred to as the powerhouses of the cell, generate ATP, through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. (mybrainfirst.com)
Based on affected molecular pathways, arRP mice were treated with a ketogenic diet or metabolites involved in fatty-acid synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. (elsevierpure.com)
In normal cells, glucose participates in cellular energy production through glycolysis as well as through its complete catabolism via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (hindawi.com)

An evaluation of genotoxicity in human neuronal-type cells subjected to oxidative stress under an extremely low frequency pulsed magnetic field. (unibo.it)

Astrocytes playapivotal role inbrainhomeostasis,contributing to the regulation of localenergy metabolism and oxidative stress defense, two aspects of importance for neuronal viability and function. (edu.sa)
Ferroptosis acts as an independent pathway for suppressing tumor growth and is tightly connected with metabolism and oxidative stress responses. (nature.com)

This, in turn, can contribute to neuronal dysfunction and cognitive deficits [5]. (mybrainfirst.com)
Reduced energy production may contribute to neuronal dysfunction and synaptic loss. (bmglabtech.com)

The lab aims to define mechanisms of neuronal dysfunction and understand the basis of selective neuropathology, by characterizing the molecular function of disease genes and their interaction with environmental toxicants under both normal and pathological conditions. (purdue.edu)
Transcriptomic analysis identified changes in key cellular pathways associated with T2D that may contribute to neuronal damage and dysfunction. (biomedcentral.com)
Overall, our data describe a unique metabolomic profile associated with parkin dysfunction and show that combining metabolomics with an iPSC-derived dopaminergic neuronal model of PD is a valuable approach to obtain novel insight into the disease pathogenesis. (ox.ac.uk)
In this article we will explore the role of mitochondria in neuronal function, the consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction on cognitive abilities, and potential interventions to improve cognitive function through mitochondrial health. (mybrainfirst.com)
Mitochondrial dysfunction can have detrimental effects on neuronal function and, consequently, cognitive abilities [4]. (mybrainfirst.com)
Oxidative stress, caused by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ability of cells to detoxify them, has been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive decline [5]. (mybrainfirst.com)
Additionally, oxidative stress can exacerbate mitochondrial dysfunction by impairing the electron transport chain and further increasing ROS production, leading to a vicious cycle that exacerbates cognitive decline [5]. (mybrainfirst.com)
This can impair processes like mitochondrial transport and the clearance of proteins leading to bioenergetic deficits and neuronal dysfunction. (bmglabtech.com)
However, the exact molecular mechanisms linking these PD risk factors to neuronal dysfunction are still unclear. (northumbria.ac.uk)

The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
Here we discuss this work and give an overview of the multiple pathways by which astrocytes influence neuronal energy supply. (biomedcentral.com)
Selenium is central to pathways that curb oxidative stress and regulate endocrine physiology, as well as having a critical role in neuronal function and male fertility. (interclinical.com.au)
While all tumor cells display dysregulation of metabolic pathways the differential growth patterns of BTICs suggest that these tumor subpopulations have metabolic features that distinguish them from your tumor bulk17-20. (biopaqc.com)
Changes in cortical neurones included alterations in insulin and other signalling pathways, cell cycle, cellular senescence, inflammatory mediators, and components of the mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain. (biomedcentral.com)
Once activated, p53 coordinates multiple downstream pathways, thereby maintaining the homeostasis of the host cell or organism (if the stress is mild, transient, and repairable) or eliminating damaged cells (if the stress is acute, prolonged, and difficult to resist). (nature.com)
The scientists theorized that the "period" gene is regulating pathways involved in removal of oxidative damage, and those without this function experienced the symptoms of aging more quickly. (sciencedaily.com)
Lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides necessary for the biosynthesis of the daughter cells are mostly provided by intermediate metabolites of these pathways. (hindawi.com)
To prevent aberrant cell proliferation, these pathways are tightly regulated. (hindawi.com)

A microchip electrophoresis-fluorescence method was then developed for the detection of carnosine, an endogenous dipeptide that is involved in oxidative stress-induced inflammation following prolonged activation of macrophage cells. (ku.edu)

For example, a mouse model of Huntington's disease has demonstrated the significance of time-restricted feeding (TRF) in improving motor performance, sleep/wake cycles, and inflammation. (news-medical.net)
This thesis details analytical methods that use fluorescence derivatization in order to detect small molecule biomarkers of oxidative stress as they relate to epilepsy, inflammation, and traumatic brain injury. (ku.edu)
Once considered primarily a disorder of lipid deposition, coronary artery disease is an incurable, life-threatening disease that is now also characterized by chronic inflammation notable for the buildup of atherosclerotic plaques containing immune cells in various states of activation and differentiation. (stanford.edu)
1 Excessive production of reactive oxygen species can lead to oxidative stress which is associated with inflammation and neurodegenerative disease. (bmglabtech.com)
In large numbers senescent cells cause chronic inflammation and their collective signaling actively harms tissue structure and function. (fightaging.org)

His lab utilizes a combined approach of molecular genetics, pharmacology, biochemistry, cell and developmental biology to understand the role of gene-environment interactions between metal exposure and neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease and Huntington's Disease. (purdue.edu)
Autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA), caused by mutations in OPA1, is a neurodegenerative disease affecting mainly retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). (omicsdi.org)
For example, neuronal cell death after stroke or in several neurodegenerative disorders likely occurs via programmed cell death responding to cellular stress signals. (the-scientist.com)
In AST, AEG-1 causes glutamatergic excitotoxicity by downregulating the activity of the excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) promoter, leading to neuronal cell death in glioma-induced neurodegenerative disease ( 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Oxidative stress is a crucial hallmark in CNS diseases, such as neurodegenerative and other psychiatric diseases [ 1 - 3 ]. (ijbs.com)
Background: Neurodegenerative diseases are incurable disorders caused by progressive neuronal cell death. (elsevierpure.com)
Mutant flies lost some of their motor ability to climb, and morphologic examinations of their brains showed higher levels of neuronal degeneration, similar to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease in humans. (sciencedaily.com)

Specifically, oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the main extrinsic factor that induces senescence [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
Oxidative stress occurs when there is an overproduction of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species in the body. (ku.edu)
A liquid chromatography-fluorescence method was developed for the detection of reactive aldehyde biomarkers, which are by-products of oxidative stress following epileptic seizures. (ku.edu)
Cells maintain homeostasis through the generation and elimination of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. (interclinical.com.au)
The consequences for the cell can be dramatic mainly due to a reduction in the amount of ATP produced and an increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species. (bmglabtech.com)
Increased levels of reactive oxygen species can damage the molecular fabric of the cell including lipids, proteins, and DNA. (bmglabtech.com)

The presence of these core cell cycle factors can be explained through their role in neuronal migration, maturation, and synaptic plasticity (Christopher L. Frank1 and Li-Huei Tsai1, 2009). (wikipedia.org)

[1] pl. mitochondria ) is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes , such as animals , plants and fungi . (wikipedia.org)
Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy . (wikipedia.org)
Some cells in some multicellular organisms lack mitochondria (for example, mature mammalian red blood cells ). (wikipedia.org)
In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling , cellular differentiation , and cell death , as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth . (wikipedia.org)
The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism , tissue , and cell type. (wikipedia.org)
A mature red blood cell has no mitochondria, [17] whereas a liver cell can have more than 2000. (wikipedia.org)
[20] This finding has led to general acceptance of the endosymbiotic hypothesis - that free-living prokaryotic ancestors of modern mitochondria permanently fused with eukaryotic cells in the distant past, evolving such that modern animals, plants, fungi, and other eukaryotes are able to respire to generate cellular energy . (wikipedia.org)
Therefore mitochondria fission may be related to stem cell biology beneficial for malignancy and harmful in normal mind. (biopaqc.com)
Mitochondria dynamic fusion and fission mediators have been closely linked to cell fate determination and development35. (biopaqc.com)
5] The energy producing factories of our cells - the mitochondria - work much better on a ketogenic diet as they are able to increase energy levels on a stable, long-burning, efficient, and steady way. (sott.net)
The key of these miraculous healing effects relies in the fact that fat metabolism and its generation of ketone bodies (beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate) by the liver can only occur within the mitochondrion, leaving chemicals within the cell but outside the mitochondria readily available to stimulate powerful anti-inflammatory antioxidants. (sott.net)
Given the high energy demands of the brain and the dependence of neuronal function on ATP, it is clear that mitochondria play a vital role in cognitive function. (mybrainfirst.com)
Inside the mitochondria, pyruvate is completely oxidized through the TCA cycle, feeding reductive equivalents to the electron transport chain. (hindawi.com)

In addition, their osteogenic differentiation potential was increased, and genes involved in cell adhesion, FGF-2 signalling, cell cycle, stemness, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation were upregulated, compared to that of the MSCs cultured on uncoated plates. (hindawi.com)
The differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into multiple cell lineages can be exploited as an attractive strategy for cell-based therapy and regenerative medicine [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
The ECM provides structural and biochemical support to the cells and has various other functions including cell adhesion, cell to cell communication, and differentiation [ 17 , 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
BACKGROUND: Pyroptosis, an emerging inflammatory form of cell death, has been previously demonstrated to stimulate a massive inflammatory response, thus hindering the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). (bvsalud.org)
Furthermore, our in vitro investigation using ST2 cells revealed that dexamethasone treatment prominently induced pyroptosis while impeding osteogenic differentiation. (bvsalud.org)
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) phosphorylated DRP1 to improve its activity in BTICs whereas Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent proteins kinase 2 (CAMK2) inhibited DRP1 in non-BTICs recommending tumor cell differentiation induces a regulatory change in mitochondrial morphology. (biopaqc.com)
Regular neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are functionally described by self-renewal and differentiation into relevant lineages7. (biopaqc.com)

They carry out aerobic respiration, a process that involves the breakdown of glucose and other fuel molecules to produce ATP through a series of interconnected reactions, including the citric acid cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain. (bmglabtech.com)

A new vicious cycle involving glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dynamics. (omicsdi.org)
Here, we showed that OPA1 deficiency in an ADOA model influences N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor expression, which is involved in glutamate excitotoxicity and oxidative stress. (omicsdi.org)
Our results conclusively demonstrate that not only glutamate excitotoxicity and/or oxidative stress alters mitochondrial fission/fusion, but that an imbalance in mitochondrial fission/fusion in turn leads to NMDA receptor upregulation and oxidative stress. (omicsdi.org)
Therefore, we propose a new vicious cycle involved in neurodegeneration that includes glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dynamics. (omicsdi.org)
Finally, desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) on ɑ-ketoglutarate-treated mice revealed restoration of metabolites that correlated with our proteomic findings: uridine, dihydrouridine, and thymidine (pyrimidine and purine metabolism), glutamine and glutamate (glutamine/glutamate conversion), and succinic and aconitic acid (TCA cycle). (elsevierpure.com)

they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of the cell. (bmglabtech.com)

These observations strongly indicate how alterations in the circadian clock impact neuronal viability and cognitive function. (news-medical.net)
3 Such cellular-suicide mechanisms can eliminate cells that could present problems for the whole organism because of alterations in the DNA or difficulties in dealing with stressful stimuli. (the-scientist.com)
Alterations in redox homeostasis and bioenergetics (energy failure) are thought to be central components of neurodegeneration that contribute to the impairment of important homeostatic processes in dopaminergic cells such as protein quality control mechanisms, neurotransmitter release/metabolism, axonal transport of vesicles and cell survival. (northumbria.ac.uk)
We and others have recently established a link between the alterations in central carbon metabolism induced by PD risk factors, redox homeostasis and bioenergetics and their contribution to the survival/death of dopaminergic cells. (northumbria.ac.uk)
At 7wk, HF-fed animals exhibited several immune alterations (blood leukocyte/neutrophil number, lymph node B-cell proportionality)-effects which were more pronounced in SD rats. (cdc.gov)

Results from RNA sequencing revealed that AEG‑1 modulated neuronal morphology and development by regulating the expression of numerous genes, such as ubiquitin C, C‑X‑C motif chemokine ligand 1, MMP9, Notch1, neuropilin 1 and ephrin type‑A receptor 4. (spandidos-publications.com)

Using astrocyte-neuron cocultures, we observed that the overall modifications of astrocyte metabolism induced by Aβ impair neuronal viability. (edu.sa)
Finally, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) pathway appears to be crucial in these events since both the changes in glucose utilization and the decrease in neuronal viability are prevented by LY294002, a PI3-kinase inhibitor. (edu.sa)
This set of observations indicates that Aβ aggregation and internalization into astrocytes profoundly alter their metabolic phenotype with deleterious consequences for neuronal viability. (edu.sa)
In this context, cell viability, clonogenic survival, death and cell cycle assays were performed to evaluate cytotoxicity in response to the treatments used. (fapesp.br)

A high-fat and high-cholesterol diet induces overt and latent oxidative damage in hippocampus of mice lacking apolipoprotein E. Open Neuro 12 , 12-18. (uml.edu)

Glutathione peroxidase plays an important role in protecting membrane lipids (cell membranes) from oxidative disintegration. (interclinical.com.au)
During outer segment turnover by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, necessary for the recycling of bleached retinal photopigment, DHA is released from phagocytosed membranes to activate cytoprotective mechanisms that protect the photoreceptor from oxidative damage and cell death, while maintaining inflammatory responses at bay. (fatsoflife.com)

Under conditions such as DNA damage, oxidative stress, and activity withdrawal these factors have been shown to be upregulated. (wikipedia.org)
Deletion of the core circadian clock genes Bmal1 and Per1 in mice triggers oxidative damage and synaptic degeneration. (news-medical.net)
We demonstrated that 2-ME increased nuclear localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, resulting in nitro-oxidative DNA damage. (oncotarget.com)
The aim of this study is to investigate whether PMF exposure can interfere with DNA damage and repair in the presence of a genotoxic oxidative agent in neuronal type cells. (unibo.it)
Another microchip electrophoresis-fluorescence method was developed to examine excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters involved in neuronal damage following traumatic brain injury. (ku.edu)
The histopathological changes strongly indicate selected damage to particular cell groups and lobules of the cerebellum rather than diffuse injury. (eurekaselect.com)
Failure to prevent oxidative breakdown can explain the oxidative damage to haemoglobin and possibly the wide variety of degenerative conditions that occur in selenium deficiency. (interclinical.com.au)
In addition to its contribution to small and large vessel disease, T2D may directly damage cells of the brain neurovascular unit. (biomedcentral.com)
The initiation and development of tumor cell is accompanied by elevated stresses, such as oncogene activation, DNA damage, genome instability, and reprogrammed tumor metabolism. (nature.com)
Thus, we must rely on the elegant mechanisms our cells have developed to repair damage. (the-scientist.com)
All somatic eukaryotic cells arrest progression through the cell cycle when their DNA is damaged, presumably because optimal repair of the damage would be a mechanistic challenge if the cell continued to replicate DNA or segregate chromosomes. (the-scientist.com)
Multicellular organisms can also deal with DNA damage through programmed cell death. (the-scientist.com)
The DNA- damage response gene, p53 , is an important mediator of this cell-death pathway. (the-scientist.com)
5 Conversely, p53 induction by oxidative damage may help reduce the development of atherosclerosis, perhaps by suppressing the growth or enhancing the death of cells involved in causing atherosclerotic lesions. (the-scientist.com)
The present study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective capacity of new compounds that are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI), designated TA8Amino, TAHB3 and TA7E3, tested in SH-SY5Y and ACBRI-371 neuronal cell lines, in response to neurotoxic damage induced by the AB (1-42). (fapesp.br)
But even so, it appeared to later cause motor and neuronal degeneration and an earlier death in the mutant flies, due to faster buildup of cellular damage. (sciencedaily.com)

In the hippocampus, one of the first areas affected by the disease, both AD and MCI samples had robust staining for cyclin D1, DNA polymerase, and cyclin B1, proteins that are synthesized only during the G1, S and G2 phases of the cell cycle, respectively. (alzforum.org)
The authors found a similar pattern in cells outside the hippocampus, such as in the entorhinal cortex and the nucleus basalis of Meynert, areas where AD-related cell cycle reentry has previously been documented. (alzforum.org)
Cell-autonomous clocks are present in various regions of the brain, particularly in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. (news-medical.net)

Following Aβ 25-35 exposure, we observed an increase in glucose uptake and its various metabolic fates, i.e., glycolysis (coupled to lactate release), tricarboxylic acid cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, and incorporation into glycogen. (edu.sa)

Cell survival is assessed by MTT assay and inflammatory protein (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1, macrophage inflammatory protein alpha, and RANTES) release quantitated by ELISA. (biomedcentral.com)
This paper proposes the heterodox theory that these hallmarks of AD are the visible effects, not direct causes of neuronal necrosis. (preprints.org)
Characteristic patterns of neuronal necrosis leading to the clinical findings consistent with chronic bilirubin encephalopathy are also essential in the pathophysiology of this entity. (medscape.com)
Bilirubin staining of the brain without accompanying neuronal necrosis can be observed in babies who did not demonstrate clinical signs of bilirubin encephalopathy but who succumbed from other causes. (medscape.com)

Inhibition through the cell cycle is maintained by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) of the Ink and Cip/Kip families which inhibit the cyclin/CDK complex. (wikipedia.org)
The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Quercetin are essential for its activity as oxidative, kinase, and cell cycle inhibitors, as well as for neuronal survival. (innatechoice.com)

Mind tumor initiating cells (BTICs) coopt the neuronal high affinity GLUT3 blood sugar transporter to withstand metabolic tension. (biopaqc.com)
Other metabolic precursors of DHA can also be actively transformed into DHA when added to mixtures of retinal cells. (fatsoflife.com)
At the mild end of the spectrum the outcome is sickness and metabolic dysregulation, while severe cases bring kidney failure and death, the systems of blood filtration utterly overwhelmed by a flood of cell debris and toxins. (fightaging.org)
Metabolic adaptations of cancer cells. (hindawi.com)

Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) modulates manganese homeostasis and manganese-induced cell signaling in a murine striatal cell line. (purdue.edu)
We present here a theoretical meta-analysis that tests whether the brain's unique compartmentation of glycogen metabolism in the astrocyte and the requirement for neuronal glucose homeostasis lead to the observed stoichiometries. (marbilab.it)
The brain neurovascular unit (NVU), comprising cerebral endothelium, pericytes, astrocytes, and neurones, is an important functional unit involved in homeostasis, through regulation of the blood-brain barrier, and neuronal function through astrocytic neuronal support and neurovascular coupling [ 23 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Manganese Acts upon Insulin/IGF Receptors to Phosphorylate AKT and Increase Glucose Uptake in Huntington's Disease Cells. (purdue.edu)
A healthy ketosis also helps starve cancer cells as they are unable to use ketones for fuel, relying on glucose alone for their growth. (sott.net)
We found that blood-brain barrier glucose transport can be limiting during activation and that the energy demand could only be met if glycogenolysis supports neuronal glucose metabolism by replacing the glucose consumed by astrocytes, a mechanism we call Glucose Sparing by Glycogenolysis (GSG). (marbilab.it)
Glycogenolysis and glucose sparing dictate the energy available to support neuronal activity, thus playing a fundamental role in brain function in health and disease. (marbilab.it)
In this context, studies using positron emission tomography have indicated decreased use of glucose and impaired oxidative metabolism in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. (bmglabtech.com)
In addition to glucose, glutamine is also required to feed the TCA cycle. (hindawi.com)
This activation is necessary for both cell proliferation as well as glucose uptake and use. (hindawi.com)
Glucose and glutamine are the 2 major substrates used by cancer cells. (hindawi.com)

The objectives of this study are to determine the effects of acetaminophen on cultured brain neuronal survival and inflammatory factor expression when exposed to oxidative stress. (biomedcentral.com)
Pretreatment of neuronal cultures with acetaminophen (50 μM) increases neuronal cell survival and inhibits the expression of these cytokines and chemokines. (biomedcentral.com)
In this review, we decipher the rationale supporting the potential of LDH-targeted therapeutic strategies to tackle the direct immunosuppressive effects of LDH on a wide range of immune cells, and enhance the survival of patients treated with cancer immunotherapies. (stanford.edu)
Phototransduction by photoreceptor cells allows our brain to construct a visual image of our surroundings, an ability that is vital for survival of the human organism as a whole. (fatsoflife.com)
This is achieved by activation of gene transcription of tissue protective proteins by DHA itself, as well as via the enzymatic oxygenation of DHA to the docosanoid neuroprotectin D1, which activates pro-survival signaling in the face of increased oxidative stress and outer segment turnover. (fatsoflife.com)

Rather AD results from a combination of age-induced, disproportional decline in physiological support for aerobic metabolism, and dysregulation of the sleep cycle processes. (preprints.org)
Furthermore, mitochondrial ATP is required for the transport and release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, which is critical for neuronal communication and cognitive processes [2]. (mybrainfirst.com)
For optimal responses, DNA repair must coordinate with other cellular processes, such as cell-cycle progression and programmed cell death. (the-scientist.com)
These powerhouses of the cell generate most of the energy needed to drive essential biological reactions and processes. (bmglabtech.com)

In this study, we investigated the transcriptomic changes in cortical neurones, and associated astrocytes and endothelial cells of the neurovascular unit, in the ageing brain. (biomedcentral.com)

Other proposed mechanisms include passage of cell-free virus into the brain and release of the virus from the infected endothelial cells. (medscape.com)
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) plays a central structural and functional role in both the sensory function of the photoreceptor cell as well as in mechanisms that protect retinal tissue from being damaged. (fatsoflife.com)
Single-strand breaks are easily fixed, but double-strand breaks require the complex mechanisms of nonhomologous end-joining and homologous recombination, the latter only being useful in late S, G 2 or M phases of the cell cycle, when homologous chromosomes are present in the cell. (the-scientist.com)
Mechanisms of cells were found to be a useful laboratory model for inves- tigating WNV infections. (cdc.gov)
These changes may be useful as potential biomarkers and and infected cells by using the RNeasy Mini kit and elucidate novel mechanisms behind the neuropathology of QIAshredder (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). (cdc.gov)
[ 4 ] This possible role of bilirubin in early protection against oxidative injury, coupled with identification of multiple neonatal mechanisms to preserve and potentiate bilirubin production, has led to speculation about an as-yet-unrecognized beneficial role for bilirubin in the human neonate. (medscape.com)

The role of non-neuronal cells in the brain, i.e . microglia, astrocytes and endothelial cells, as sources of inflammatory proteins in disorders of the nervous system has been well documented. (biomedcentral.com)
Likewise, microvascular endothelial cells in the retina have this biosynthetic capacity. (fatsoflife.com)
912, 2202, and 1227 genes were significantly differentially expressed between cases with self-reported T2D and controls in neurones, astrocytes, and endothelial cells respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
Impaired insulin signalling was shared by neurovascular unit cells with, additionally, apoptotic pathway changes in astrocytes and dysregulation of advanced glycation end-product signalling in endothelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Multiple different methods have been demonstrated to selectively kill senescent cells in mice, including the genetic engineering approach used a few years ago and the various senolytic drug candidates discovered more recently. (fightaging.org)
Senescent cell clearance treatments could be made much more efficient than the prototypes demonstrated so far in mice. (fightaging.org)

Huntington's disease associated resistance to Mn neurotoxicity is neurodevelopmental stage and neuronal lineage dependent. (purdue.edu)
cell maintenance and lineage commitment is definitely controlled by mitochondrial dynamics23-25. (biopaqc.com)
Eur J Med), neuro-vivifying and neuroproduction, in addition to the ability to induce neurodifferentiation in SH-SY5Y neuronal lineage (Chierrito et al. (fapesp.br)

Bacopa has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects on macrophages (immune cells) and inhibits the release of IL-6 and TNF-α (inflammatory markers) from monocytes (immune cells). (natural-souls.com)

Interpretation: This study demonstrates that replenishing TCA cycle metabolites via oral supplementation prolongs retinal function and provides a neuroprotective effect on the photoreceptor cells and inner retinal network. (elsevierpure.com)

The General Control Nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) kinase is a conserved member of the integrated stress response (ISR) pathway that represses protein translation and helps cells to adapt to conditions of nutrient shortage. (biomedcentral.com)

Cellular senescence, which is morphologically characterized by an enlarged and flattened cell shape, was first described by Hayflick [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
Cellular senescence refers to active cells that eventually enter a state of irreversible growth arrest. (hindawi.com)
To meet specific cellular demands of different cell types over time cellular biogenesis is definitely mediated through the dynamic mitochondrial fusion and fission. (biopaqc.com)
The retina is characterized by an immune privileged status to avoid that immune cell infiltration disturbs the physical configuration and cellular health of the photosensitive retinal tissue. (fatsoflife.com)
Cell proliferation involves the replication of all cellular contents with the required energy for this to happen. (hindawi.com)
These novel changes induced by WNV may serve as of 173 cellular genes were identified by ArrayTools to be biomarkers and help explain the neuropathologic features differentially expressed in the WNV-infected A172 cells. (cdc.gov)
Lysosomal enzymes break down macromolecules, either those from the cell itself (eg, when cellular structural components are being recycled) or those acquired outside the cell. (msdmanuals.com)

A number of studies have shown injury and abnormal development of the vermis of the cerebellum, with a predominance of neuronal loss among Purkinje cells and granule cells. (eurekaselect.com)

The lab employs a diverse range of model systems including patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), neuronal cultures and mouse models. (purdue.edu)
Here, we used isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with and without PARK2 knockout (KO) to investigate the effect of parkin loss of function by comparative metabolomics supplemented with ultrastructural and functional analyses. (ox.ac.uk)

Neurone, astrocyte, and endothelial cell-enriched mRNA, obtained by immuno-laser capture microdissection of temporal cortex (Brodmann area 21/22) from 6 cases with self-reported T2D in the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study neuropathology cohort, and an equal number of age and sex-matched controls, was assessed by microarray analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1), which is also known as metadherin and lysine-rich carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 co-isolated, was first observed to be upregulated in brain astrocytes from patients with HIV-induced Alzheimer's disease ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Furthermore, RPE cells actively phagocytose membrane fragments from the outer photoreceptor segment, and shuttle DHA-containing phospholipids back to the inner segment, thereby contributing to the active concentration of DHA within photoreceptor cells. (fatsoflife.com)
ATP provides the energy required for various neuronal functions, including the generation and propagation of action potentials, maintenance of resting membrane potential, and regulation of ion channels and transporters [1]. (mybrainfirst.com)
AEG-1 has been shown to localize to the cell membrane, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleolus and nucleus in cancer cells ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
The Rg1 treatment also abolished H 2 O 2 -induced morphological changes, including cell rounding, membrane blebbing, neurite retraction and nuclei condensation, which were generated by myosin IIA-actin interaction. (ijbs.com)

The Neuronal cell cycle represents the life cycle of the biological cell, its creation, reproduction and eventual death. (wikipedia.org)
1998). The process by which the cell re-enters the cell cycle and dies is called "abortive cell cycle re-entry" and is characterized by the upregulation of cyclin D-cdk4/6 and downregulation of E2F, followed by cell death (Frade and Ovejero-Benito, 2015). (wikipedia.org)
Among these unconventional activities, an iron-dependent form of non-apoptotic cell death, termed ferroptosis, attracts great interest. (nature.com)

Loss of the metabolism and sleep regulating neuronal populations expressing orexin and oxytocin in the hypothalamus in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. (lu.se)

While BTICs stay controversial because of unresolved problems over cell-of-origin and purification BTICs possess generated substantial curiosity because of their resistance to typical therapies evasion of anti-tumor immune system responses advertising of tumor angiogenesis and invasion into regular tissue8-11. (biopaqc.com)

The photoreceptor cell is a neuronal cell type specialized in sensing light and transducing photons into electrical signals. (fatsoflife.com)
A senescent cell stops replicating and secretes signals that both adjust the behavior of surrounding cells, making them more likely to become senescent, and make the senescent cell itself a target for destruction by the immune system . (fightaging.org)

When oxygen is limited, as in muscles that have undergone prolonged exercise, pyruvate is not consumed in the TCA cycle but is rather converted into lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in a process termed anaerobic glycolysis. (hindawi.com)

Moreover, cytotoxicity evaluation, by MTT assay and cell cycle analysis, was performed at various points of time after the treatment. (unibo.it)
Taken together, results suggest that PMF exposure does not interfere with genotoxicity and cytotoxicity induced by oxidative stress. (unibo.it)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess great therapeutic potential. (hindawi.com)
A recent Cell Metabolism study explores the therapeutic potential of circadian-modulating interventions to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). (news-medical.net)
In recent years, modulation of the circadian clock, particularly the daily feed/fast cycle, has been explored as a therapeutic approach. (news-medical.net)
Understanding how these immune cells contribute to disease progression may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.We used single-cell technology and in vitro assays to interrogate the immune microenvironment of human coronary atherosclerotic plaque at different stages of maturity.In addition to macrophages, we found a high proportion of αβ T cells in the coronary plaques. (stanford.edu)
These effects on brain cells potentially contribute to a diabetic dementia, and may provide novel approaches for therapeutic intervention. (biomedcentral.com)

Photoreceptor cells form the sensory part of the retina, capturing photons in rod photoreceptors to allow dim light vision (monochromatic vision in the dark), in cone photoreceptor cells that measure color, and photosensitive retinal ganglion cells that are involved in diurnal regulation and initiate the pupillary reflex response to incident light. (fatsoflife.com)
These findings put some insights into the unique neuroprotective properties of Rg1 associated with the regulation of myosin IIA-actin cytoskeletal structure under oxidative stress and provide experimental evidence for Rg1 in CNS diseases. (ijbs.com)

Yang and colleagues used antibodies to test the presence of various cell cycle proteins in MCI, AD, and control brain samples taken at autopsy. (alzforum.org)
Once these cells are formed they enter G1, the phase in which many of the proteins needed to replicate DNA are made. (wikipedia.org)
After S, the cell will enter G2 where the proteins required for mitosis to occur are synthesized. (wikipedia.org)

The antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-Alzheimer's, antiarthritic, cardiovascular, and wound-healing effects of Quercetin have been extensively investigated, as well as its anticancer activity against different cancer cell lines has been recently reported. (innatechoice.com)
Twenty-four hours after infection, cells showed signs of cytopathic effects (cell-rounding) and produced high virus titer (108 PFU/mL). (cdc.gov)

To determine whether the degree of vision loss is associated with the level of mitochondrial impairment, we examined mitochondrial function in lymphoblast cell lines obtained from six large Australian OPA1-linked ADOA pedigrees. (omicsdi.org)
Impaired mitochondrial function can lead to reduced ATP production, compromising the energy supply required for maintaining neuronal activity and synaptic transmission. (mybrainfirst.com)

If the criteria are not met, the cell will arrest in the phase prior to the checkpoint until the criteria are met. (wikipedia.org)
2 Cell-cycle arrest occurs at multiple stages: G 1 , S, and G 2 /M. (the-scientist.com)

Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy (ADOA) is the most common inherited optic atrophy where vision impairment results from specific loss of retinal ganglion cells of the optic nerve. (omicsdi.org)
Autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA), a form of progressive bilateral blindness due to loss of retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve deterioration, arises predominantly from mutations in the nuclear gene for the mitochondrial GTPase, OPA1. (omicsdi.org)

Anatomy40

Organisms14

Diseases7

Chemicals and Drugs100

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes71

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Health Care1

Apoptosis15

Neurons29

Phosphorylation8

Subjected to oxidative stress1

Metabolism and oxidative stress2

Contribute to neuronal dysfunction2

Dysfunction9

Pathways9

Stress-induced1

Inflammation5

Neurodegenerative7

Reactive6

Role in neuronal1

Mitochondria13

Differentiation7

Citric Acid1

Glutamate5

Adenosine triphosphate1

Alterations5

Morphology1

Viability4

Induces1

Membranes2

Damage16

Hippocampus3

Tricarboxylic acid1

Necrosis4

Inhibitors2

Metabolic4

Homeostasis3

Glucose8

Survival5

Processes4

Cortical1

Mechanisms6

Endothelial cells4

Mice2

Lineage3

Inhibits1

Metabolites1

Kinase1

Cellular7

Granule cells1

IPSCs2

Astrocyte2

Membrane4

Death3

Populations1

Responses1

Signals2

Anaerobic1

Cytotoxicity2

Therapeutic5

Regulation2

Proteins3

Effects2

Mitochondrial function2

Arrest2

Retinal gangl2