Initially, two‐dimensional neural cultures presented an innovative landmark for investigating human neuronal and, more recently, glial biology, as well as for modeling brain neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. (ehu.eus)
Cytoskeleton-associated protein2
Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein is a plasticity protein that in humans is encoded by the ARC gene. (wikipedia.org)
The activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) is induced by cocaine in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), an important brain reward region, but Arc's NAc function in SUD-related behaviour remains unclear. (bvsalud.org)
Plasticity1
The mTOR pathway is also regulated by the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which plays a key role in the development and the plasticity of the central nervous system and is considered a risk factor for ASD. (wikipathways.org)
Negatively regulate2
mTOR is regulated by the TCS1/2 complex, and several signaling pathways upstream of TSC1/2 positively or negatively regulate this complex, including PI3K-AKT, Ras-ERK, LKB1-AMPK and Wnt-GSK3β pathways. (wikipathways.org)
Thus, our results demonstrate that changes in neuronal activity initiate competing signaling pathways that positively and negatively regulate the growth of the dendritic arbor. (jneurosci.org)
Pathways1
Genome-wide identification of calcium-response factor (CaRF) binding sites predicts a role in regulation of neuronal signaling pathways. (neurotree.org)
Retrograde1
A retrograde neuronal survival response: target-derived neurotrophins regulate MEF2D and bcl-w. (neurotree.org)
Dendritic7
The mRNA (and aggregate protein) is carried along microtubules radiating out from the nucleus by kinesin (specifically KIF5) and likely translocated into dendritic spines by the actin-based motor protein myosin-Va. Arc has been shown to be associated with polyribosomes at synaptic sites, and is translated in isolated synaptoneurosomal fractions in vitro indicating that the protein is likely locally translated in vivo. (wikipedia.org)
We also find that mPFC NPAS4 is required for CSDS-induced reductions in pyramidal neuron dendritic spine density, excitatory synaptic transmission, and presynaptic function, revealing a relationship between perturbation in excitatory synaptic transmission and the expression of anhedonia-like behavior in the mice. (bvsalud.org)
Specifically, we have uncovered a novel, activity-dependent signaling pathway that restricts dendritic arborization. (jneurosci.org)
We demonstrate that the GTPase Rem2 is regulated at the transcriptional level by calcium influx through L-VGCCs and inhibits dendritic arborization in cultured rat cortical neurons and in the Xenopus laevis tadpole visual system. (jneurosci.org)
Each type of neuron in the mammalian CNS has a distinctive dendritic arbor that is typically extensively branched, and that instructs the specific function of the neuron in part by ensuring that the proper synaptic connections are formed ( Elston, 2000 ). (jneurosci.org)
However, negative mediators of experience-dependent dendritic outgrowth that are activity regulated at the transcriptional level are less well understood. (jneurosci.org)
When exposed chronically to cocaine, mice lacking Kalirin 7, the major adult isoform, fail to show an increase in dendritic spine density in the nucleus accumbens, show diminished place preference for cocaine, and exhibit increased locomotor activity in response to cocaine. (biomedcentral.com)
Enhancers2
Gray JM, Kim TK , West AE , Nord AS , Markenscoff-Papadimitriou E , Lomvardas S. Genomic Views of Transcriptional Enhancers: Essential Determinants of Cellular Identity and Activity-Dependent Responses in the CNS. (neurotree.org)
Widespread transcription at neuronal activity-regulated enhancers. (neurotree.org)
UBE3A2
Proteasome activity is also affected by neuronal activity, via increased expression of UBE3A through transcription factor MEF2, which leads to the internalization of AMPA-R. Variations in the Calcium-channel CACNA1C are also associated with ASD and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_syndrome Timothy Syndrome]. (wikipathways.org)
The Angelman Syndrome protein Ube3A regulates synapse development by ubiquitinating arc. (neurotree.org)
MRNA5
ARC mRNA is localized to activated synaptic sites in an NMDA receptor-dependent manner, where the newly translated protein is believed to play a critical role in learning and memory-related molecular processes. (wikipedia.org)
The 3' UTR of the mRNA contains a cis-acting element required for the localization of Arc to neuronal dendrites, as well as sites for two exon junction complexes (EJCs) that make Arc a natural target for nonsense mediated decay (NMD). (wikipedia.org)
Following transcription, Arc mRNA is transported out of the nucleus and localized to neuronal dendrites and activated synapses, a process dependent on the 3' UTR, polymerization of actin, and ERK phosphorylation. (wikipedia.org)
interaction( Hh) is a bound transfer that is very proteins in modifications resulting past plasma mRNA, fibril-associated information DNA, isoform kinase and activity( characterised in Hui and Angers, 2011). (evakoch.com)
The nature of imperfect binding specificity means that a single miRNA can regulate a large number of mRNA targets involved in complex cellular processes, thereby tightly controlling genetic networks during development and in response to stress ( Pocock, 2011 ). (elifesciences.org)
Poorly understood2
In individuals with a substance use disorder (SUD) and attempting to remain abstinent, these powerful drug-cue associations can trigger a return to active drug use, but the molecular mechanisms regulating drug-cue associations remain poorly understood. (bvsalud.org)
Although studies suggest that αSyn and its missense mutant, A53T, preferentially accumulate in the mitochondria, the mechanisms by which αSyn and mitochondrial proteins regulate each other to trigger mitochondrial and neuronal toxicity are poorly understood. (springer.com)
Transcriptional3
NPAS4 regulates the transcriptional response of the suprachiasmatic nucleus to light and circadian behavior. (neurotree.org)
An Intrinsic Transcriptional Program Underlying Synaptic Scaling during Activity Suppression. (neurotree.org)
p200 CUX1 acts as a transcriptional repressor, whereas short CUX1 isoforms can activate or suppress transcription [ 1 , 3 ]. (nature.com)
Protein5
Arc protein is widely considered to be important in neurobiology because of its activity regulation, localization, and utility as a marker for plastic changes in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
Dysfunction in the production of Arc protein has been implicated as an important factor in understanding various neurological conditions, including amnesia, Alzheimer's disease, Autism spectrum disorders, and Fragile X syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
Fiore R, Khudayberdiev S, Christensen M, Siegel G, Flavell SW , Kim TK , Greenberg ME , Schratt G. Mef2-mediated transcription of the miR379-410 cluster regulates activity-dependent dendritogenesis by fine-tuning Pumilio2 protein levels. (neurotree.org)
ATP-dependent Clp protease (ClpP), a mitochondrial matrix protease, plays an important role in regulating mitochondrial protein turnover and bioenergetics activity. (springer.com)
NPAS43
We show here that the neuronal activity-regulated transcription factor, NPAS4, in the mPFC is regulated by chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), and it is required in this brain region for CSDS-induced changes in sucrose preference and natural reward motivation in the mice. (bvsalud.org)
Finally, analysis of the mice mPFC tissues revealed that NPAS4 regulates the expression of numerous genes linked to glutamatergic synapses and ribosomal function, the expression of upregulated genes in CSDS-susceptible animals, and differentially expressed genes in postmortem human brains of patients with common neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression. (bvsalud.org)
HDAC5 and Its Target Gene, Npas4, Function in the Nucleus Accumbens to Regulate Cocaine-Conditioned Behaviors. (neurotree.org)
Neurons1
Overexpression of ClpP reduces αSyn-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress through enhancing the level of Superoxide Dismutase-2 (SOD2), and suppresses the accumulation of αSyn S129 phosphorylation and promotes neuronal morphology in neurons derived from PD patient iPS cells carrying αSyn A53T mutant. (springer.com)
Pathway2
The download Hanging Sam: A Military Biography of General of Insulin like Growth Factor Binding Proteins( IGFBPs) phase 50 response pathway good research with reviewed N cell and C formation enzymes binding for conjugating Insulin like Growth Factors I and II( IGF I and IGF II). (evakoch.com)
Here, we report that the microRNA miR-1 regulates the autophagy pathway through conserved targeting of the orthologous T re-2/ B ub2/ C DC16 (TBC) Rab GTPase-activating proteins TBC-7 and TBC1D15 in Caenorhabditis elegans and mammalian cells, respectively. (elifesciences.org)
Repressor1
Bhlhb5 and Prdm8 form a repressor complex involved in neuronal circuit assembly. (neurotree.org)
Molecular1
New Molecular Insights into the Excitation-Transcription Coupling. (neurotree.org)
Genes1
A download Hanging Sam: A Military Biography of General Samuel T. Williams: From Pancho Villa to of residues are experienced regulated for the high 3-phosphate by which SP1 assemblies present to connected formation phagosome by UCP1 in transmembrane C1q-mediated fusion momenta, and preferentially by the intracellular genes as Once. (evakoch.com)
Behavior2
Here, we sought to determine whether the epigenetic enzyme, histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5), regulates relapse-associated behavior in an animal model of OUD. (bvsalud.org)
We utilized cre-dependent viral-mediated approaches to investigate the cell-type-specific effects of HDAC5 on heroin-seeking behavior, gene expression, and medium spiny neuron (MSN) cell and synaptic physiology. (bvsalud.org)
Upstream1
see serum response factor) at ~1.5 kb upstream of the initiation site. (wikipedia.org)
Despite the expression of multiple Rho GDP/GTP exchange factors (GEFs) in the nervous system, the Kalrn gene, which encodes multiple isoforms of Kalirin, plays an essential, non-redundant role. (biomedcentral.com)
Its importance has been documented in a number of physiologic and pathologic conditions including neuronal and muscle development, lymphocyte activation, cardiac hypertrophy, switching of skeletal muscle fiber type, and expression of ion channels. (pancreapedia.org)
Suppress1
Moreover, we find that αSyn WT and A53T mutant interact with ClpP and suppress its peptidase activity. (springer.com)
Proteins4
CUX1 isoforms are transcription factors, whereas CASP are Golgi proteins that share with CUX1 the N-terminal region but not the DNA binding motifs [ 2 ]. (nature.com)
these multidomain guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) contain additional domains known to interact with phosphatidylinositides as well as with a number of different proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
A hallmark of events observed during segmentation was the induction of multiple transcription factors, including a large group of homeobox proteins in pace with decay of a large fraction of maternal transcripts. (biomedcentral.com)
Deficiency in ClpP induces an overload of mitochondrial misfolded/unfolded proteins, suppresses mitochondrial respiratory activity, increases mitochondrial oxidative damage and causes cell death. (springer.com)
Exhibit1
These animals proved viable and exhibit no gross malformations in neuronal architecture, but express higher levels of the GluR1 subunit and increased miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in addition to displaying deficiencies in long-term memory. (wikipedia.org)
Development2
Along with other IEGs such as ZNF268 and HOMER1, ARC is also a significant tool for systems neuroscience as illustrated by the development of the cellular compartment analysis of temporal activity by fluorescence in situ hybridization, or catFISH technique (see fluorescent in situ hybridization). (wikipedia.org)
Arc is critical as a ubiquitous signaling factor in early embryonic development and is required for growth and patterning during gastrulation. (wikipedia.org)
Dependent1
They are classified according to their dependence on certain divalent metal ions for phosphatase activity and Cn is uniquely dependent upon Ca 2+ . (pancreapedia.org)
CnB, the regulatory subunit, contains 4 Ca 2+ -binding EF hand motifs that regulate (through a conformational change) the catalytic function of Cn. (pancreapedia.org)
Activation1
Changes in mTOR activation is believed to be a risk factor for ASD. (wikipathways.org)
Form1
Cn consists of two subunits, CnA and CnB, which form a heterodimer in order to conduct phosphatase activity. (pancreapedia.org)