Neuronal cell glutamate binds. Medical search. Frequent questions

The presence of neurotransmitter receptors in microglia illustrates their functional connection to neurons and this receptor activation could cause microglial cells to perform different activation phenotypes ( Pocock and Kettenmann, 2007 ). (frontiersin.org)
These data suggest that the activation of VMH EphA5 receptors by ephrinA5 may act in concert with β-cell Eph receptor forward signaling to restore glucose homeostasis during acute hypoglycemia via alterations in glutamate/glutamine cycling ( 7 , 8 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Within the central nervous system, Eph receptors and their ligands, the ephrins, play a key role in cell-to-cell communication as well as in synaptic structure and function. (diabetesjournals.org)
Binding of glutamate to neuronal specific receptors results in neuron excitation. (geropharm.com)
The activation of neurons causes the release of glutamate, which then binds to NMDA- and AMPA-glutamate receptors . (geropharm.com)
D-serine action requires binding to neuronal NMDA-type glutamate receptors. (ox.ac.uk)
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ligand-gated ionotropic glutamate receptors that mediate a calcium-permeable component to fast excitatory neurotransmission. (bvsalud.org)
Here we report that synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors have opposite effects on CREB (cAMP response element binding protein) function, gene regulation and neuron survival. (nih.gov)
In contrast, calcium entry through extrasynaptic NMDA receptors, triggered by bath glutamate exposure or hypoxic/ischemic conditions, activated a general and dominant CREB shut-off pathway that blocked induction of BDNF expression. (nih.gov)
Synaptic NMDA receptors have anti-apoptotic activity, whereas stimulation of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors caused loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (an early marker for glutamate-induced neuronal damage) and cell death. (nih.gov)
Specific blockade of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors may effectively prevent neuron loss following stroke and other neuropathological conditions associated with glutamate toxicity. (nih.gov)
Therefore, downstream signaling pathways that are responsible for NPAS3-VGF induced proliferation via glutamate receptors were explored. (frontiersin.org)
The encoded protein binds numerous other proteins including group I metabotropic glutamate receptors, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors and amyloid precursor proteins and has been implicated in diverse biological functions such as neuronal signaling, T-cell activation and trafficking of amyloid beta peptides. (thermofisher.cn)
Immunoreactivity for neurotransmitter receptors, calcium binding proteins and neuropeptides will be visualized by immunocytochemistry and the sections will be processed. (europa.eu)
While we often associate all of our cannabinoid interactions with CB-1 , the neuronal process of pain is one that requires both receptors. (hightimes.com)
Nuclear mGlu5 receptors derived from HEK cells or cortical cell types bound [ 3 H]quisqualate. (wustl.edu)
Similarly, activation of mGlu5 receptors expressed on neuronal nuclei led to sustained Ca 2+ oscillatory responses. (wustl.edu)
Nuclear mGlu5 receptors derived from HEK cells or cortical cell types bound [3H]quisqualate. (wustl.edu)
Some neurotransmitters bind to the receptors and tell the cell to open up the ion channels and relay an electrical message and these are called excitatory neurotransmitters. (osmosis.org)
Glutamate binds to NMDA receptors which tell the cell to open up calcium ions channels. (osmosis.org)
GABA binds to GABA receptors, which tell the cell to open up chloride ion channels. (osmosis.org)
Cbln1 further diffused laterally along the axonal surface and accumulated at boutons by binding postsynaptic δ2 glutamate receptors. (elsevierpure.com)
The mechanism of action for Pregabalin and Gabapentin is through binding the alpha-2 delta receptors in the central nervous system. (scireproject.com)
Researchers have found that long-term potentiation (LTP) -- a phenomenon in which brief, repetitive activity causes a long-lasting strengthening of synaptic transmission -- involves the rapid activity-dependent trafficking of glutamate receptors to the synapse. (sfn.org)
Neurotransmitters that are released bind to receptors on another neuron. (msdmanuals.com)
Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind briefly to specific receptors on the adjoining neuron or effector cell. (msdmanuals.com)

These neuroendocrine dopamine cells may contribute to the dopaminergic inhibition of prolactin secretion diurnally, as their neuromedin S + inputs originate from neurons expressing Per2 and Per3 and their tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation is regulated in a circadian fashion. (nature.com)
I. Demonstration of monoamines in cell bodies of brain stem neurons. (nature.com)
Abstract: The cellular localization of the two forms of catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) was investigated by measuring their activities in rat striatum following unilateral stereotaxic injection of kainic acid, which causes degeneration of striatal neurons followed by proliferation of astroglial cells. (psu.edu)
These results indicate that the K m membrane‐bound catechol‐O‐methyltransferase may be localized predominantly in neurons, whereas the high‐K m soluble enzyme is found in glial cells. (psu.edu)
In the present study, we evaluated the role of the intrinsic pathway in neuronal apoptosis at different stages of rat brain development and during maturation of primary cortical neurons in vivo as well as in response to brain injury. (jneurosci.org)
Amygdala pyramidal neurons a re spiny projection neurons that use glutamate as an excitatory neurotransmitter. (europa.eu)
In the case of nocioreceptors, which are often glutamatergic (excitatory, glutamate-expressing) neurons, the activation of CB-1 will inhibit their activity. (hightimes.com)
Immunocytochemical, ultrastructural, and subcellular fractionation techniques revealed that the metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGlu5, can be localized to nuclear membranes in heterologous cells as well as midbrain and cortical neurons. (wustl.edu)
Now, neurons are the main cells of the nervous system . (osmosis.org)
Where two neurons come together is called a synapse, and that's where one end of an axon sends neurotransmitters to the dendrites or directly to the cell body of the next neuron in the series. (osmosis.org)
In this report, using in vitro neuronal cultures, ex vivo organotypic brain slice cultures and acute brain slice preparations, we established that cerebellar granule (CbG) and hippocampal CA1 neurons were significantly more sensitive to OS (induced by paraquat) than cerebral cortical and hippocampal CA3 neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
In a subsequent study, we examined how neurons in CA1 and CA3 responded differentially to OS increases in terms of the neuronal gene expression patterns and we identified genes whose expression distinguished the responses of CA1 from those of CA3 neurons [ 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The directed differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) into specific neuronal subtypes provides an unlimited supply of human neurons that can be used to study disease mechanisms. (researchsquare.com)
Huntington disease (HD) is an incurable, adult-onset, autosomal dominant inherited disorder associated with cell loss within a specific subset of neurons in the basal ganglia and cortex. (medscape.com)
The selective neuronal dysfunction and subsequent loss of neurons in the striatum, cerebral cortex, and other parts of the brain can explain the clinical picture seen in cases of HD. (medscape.com)

Kalkitoxin, a toxin derived from the cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula, induces NMDA receptor mediated neuronal necrosis, blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels, and induces cellular hypoxia by inhibiting the electron transport chain (ETC) complex 1. (wikipedia.org)
Gabapentin and pregabalin work by increasing GABA and reducing the release of glutamate thereby suppressing the sensitivity of N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) receptor. (scireproject.com)

Domoic acid (DA) is structurally similar to the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. (medscape.com)
glutamate is an amino acid, basic excitatory neurotransmitter. (geropharm.com)
The main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain is glutamate. (osmosis.org)

Some family members, such as latrophilins and gliomedin, are membrane-bound proteins containing the olfactomedin domain in the extracellular N-terminal region, while the intracellular C-terminal domain of these proteins is essential for the transduction of extracellular signals to the intracellular signaling pathway. (nih.gov)
We demonstrated that Olfm1 interacts with several proteins essential for neuronal and synaptic activity. (nih.gov)
185 genes in signature reported in the publication with PubMedID mRNA_KAT5_22196727 from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset. (maayanlab.cloud)
Furthermore, GSOs protected cells against GLU-induced apoptosis by reducing the expression of the mitochondrial apoptosis-associated Bcl-2 family effector proteins and protected cells from GLU-induced oxidative damage by increasing the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. (sdbonline.org)
Understanding how these cells and proteins interact in the brain may lead to new strategies for preserving memory in the face of aging or disease. (sfn.org)

Cannabinoid-mediated activation of CB-1 leads to the inhibition of the neuron that they are bound to, but this can sometimes lead to a net result of activation down the stream of information. (hightimes.com)
They're composed of a cell body , which has all the cell's organelles, and nerve fibers, which are projections that extend out from the neuron cell body . (osmosis.org)
2001. Subchronic dermal application of N,N-diethyl m-toluamide (DEET) and permethrin to adult rats, alone or in combination, causes diffuse neuronal cell death and cytoskeletal abnormalities in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus, and purkinje neuron loss in the cerebellum. (cdc.gov)
A neuron generates and propagates an action potential along its axon, then transmits this signal across a synapse by releasing neurotransmitters, which trigger a reaction in another neuron or an effector cell (eg, muscle cells, most exocrine and endocrine cells). (msdmanuals.com)

However, the suggested mechanisms include a sever increase in neuronal excitability following an imbalance in the ion channel function, either as an increase in excitatory neurotransmitters of glutamate and aspartate or a decrease in the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter [7]. (debuglies.com)
For this purpose, a transgenic mouse line expressing a green fluorecescent protein (GFP) under the control of the GAD65 (GAD: glutamate decarboxilase enzyme involved in the synthesis of GABA) promoter will be used. (europa.eu)
While glutamate is an excitatory signal, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory signal. (hightimes.com)
The main groups include sodium channel blockers, calcium current inhibitors, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhancers, glutamate blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, hormones, and drugs with unknown mechanisms of action (see the image below). (medscape.com)

AEG‑1 is associated with glutamate excitotoxicity due to its reported function of repressing excitatory amino acid transporter 2 expression in astrocytes. (spandidos-publications.com)
In AST, AEG-1 causes glutamatergic excitotoxicity by downregulating the activity of the excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) promoter, leading to neuronal cell death in glioma-induced neurodegenerative disease ( 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
In that year, he published three papers about the neuro-protective effect of lithium in the cellular model against glutamate excitotoxicity and in the animal stroke model. (nih.gov)

Nogo-A receptor (NgR1) and subunits of ionotropic glutamate AMPA receptor (GluR1-GluR4) were among the most interesting Olfm1 -interacting partners. (nih.gov)

The presence of neuronal intranuclear inclusions (NIIs) initially led to the view that they are toxic and, hence, pathogenic. (medscape.com)

However, the molecular mechanisms underlying such age-dependent differences in apoptotic response to neuronal injury have not been identified. (jneurosci.org)
Understanding the neuronal mechanisms mediating emotional information processing in the amygdala will require identification of its main cell types and knowledge of their participation in the intrinsic circuitry of this region. (europa.eu)
The precise identification of the main cell types in the amygdala and knowledge of their participation in the intrinsic circuitry of this region is an essential pre-requisite to understand the neuronal mechanisms mediating the diverse roles of the amygdala subsystems. (europa.eu)
Currently little is known about the underlying mechanisms of this selective neuronal vulnerability. (biomedcentral.com)
Although this process is highly regulated by neuronal activity, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unclear. (elsevierpure.com)
The effects of ginseng oligosaccharides (GSOs) on neuronal oxidative injury induced by glutamate (GLU) and the molecular mechanisms involved were investigated. (sdbonline.org)
ATLANTA, October 15, 2006 - The location and mechanisms of recollection may reside in a specific set of brain cells, according to new reports. (sfn.org)
Herein, we review possible mechanisms by which glutamate may act in facilitating the growth of projections in astrocytic cells. (mdpi.com)

Oppositely, expression of mutated myocilin sensitizes cells to apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. (nih.gov)
Caspases, NO-syntases are intracellular enzymes involved in cell death and oxidative stress. (geropharm.com)

Eldadah and Faden, 2000 ), we hypothesized that suppression of apoptotic capability during maturation of mammalian brain results from repression of genes involved in the caspase-3 activation pathway, and that injury-induced neuronal apoptosis in the mature brain results from reactivation of these genes. (jneurosci.org)

thus, it blocks the action of glutamate and aspartate, excitatory amino acid CNS neurotransmitters. (medscape.com)
When bound by gabapentin or pregabalin they decrease the influx of calcium into the presynaptic terminal there by decreasing the release of excitatory neurotransmitters. (scireproject.com)

This gene encodes the enzyme responsible for pre-mRNA editing of the glutamate receptor subunit B by site-specific deamination of adenosines. (cancerindex.org)

[ 8 ] Caspase inhibition in clonal striatal cells showed no correlation between the reduction of aggregates in the cells and increased survival. (medscape.com)

As the immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), microglia could influence neurogenesis through the M1 and M2 subtypes, and these may promote depressive-like behaviors. (frontiersin.org)
We distinguished 62 neuronal subtypes producing glutamatergic, dopaminergic or GABAergic markers for synaptic neurotransmission and harboring the ability to engage in task-dependent neurotransmitter switching. (nature.com)
Figure 4: Neuropeptide associations to individual hypothalamic neuronal subtypes. (nature.com)

Altogether, our results indicate that reduced numbers of cortical interneurons upon DOT1L deletion result from premature cell cycle exit, but effects on postmitotic differentiation, maturation, and migration are likely at play as well. (bvsalud.org)
Regarding animal models in ASD, many studies focus on gene expression, cortical neuronal migration and cell maturation, and neural network deficits. (bvsalud.org)
Con respecto a los modelos animales en TEA, muchos estudios se centran en la expresión génica, la migración y maduración neuronal cortical y los déficits de la red neuronal, pero muy pocos son los estudios que relacionen directamente la comunicación oral animal y la expresión génica en áreas corticales del lenguaje. (bvsalud.org)

Domoic acid has been associated with necrosis of the glutamate-rich hippocampus and amygdala in autopsied cases. (medscape.com)

Neurological studies have demonstrated that chronic stress exposure induces neurodegeneration of important neuronal structures and destabilization of the mesocortical dopaminergic pathway. (spandidos-publications.com)

When loaded with Oregon Green BAPTA, nuclei isolated from mGlu5-expressing HEK cells responded to the addition of glutamate with rapid, oscillatory [Ca 2+ ] elevations that were blocked by antagonist or EGTA. (wustl.edu)
Cell nuclei are labeled with DAPI (blue). (alomone.com)

Low energy reserves and high intrinsic stress levels are two underlying factors for neuronal selective vulnerability to OS. (biomedcentral.com)
The most striking neuropathology in HD occurs within the neostriatum, in which gross atrophy of the caudate nucleus and putamen is accompanied by selective neuronal loss and astrogliosis. (medscape.com)

The extent of gross striatal pathology, neuronal loss, and gliosis provides a basis for grading the severity of HD pathology (grades 0-4). (medscape.com)
[ 7 ] More recent data from striatal neuronal cultures transfected with mutant huntingtin and transgenic mice carrying the spinocerebellar ataxia-1 (SCA-1) gene (another CAG repeat disorder) suggest that NIIs may not be necessary or sufficient to cause neuronal cell death, but translocation into the nucleus is sufficient to cause neuronal cell death. (medscape.com)

Astrocytes are fundamental components of brain information processing and possess the ability to respond to synaptic signaling with increases in cytoplasmic calcium and modulate neuronal activity with the subsequent release of neuroactive transmitters. (nature.com)
Since calcium has a positive charge, it makes the inside of the cell more positive and that helps triggers an action potential. (osmosis.org)
This review discusses the similarities and differences between the morphology of astrocytes and astrocytoma cells, and the role that dysregulation in glutamate and calcium signaling plays in the aberrant morphology of astrocytoma cells. (mdpi.com)

Recent studies have provided evidence that neuronal susceptibility to apoptosis induced by traumatic or ischemic injury decreases during brain development. (jneurosci.org)

Cortexin ® produces an effect on all links of the pathological chain of molecular events leading to neuronal death. (geropharm.com)
Here, we identify molecular and cellular adaptations in the brain using single-cell sequencing of water-deprived Drosophila. (ox.ac.uk)

We discovered that myocilin increased cell proliferation and survival. (nih.gov)
During aging and in certain diseased states, this equilibrium is disrupted and selectively affects neuronal survival in specific brain regions. (biomedcentral.com)

Loss of GPR56 does not affect cell proliferation, migration, or neurite outgrowth. (jneurosci.org)
but the role of GPR56 in neuronal migration in vivo remains unknown. (jneurosci.org)
Consistent with this hypothesis, developing granule cells from the rostral region of Gpr56 −/− cerebella at birth exhibit a specific defect in cell adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules of the pial basement membrane (BM) but no defects in migration, proliferation, or process outgrowth. (jneurosci.org)
Firstly, loss of dGLYAT suppressed scrib depletion- or Egr overexpression-induced JNK pathway activation and invasive cell migration. (sdbonline.org)

It was found that GSOs reversed GLU-induced reductions in cell viability and the LDH release rate, and rescued ROS accumulation. (sdbonline.org)
The precise stoichiometry of tau isoforms is tightly regulated: the levels of 3R and 4R in the adult human CNS are approximately equal, and this appears to have a direct influence on neuronal viability, as mutations in MAPT that disrupt tau splicing are causative of frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP17T) (5,6). (researchsquare.com)

Furthermore, ectopically expressed NPAS3 in PC12 cells produced parallel responses for nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells [NF-κB (P65)] expression, which specifies that NPAS3 regulates VGF through the NF-κB signaling pathway. (frontiersin.org)
The levels of catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) were measured in PC12 cells and Drosophila brain tissue. (sdbonline.org)

A stable AEG‑1‑deficient HT22 neuronal cell line was constructed using CRISPR/Cas9 gene‑editing technology. (spandidos-publications.com)
Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1), which is also known as metadherin and lysine-rich carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 co-isolated, was first observed to be upregulated in brain astrocytes from patients with HIV-induced Alzheimer's disease ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Okadaic acid binds to intestinal epithelial cells and increases their permeability. (medscape.com)
Fly astrocytes contribute processes to tripartite synapses, and the proportion of astrocytes that are themselves activated by glutamate increases with water deprivation. (ox.ac.uk)

AEG-1 has been shown to localize to the cell membrane, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleolus and nucleus in cancer cells ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
N-terminal fragments of mutant huntingtin accumulate and form inclusions in the cell nucleus in the brains of patients with HD, as well as in various animal and cell models of HD. (medscape.com)
Altered responsiveness to co- oup the nucleus accumbens reflect the behavioral approaches that incorporate caine and increased immobility in the forced swim test associated with elevated cAMP response ele- memory of associations between the extinction-like processes may have effi- ment binding protein in nucleus accumbens. (lu.se)

There was a statistically significant correlation between the ratio of lesioned to control activity for membrane‐bound COMT and the neuronal marker enzyme glutamate decarboxylase. (psu.edu)
The stage-specific embryonic antigen 4 (SSEA4) is com- isolate the NSCs from neonatal mice and rats (Campos monly used as a cell surface marker to identify the pluri- et al. (lu.se)
CD133+), but are rarely codetected with the neural stem dents, very few human-specific NSC markers have been cell (NSC) marker CD15. (lu.se)

Although thirst-responsive neuronal signals have been reported, the full complement of brain responses is unclear. (ox.ac.uk)
Although the function of AEG‑1 has been demonstrated in neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the underlying mechanism of neuronal AEG‑1 function remains unclear. (spandidos-publications.com)

The aim of this study was to explore the correlation of NPAS3 and VGF, and their roles in neural cell proliferation, in the context of psychiatric illnesses. (frontiersin.org)
Over-expression of NPAS3 also enhances the cell proliferation, which can be blocked by knockdown of VGF. (frontiersin.org)
Finally, NPAS3 was found to influence proliferation of neural cells through VGF. (frontiersin.org)
This network collectively detailed how NPAS3 connects with VGF and intersected neural cell proliferation, synaptic activity and psychiatric disorders. (frontiersin.org)
NPAS3 protein is also involved in other processes in the brain such as neurogenesis, circadian rhythm and cell proliferation. (frontiersin.org)

Astrocytes are among the most abundant cell types in the mammalian brain and garnered their name due to their star-like shape with a cell body and processes that can extend to contact thousands of synapses [ 1 ]. (nature.com)
In Ramón y Cajal's (1899) rendition of human astrocytes, he illustrated that the cells manifest integral connections with both blood vessels and neuronal synapses. (nature.com)

Membrane‐bound COMT activity was decreased in the lesioned striatum, while soluble COMT activity was increased. (psu.edu)
A. NR2A staining (green) in striatum is detected in neuronal profiles. (alomone.com)

We found that myocilin is expressed in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and affects their differentiation into osteoblasts. (nih.gov)

Indeed, granule cells from the rostral region of perinatal Gpr56 −/− cerebella show loss of adhesion to extracellular matrix molecules of the pial basement membrane. (jneurosci.org)
Rivett, AJ , Francis, A & Roth, JA 1983, ' Distinct Cellular Localization of Membrane‐Bound and Soluble Forms of Catechol‐O‐Methyltransferase in Brain ', Journal of neurochemistry , vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 215-219. (psu.edu)
Cell damage was assessed using MTT assays, and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release rate and flow cytometry were used to detect the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential respectively. (sdbonline.org)
GSOs also mitigated the deleterious effects of GLU on the mitochondrial membrane potential and Cyt C release, thus alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased GSH levels and CAT activity in both cells and Drosophila brain tissue. (sdbonline.org)

It is a group of optic neuropathies characterized by the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), leading to a specific deformation of the optic nerve head. (nih.gov)
It has been shown that Cortexin ® reduces neuronal apoptosis (programmed cell death) due to glutamate excessive accumulation (Pinelis et al. (geropharm.com)
Apoptosis is a genetically controlled cell death that was initially recognized for its role in development. (jneurosci.org)
AD can even lead to the death of the afflicted person in the final stages by causing malnutrition, brain death, and multiple organ failure due to the number of nerve cells that have died. (hyperthermicwellness.com)
Retinal ganglion cell death was induced by acute optic nerve crush in wild-type and Sigmar1 −/− mice. (molvis.org)
Our data indicated faster retinal ganglion cell death in Sigmar1 −/− than in wild-type mice under the stresses caused by optic nerve crush, providing direct evidence for a role of the σR1 in alleviating retinal degeneration. (molvis.org)
Cell Death Discov 8(1): 459. (sdbonline.org)
Blocking P channels might have protected Purkinje cells from death. (epiphanyasd.com)

[ 4 ] which allows sodium influx and a small amount of potassium efflux-neuronal depolarization results. (medscape.com)

It is important to note that a common pathway to neuronal injury resulting from the various forms of brain insult mentioned above is believed to be that of induction of intracellular OS. (biomedcentral.com)

These results support a novel hypothesis that the cerebellar defects in Gpr56 knock-outs, and potentially in human patients with GPR56 mutations, arise from the disrupted adhesion of developing granule cells to the pial BM. (jneurosci.org)

Neuronal apoptosis plays an essential role in early brain development and contributes to secondary neuronal loss after acute brain injury. (jneurosci.org)

In this study, VGF (non-acronymic) was found regulated by NPAS3 in neuronal stem cells. (frontiersin.org)
Skeletal muscle growth and regeneration involves the activity of resident adult stem cells, namely satellite cells (SC). (sdbonline.org)

Results from RNA sequencing revealed that AEG‑1 modulated neuronal morphology and development by regulating the expression of numerous genes, such as ubiquitin C, C‑X‑C motif chemokine ligand 1, MMP9, Notch1, neuropilin 1 and ephrin type‑A receptor 4. (spandidos-publications.com)

We show increased circuit excitability and CA1 pyramidal cell output in juvenile mice of both Grin2a+/- and Grin2a-/- mice. (bvsalud.org)
These may underlie the increased neuronal excitability in the mPFC, which contribute to the abnormal social behavior in PVCre;Cacna2d3f/f mice. (bvsalud.org)
This has been shown to reduce neuronal hyper-excitability recorded at the spinal dorsal horn near the level of injury (Ahn et al. (scireproject.com)

Other causes of epilepsy include acute metabolic disorders such as hypo or hyperglycemia, electrolyte imbalance, acute neuronal damage following infection and inflammation, stroke, head trauma, mitochondrial dysfunction, hypoxia, and fever. (debuglies.com)

Regulatory feedback loop may occur between astrocytic metabolism and neuronal activity involving transporters like AQP4 channels to maintain supply and demand volume change between Neuro-excitatory metabolite Glutamate which is synthesized from glucose-derived α-Ketoglutarate using TCA cycle enzymes enzymatically called Malic enzyme. (igelsparks.com)

Quantification of cells remaining after optic nerve crush showed that 86.8±7.9% cells remained in the wild-type ganglion cell layer, but only 68.3±3.4% survived in the Sigmar1 −/− , demonstrating a significant difference between the wild-type and the Sigmar1 −/− in crush-induced ganglion cell loss. (molvis.org)

The saxitoxins act by blocking sodium ion movement through voltage-dependent sodium channels in nerve and muscle cell membranes. (medscape.com)

This study shows that the metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGlu5, mobilizes nuclear Ca 2+ independent of cytosolic Ca 2+ regulation. (wustl.edu)

His work supports the argument that the sea horse-shaped brain area called the hippocampus serves recollection by performing memory-binding operations that are critical to each of the characteristic features of recollection. (sfn.org)

We report that Grin2a+/+ mice reach PV cell electrophysiological maturation between the neonatal and juvenile neurodevelopmental timepoints, with Grin2a+/- mice not reaching PV cell electrophysiological maturation until preadolescence, and Grin2a-/- mice not reaching PV cell electrophysiological maturation until adulthood. (bvsalud.org)

Interference RNA-mediated knockdown of GPR56 recapitulates the loss of adhesion seen in knock-outs, and reexpression of GPR56 rescues the adhesion defect in knock-out granule cells. (jneurosci.org)
Stably introduced into cancer cell lines, the system reports on elevated endogenous ADAR1 editing activity induced by interferon as well as knockdown of ADAR1 and ADAR2. (cancerindex.org)
Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blotting were carried out to analyze the knockdown efficiency of AEG‑1‑deficient HT22 cell line. (spandidos-publications.com)

At the age of defect onset, GPR56 expression is restricted specifically to developing granule cells in the rostral cerebellum, suggesting that GPR56 regulates properties of these cells. (jneurosci.org)
Here we show that Cbln1, a synaptic organizer of the C1q family, is released from lysosomes in axons but not dendrites of cerebellar granule cells in an activity- and Ca 2+ -dependent manner. (elsevierpure.com)
find that Cbln1 is released from lysosomes by neuronal activity and accumulated at axonal boutons of cerebellar granule cells. (elsevierpure.com)

Ramón y Cajal's observations align with the traditional view of astrocytes as support cells and the more recent lines of evidence revealing astrocytes as active regulators of synaptic transmission and plasticity [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. (nature.com)

The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2) receptor provides the entry route for the coronavirus to infect human host cells. (debuglies.com)

Nearly half of neural cells die by apoptosis during brain development. (jneurosci.org)

Astrocytes exhibit circuit-specific modulation of neuronal networks and have the potential to serve as a therapeutic target for interventions designed for dopamine pathologies. (nature.com)
Astrocytes are non-excitable cells in the CNS that can cause life-threatening astrocytoma tumors when they transform to cancerous cells. (mdpi.com)

This study aims to understand the function and mechanism of Drosophila Glycine N-acyltransferase (GLYAT) in cell invasion. (sdbonline.org)

Anatomy49

Organisms12

Diseases12

Chemicals and Drugs107

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment27

Psychiatry and Psychology3

Phenomena and Processes45

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Health Care1

Receptors26

Neurons15

NMDA2

Excitatory neurotransmitter3

Proteins5

Neuron4

GABA4

Excitotoxicity3

Ionotropic glutamate1

Intranuclear1

Mechanisms8

Oxidative stress2

Injury-induced1

Neurotransmitters2

Receptor subunit1

Caspase1

Subtypes3

Cortical3

Necrosis1

Dopaminergic1

Nuclei2

Selective2

Striatal2

Calcium3

Apoptosis induced1

Molecular2

Survival2

Migration4

Viability2

PC122

Gene2

Increases2

Nucleus3

Marker3

Unclear2

Proliferation5

Synapses2

Striatum2

Differentiation1

Membrane4

Death8

Depolarization1

Intracellular1

Mutations1

Acute brain1

Stem cells2

Morphology1

Excitability3

Mitochondrial1

Astrocytic1

Quantification1

Voltage-dependen1

Cytosolic1

Hippocampus1

Grin2a1

Knockdown3

Granule cells3

Synaptic transmission1

Enzyme1

Neural1

Astrocytes2

Mechanism1