Neuron the stimuli are excitatory neurons. Medical search. Frequent questions

Our results suggest that SOM and PV neurons engage in cortical circuits in different manners: while PV neurons provide fast, strong but untuned feedforward inhibition to excitatory neurons, likely serving as a general gain control for the processing of ascending inputs, SOM neurons with their selective but delayed and weak inhibition may provide more specific gating of later arriving intracortical excitatory inputs on the distal dendrites. (jneurosci.org)
If impulses occurred at precisely the same times in both neurons, this indicated that they both shared the same inputs. (sciencedaily.com)
We mapped and quantified the intracortical inputs to L2/3 neurons using laser-scanning photostimulation combined with patch clamp recordings. (biorxiv.org)
We found that hypomyelination reduces inhibitory connections to L2/3 neurons without affecting excitatory inputs, thus altering excitatory/inhibitory balance. (biorxiv.org)
Mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists potently inhibited MThal inputs without affecting ACC inputs to individual striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs). (elifesciences.org)
MOR activation also inhibited MThal inputs to the pyramidal neurons in the ACC. (elifesciences.org)
In contrast, delta-opioid receptor (DOR) agonists disinhibited ACC pyramidal neuron responses to MThal inputs by suppressing local feed-forward GABA signaling from parvalbumin-positive interneurons. (elifesciences.org)
Genetic and physiological studies revealed that Sdk1 loss selectively disrupts S1-RGC visual responses, which result from a loss of excitatory and inhibitory inputs and selective dendritic deficits on this neuron. (elifesciences.org)
The present experiments used optogenetic methods in a lightly anesthetized rat and an adult RVM slice to determine whether there are direct, functionally relevant inputs to RVM pain-modulating neurons from PB. (eneuro.org)
Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings demonstrated that PB conveys direct glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs to RVM neurons. (eneuro.org)
They also reveal additional inputs from PB with the capacity to activate both classes of RVM pain-modulating neurons and the potential to be recruited under different physiological and pathophysiological conditions. (eneuro.org)
Voltage-clamp recordings at rest revealed strong excitatory inputs with a characteristic multimodal distribution of amplitudes, as well as strong inhibitory inputs. (eneuro.org)
Excitatory inputs within a particular mode (amplitude range) routinely violated refractory period criteria and exhibited complex sensory tuning, suggesting a nonunitary origin. (eneuro.org)
Next, using a unilateral loss-of-function approach, we characterized the source of vestibular inputs to vestibulospinal neurons from each ear. (eneuro.org)
We observed systematic loss of high-amplitude excitatory inputs after utricular lesions ipsilateral, but not contralateral, to the recorded vestibulospinal neuron. (eneuro.org)
In contrast, while some neurons had decreased inhibitory inputs after either ipsilateral or contralateral lesions, there were no systematic changes across the population of recorded neurons. (eneuro.org)
We conclude that imbalance sensed by the utricular otolith shapes the responses of larval zebrafish vestibulospinal neurons through both excitatory and inhibitory inputs. (eneuro.org)
characterized the synaptic inputs and spiking outputs of larval zebrafish vestibulospinal neurons, and proposed a model for this transformation. (eneuro.org)
We then establish the laterality of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs, allowing comparison of vestibulospinal circuit architecture in larval zebrafish to other vertebrate species. (eneuro.org)
Defining the properties of synaptic inputs to vestibulospinal neurons is critical to understand how sensed imbalance is transformed into corrective behaviors. (eneuro.org)
As a result, during repetitive thalamic firing, the gain-of-function of TC excitatory inputs on inhibitory neurons becomes larger than that on excitatory neurons and the I/E balance is relatively skewed towards inhibition in FHM1 L4 excitatory neurons [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The cholinergic Ipc neurons receive topographic glutamatergic inputs from tectal SGP neurons and project back to upper tectal layers in a topographic manner while GABAergic Imc neurons, which also get inputs from the SGP neurons project back non-topographically to both the tectum and Ipc nucleus. (wustl.edu)
These UpWind Neurons (UpWiNs) integrate inhibitory and excitatory synaptic inputs from MBONs of appetitive and aversive memory compartments, respectively. (janelia.org)

Although the FS neurons were most likely PV cells ( Kawaguchi and Kubota, 1997 ), the RS inhibitory neurons were a mixture of other GABAergic subtypes. (jneurosci.org)
Remarkably, these effects are not associated with changes in the expression of GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic components, but with a reduction of parvalbumin (PV) neuron density and PV mRNA levels. (biorxiv.org)
We show that high-frequency, random activation of this GABAergic synapse can drive precisely timed firing in DLM neurons in brain slices in the absence of excitatory input. (washington.edu)
These data elucidate basic rules by which thalamic relay neurons translate IPSPs into suprathreshold output and demonstrate extrathalamic GABAergic activation of thalamus. (washington.edu)
In developing Fmr1 KO auditory cortex, there is a transient reduction in perineuronal net expression around GABAergic interneurons which coincides with single neuron hyperexcitability. (escholarship.org)
High-frequency laser stimulation (HFLS) of GABAergic neurons potentiated this suppression. (bvsalud.org)
A successful protocol validation was followed by our preliminary results, which showed that both glutamatergic and gabaergic neurons presented significant change in activation intensity and number of events in specific contexts throughout the task days. (bvsalud.org)

To examine whether or not neurons in this cortex represent reward information flexibly when a visual stimulus indicates either a rewarded or unrewarded outcome, neuronal activity in the macaque perirhinal cortex was examined using a conditional-association cued-reward task. (jneurosci.org)
To gain insights into the impact of hypomyelination on excitatory and inhibitory neuronal network function in A1, we took advantage of mice in which ErbB receptor signaling in oligodendrocytes has been eliminated by expression of a dominant-negative ErbB4 in cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage under the control of the CNPase promoter (CNP-DN-ErbB4, 15 ). (biorxiv.org)
Overall, XDream is an efficient, general, and robust algorithm for uncovering neuronal tuning preferences using a vast and diverse stimulus space. (plos.org)
With whole-cell recording from single neurons, we found that ACh inhibited excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) while elevating neuronal firing in a dose-dependent manner. (springer.com)
Thus, ACh modulates network dynamics in a biphasic fashion, probably by inhibiting excitatory synaptic transmission and facilitating neuronal excitability through muscarinic signaling pathways. (springer.com)
Further development results in the formation of new mature neurons, which can integrate into the pre-established neuronal system. (news-medical.net)
Activation of GABA neurons suppressed neuronal responses in the neocortex to a forthcoming auditory stimulus in mice of both sexes. (bvsalud.org)
Susceptible neuronal populations also include inhibitory neurons in the thalamic Reticular Nucleus. (cdc.gov)

Somatostatin-expressing inhibitory (SOM) neurons in the sensory cortex consist mostly of Martinotti cells, which project ascending axons to layer 1. (jneurosci.org)
Delving ever deeper into the intricate architecture of the brain, researchers at The Salk Institute have now described how two different types of nerve cells, called neurons, work together in tiny sub-networks to pass on just the right amount and the right kind of sensory information. (sciencedaily.com)
During a sensory stimulus, the responses of neurons depend on the patterns of connections between excitatory and inhibitory cells and on their intrinsic and synaptic properties. (nyu.edu)
A longstanding question in sensory neuroscience is what types of stimuli drive neurons to fire. (plos.org)
Using multi-electrode recordings in mice, we find that rate and rhythmicity of thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) neurons are predictive of their functional organization in sleep and suggestive of their participation in sensory processing across states. (frontiersin.org)
As altered responsivity to visual stimuli and abnormal processing of visual sensory information are common hallmarks of migraine, herein we investigated the effects of FHM1-driven synaptic alterations in the visual cortex of awake mice. (biomedcentral.com)
We used single neuron recordings and controlled whisker deflections to examine responses of thalamocortical neurons to sensory stimulation in rat survivors of 9 min of asphyxial cardiac arrest incurred on post-natal day 17. (cdc.gov)

By two-photon imaging guided cell-attached recordings, we characterized visual response and receptive field (RF) properties of SOM neurons and parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory (PV) neurons genetically labeled in the mouse primary visual cortex. (jneurosci.org)
using two-photon imaging guided cell-attached recordings in GAD67 -GFP knock-in transgenic mice, we examined the receptive field (RF) properties of inhibitory neurons in layer 2/3 of the primary visual cortex (V1). (jneurosci.org)
Neurons in higher processing areas of the brain (e.g., in primary visual cortex) have been shown to demonstrate variable spike timing in response to repetitions of identical stimuli ( Hubel and Wiesel, 1962 ). (frontiersin.org)
Single neurons in the brain's primary visual cortex can reliably detect straight lines, even though the cellular makeup of the neurons is constantly changing, according to a new study by Carnegie Mellon University neuroscientists, led by Associate Professor of Biological Sciences Sandra Kuhlman. (rdworldonline.com)
In the case of vision, researchers did know that when we first encounter a stimulus, a group of neurons in the brain's primary visual cortex respond to the stimulus' orientation, determining if the stimulus is horizontal, vertical or tilted at an angle. (rdworldonline.com)
A new imaging technology called two-photon microscopy allowed neuroscientists in Kuhlman's lab to visualize between 400-600 neurons at once in the primary visual cortex of a mouse model that expresses a fluorescent protein when a neuron is activated. (rdworldonline.com)

However, creating a fly line for driving gene expression within a single neuron found in the EM connectome remains a challenge, as it typically requires identifying a pair of fly lines where only the neuron of interest is expressed in both. (janelia.org)

Results revealed opposing roles of the MORs and DORs regarding information flow from the thalamus to the striatum, whereby MOR activation decreased glutamate transmission in the striatum, while DOR activation facilitated glutamate transmission via disinhibition of cortical pyramidal neurons. (elifesciences.org)
HFLS of CCK interneurons could induce the LTP of their inhibition toward pyramidal neurons. (bvsalud.org)

The other type of neurons is called "inhibitory," because they send messages to other neurons that cause decreased activity or "inhibition. (lucidity.com)
Cannabinoid-mediated activation of CB-1 leads to the inhibition of the neuron that they are bound to, but this can sometimes lead to a net result of activation down the stream of information. (hightimes.com)
Remember how I said that CB-1 may activate another circuit downstream as a result of inhibition of its parent neuron? (hightimes.com)
The balance between excitation and inhibition depends on several network variables -neuron density, number of connections, synaptic strength & plasticity- all of which can vary widely in different brain regions and during development. (nyu.edu)

The innervation of the proximal fibres produced larger excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) than those of the central fibres. (biologists.com)
The claw and leg opener muscles in the crayfish and lobster provide preparations in which regional differences in synaptic strength and muscle fibre phenotype can be compared, since the postsynaptic responses differ among regions of the muscle even though it is innervated by a single excitatory tonic motor neuron. (biologists.com)
Using a photoactivation screen of a new collection of split-GAL4 drivers and EM connectomics, we identified a cluster of neurons postsynaptic to the mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) that can trigger robust upwind steering. (janelia.org)
Neurons that receive neurotransmitter signals are called postsynaptic neurons. (msdmanuals.com)
In such cases, the dendrites (a neuron's receiving branches) on the postsynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters that affect receptors on the presynaptic neurons. (msdmanuals.com)
ion channels directly connect the cytoplasm of the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. (msdmanuals.com)

In the case of nocioreceptors, which are often glutamatergic (excitatory, glutamate-expressing) neurons, the activation of CB-1 will inhibit their activity. (hightimes.com)
While glutamate is an excitatory signal, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory signal. (hightimes.com)
We are specifically focusing on two groups of transporters vesicular neurotransmitter transporters that package neurotransmitters into vesicles for release, and glutamine transporters that shuttle glutamine, a precursor for two major neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA, to neurons from glia, the supporting cells that surround them. (stanford.edu)
Research has shown that piracetam acts via glutamate receptors to increase the excitatory stimulus to neurons. (theguyerinstitute.com)
By increasing glutamate activity, piracetam increases calcium inflow into neurons. (theguyerinstitute.com)
L-Glutamate (L-glu) is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) and plays a crucial role in the neurological processes including cognition, learning, and memory [ 15 ]. (hindawi.com)

Strikingly, the evoked spiking responses of SOM cells are ∼3- to 5-fold weaker and 20-25 ms delayed compared with those of PV neurons. (jneurosci.org)
Based on these differential subcellular targeting preferences, it has been postulated that PV and SOM cells play distinct roles in regulating principal neurons' responses. (jneurosci.org)
Electrophysiological studies have shown that the responses of perirhinal cortex neurons encode signals about specific reward schedule states regardless of the physical property of visual cues ( Liu and Richmond, 2000 ), or represent reward conditions when visual stimuli are associated with either a rewarded or unrewarded outcome ( Mogami and Tanaka, 2006 ). (jneurosci.org)
With fine glass pipettes, they recorded tiny impulses in individual live neurons and listened to their responses when other neurons were optically stimulated. (sciencedaily.com)
These neurons work directly with each other to shape responses to stimuli. (sciencedaily.com)
We study the responses properties of neurons in networks using computer simulations and theoretical analyses. (nyu.edu)
Consistent with this, in vivo recording showed that nociceptive-evoked responses of ON- and OFF-cells were suppressed by optogenetic inactivation of archaerhodopsin (ArchT)-expressing PB terminals in RVM, demonstrating that a net inhibitory input to OFF-cells and net excitatory input to ON-cells are engaged by acute noxious stimulation. (eneuro.org)
We have investigated the cellular properties of the Ipc neurons by whole-cell blind-patch recordings and found that all Ipc neurons exhibit tonic firing responses to somatic current injections that are well-modeled by a leaky integrate-and-fire neuron with spike rate adaptation. (wustl.edu)
Despite the overall increase in firing, by 6 weeks, thalamocortical neurons display degraded receptive fields, with decreased responses to adjacent whiskers. (cdc.gov)

Further investigations reveal that the optic nerve stimulations generate balanced excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents in the Ipc neurons. (wustl.edu)

Gawne, T. J. & Richmond, B. J. How independent are the messages carried by adjacent inferior temporal cortical neurons? (nature.com)
1998). In vitro assays (Castellani and Bolz, 1999) have shown that NT-3 has dual effects on layer 2-3 and layer 6 cortical neurons. (org.es)

The protein components that constitute the cellular makeup of individual neurons continually change over the course of hours or days, which might alter when they respond to a given stimulus. (rdworldonline.com)
Kuhlman noted that this indicated that individual neurons can continually encode particular visual features while still being able to adapt to others. (rdworldonline.com)
In order to exploit this knowledge base, researchers target individual neurons and study their function. (janelia.org)

For example, cuprizone-induced demyelination promotes hyper- and depolarizing shifts of the resting membrane potential of auditory thalamocortical pathway neurons and reduction in action potential firing of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons 7 . (biorxiv.org)
The FHM1 mouse model is consequently characterized by increased neurotransmission at both intra-cortical [ 15 ] and thalamocortical (TC) excitatory synapses [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
We found that 48-72 hours after cardiac arrest, thalamocortical neurons demonstrate significantly elevated firing rates both during spontaneous activity and in response to whisker deflections. (cdc.gov)

We have found that the Ipc neurons have a localized excitatory receptive field and show stimulus selectivity and stimulus-size tuning. (wustl.edu)

These results suggest that neurons in the perirhinal cortex do more than associate a single stimulus with a reward to achieve flexible representations of reward information. (jneurosci.org)
Their study, published online by Nature Neuroscience, depicts how specific types of inhibitory neurons in the visual cortex of a rat brain are wired to, and "talk" with, discrete excitatory neurons. (sciencedaily.com)
The Nature Neuroscience report is the latest published study in a series by Callaway and first author Yumiko Yoshimura, of both Salk and Japan's Nagoya University, that reveal how neurons in the brain's cortex are finely wired to pass on thought and perception. (sciencedaily.com)
Features of the acoustic space are represented in cortex through the complex interactions between excitatory and inhibitory cells within and across layers. (nyu.edu)
A new method termed XDream (E X tending D eepDream with r eal-time e volution for a ctivation m aximization) combined a generative neural network and a genetic algorithm in a closed loop to create strong stimuli for neurons in the macaque visual cortex. (plos.org)
Despite the progress made in understanding visual cortex by testing limited sets of hand-chosen stimuli, these experiments could be missing the true feature preferences of neurons. (plos.org)
The neurons pass this information deeper into the brain's visual cortex to the next stage of processing. (rdworldonline.com)
In vivo electrophysiology data obtained from KO mouse primary auditory cortex (A1) indicate that neurons are hyperexcitable when presented with sounds and exhibit altered spectrotemporal processing. (escholarship.org)
They've explained how neurons in the visual cortex interact to detect the edges of objects and changes in contrast, and now they're working on explaining how the brain perceives the direction in which objects are moving. (scienceandnonduality.com)
While the cortex and the retina are connected by relatively few neurons, the cortex itself is dense with nerve cells. (scienceandnonduality.com)
For every 10 LGN neurons that snake back from the retina, there are 4,000 neurons in just the initial "input layer" of the visual cortex - and many more in the rest of it. (scienceandnonduality.com)
But all previous efforts assumed that more information travels between the retina and the cortex - an assumption that would make the visual cortex's response to stimuli easier to explain. (scienceandnonduality.com)
Fifteen days after implant, cortical grafts will also produce a glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a potent survival factor for claustral neurons that project to the occipital cortex (Trupp et al. (org.es)
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is essential in the execution of cognitive tasks, however very little is known on how these neurons are modulated during specific tasks and which subtype of neurons are responsible for so. (bvsalud.org)
Swallowing occurs when descending excitatory and inhibitory signals from the cortex and subcortex and ascending signals from the oropharyngeal area trigger the central pattern generator in the bulbar reticular formation ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)

For example, within the hippocampus there are over 27 distinct classes of neuron, each with a different and equally vital role. (news-medical.net)

Early research indicated that Zika virus has tropism for glial cells and neurons, a finding consistent with the severity of abnormalities in seen the fetal brain ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)

However, the role of CCK-GABA neurons in the cortical microcircuits is still unclear. (bvsalud.org)

Neurons are typically assumed to encode values-such as the orientation of a bar-using their mean firing rate, with individual spikes emitted using a Poisson process ( Dean, 1981 ). (frontiersin.org)

Both types discharge and transmit electrochemical impulses to other neurons. (lucidity.com)
Both do this spontaneously, without any kind of outside stimuli, as well as when they themselves receive excitatory impulses from other cells. (lucidity.com)
However, one critical difference between these two types of neurons is that one type, called "excitatory" transmits impulses to other neurons which causes increased nervous activity or "excitation" in them. (lucidity.com)
A neuron can simultaneously receive many impulses-excitatory and inhibitory-from other neurons and integrate simultaneous impulses into various patterns of firing. (msdmanuals.com)
Under some conditions, neurons near each other can communicate using electrical impulses across a gap junction. (msdmanuals.com)

Using current-clamp recordings together with stimulation, we observed that larval zebrafish vestibulospinal neurons are silent at rest, yet capable of sustained spiking following depolarization. (eneuro.org)
The visual response properties of the Ipc neurons to a range of computer-generated stimuli are investigated using extracellular recordings. (wustl.edu)

Upon stimulation, stem cells within the subventricular and subgranular zones begin to proliferate to form neuroblasts, eventually maturing into neurons. (news-medical.net)

Noise correlations (that is, trial-to-trial covariations in neural activity for a given stimulus) limit the stimulus information encoded by neural populations, leading to the widely held prediction that they impair perceptual discrimination behaviors. (nature.com)

Myelination of central neurons increases conduction velocity of action potentials and provides metabolic support to axons 1 , 2 . (biorxiv.org)
Information transmission in neural networks is often described in terms of the rate at which neurons emit action potentials. (frontiersin.org)

Vestibulospinal neurons integrate sensed imbalance to regulate postural reflexes. (eneuro.org)

In contrast with the VCN that receives all acoustic input from the auditory nerve, the DCN receives input not only from the auditory nerve but it also receives acoustic input from neurons in the VCN (T stellate cells). (wikipedia.org)
In contrast to PV neurons, SOM neurons exhibit broader spikes, lower spontaneous firing rates, smaller On/Off subfields, and broader ranges of basic RF properties such as On/Off segregation, orientation and direction tunings. (jneurosci.org)
In contrast to generally nonselective PV neurons, SOM neurons display robust selectivity for orientation and direction, resembling excitatory neurons. (jneurosci.org)
In contrast, the central fibres showed a linear increase in short-term facilitation throughout a stimulus train. (biologists.com)
Visual contrast stimuli induced a lower increase of multi-unit activity in FHM1 mice, while the amount of information content about contrast level remained, however, similar to WT. (biomedcentral.com)

The impacts of myelin and demyelination are particularly evident in the auditory system, where precise coding and maintenance of timing information of sound stimuli are critical for normal auditory tasks, including spatial hearing and sound localization 6 . (biorxiv.org)

Notably, the level of orientation and direction selectivity is comparable to that of excitatory neurons, from weakly-tuned to highly selective, whereas PV neurons are in general unselective. (jneurosci.org)
They found that some neurons were unstable in how they responded to thickness, while maintaining their original selectivity to line orientation. (rdworldonline.com)

Previously, we have demonstrated that small networks of cultured hippocampal neurons exhibit persistent activity in response to brief stimuli applied to single cells [ 26 ], reminiscent of reverberatory activity in the hypothetical cell assembly proposed by Donald Hebb as a network basis of "online" working memory [ 27 ]. (springer.com)

We know already that schizophrenia is a problem with organization of inhibitory circuits of neurons, and now we are uncovering how these specialized nerve cells work together and with other neurons," Callaway explained. (sciencedaily.com)
Moreover, it has recently been appreciated that myelin is also present on inhibitory neurons 14 but the role of myelin for inhibitory circuits in unknown. (biorxiv.org)

2001). However, even in such reports, the donor neurons appear to establish a very limited number of connections with the host. (org.es)

Donor embryonic cells have a greater potential for axonal outgrowth and regeneration than mature host neurons (Chen et al. (org.es)

Here, we investigate the cellular, synaptic and circuit level properties of a cholinergic isthmic neuron: Ipc) to understand the role of isthmotectal feedback loop in visual processing of red-ear turtles, Trachemys scripta elegans. (wustl.edu)

We know today that the nervous system contains two types of nerve cells (excitatory and inhibitory). (lucidity.com)

Interestingly we found that SOM neurons exhibit distinct functional properties from PV neurons. (jneurosci.org)
Fmr1 KO mice also exhibit EEG measures of abnormal network function, including baseline and stimulus-evoked cortical hyperexcitability. (escholarship.org)

The characterization of effective stimuli has traditionally been based on a combination of intuition, insights from previous studies, and luck. (plos.org)
Motivated by recent work, we set out to verify and extend the characterization of vestibulospinal neurons in the larval zebrafish. (eneuro.org)

They also show how that "conversation," aimed at keeping the right balance of chemical signals, often excludes surrounding neurons. (sciencedaily.com)
Sometimes signals between neurons occur in the reverse direction (called retrograde neurotransmission). (msdmanuals.com)

Furthermore, the fetal graft may produce trophic factors or signaling cues, which are present in the brain only at early developmental stages, and should reactivate neurotropic processes in a 'dormant' host neuron populations. (org.es)

These stimuli activated excitatory neurons and caused them to emit a fluorescent signal, which could be seen using the microscope technique. (rdworldonline.com)

Consider vision as a paradigmatic example, the selection of stimuli to probe neural activity has shaped the understanding of how visual neurons represent information. (plos.org)

In the crayfish and lobster opener neuromuscular preparations of the walking legs and claws, there are regional differences in synaptic transmission even though the entire muscle is innervated by a single excitatory tonic motor neuron. (biologists.com)

In this study, we attempted to answer this question by examining electrophysiological activity of identified TRN neurons across these two behavioral states. (frontiersin.org)

The respective contribution of each subtype of inhibitory neurons to cortical processing remains largely undetermined. (jneurosci.org)

FHM1 has a differential effect on short-term depression (STD) at TC synapses: compared to wild type (WT) mice, STD is greater at synapses contacting layer IV (L4) excitatory neurons while it is unaltered at synapses contacting L4 inhibitory neurons. (biomedcentral.com)

These observations led to the common assumption that the main mode of information transmission in most brain areas is encoded in the neurons average spike-frequency. (frontiersin.org)

Neuroscience research in Drosophila is benefiting from large-scale connectomics efforts using electron microscopy (EM) to reveal all the neurons in a brain and their connections. (janelia.org)

We found an activity depending upon the two reward conditions during Cue2, i.e., pattern stimulus presentation. (jneurosci.org)
The Salk scientists found that the thousands of neighboring neurons that make up these columns are not the same, and they often don't communicate directly with each other. (sciencedaily.com)
In February, they reported in Nature how excitatory neurons were organized into sub-networks that were found within the same column but which had nothing to do with other cells nearby. (sciencedaily.com)
In other words, there could be other images that drive visual neurons better than those found so far. (plos.org)
They found that, throughout the study, about 80 percent of the tracked neurons were reliably activated by the same oriented lines. (rdworldonline.com)
Vestibulospinal neurons, first identified by Deiters ( Voogd, 2016 ), are descending projection neurons found in the lateral vestibular nucleus of the hindbrain. (eneuro.org)
We have also found that synaptic connection between the Imc to Ipc neuron is inhibitory. (wustl.edu)

of genetically labeled specific types of neurons provides a promising approach for systematically addressing this issue. (jneurosci.org)

We use ConvNet units as in silico models of neurons, enabling experiments that would be prohibitive with biological neurons. (plos.org)
Additionally, we reproduced in silico the obtained experimental results with a novel spiking neurons network model of mouse V1, by implementing in the model both the synaptic alterations characterizing the FHM1 genetic mouse model adopted. (biomedcentral.com)

These functional differences between SOM and PV neurons exist in both layer 2/3 and 4. (jneurosci.org)
However, the processing properties of SOM neurons and their functional distinctions compared with PV neurons remain unclear. (jneurosci.org)
Using optogenetics with whole-cell patch-clamp recording and in vivo single-cell recording, the present studies identified direct functional connections from the parabrachial complex (PB), a major target of ascending nociceptive pathways, to physiologically identified pain-modulating neurons of the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), the primary output node of a major descending pain-modulating system. (eneuro.org)
It appears that we can update one aspect of a stimulus feature without completely altering the functional response property of a given neuron. (rdworldonline.com)
Together, our work establishes functional consensus and evolutionary context for zebrafish vestibulospinal neurons, a key step toward understanding vertebrate postural stabilization. (eneuro.org)

Based on the assumption of a completely excitatory nervous system, Freud reasoned that nervous, or in his terms, "psychic," energy could therefore only be discharged by means of motor action. (lucidity.com)

The onset latency of the latter is consistent with that of inhibitory input to excitatory neurons. (jneurosci.org)

Two visual stimuli, a color stimulus as Cue1 followed by a pattern stimulus as Cue2, were sequentially presented. (jneurosci.org)
Over time, the same neurons are activated in response to the visual stimuli of straight lines. (rdworldonline.com)
Over a two-week period, the mice were exposed to the same visual stimuli and researchers measured the response profile of each of the hundreds of neurons. (rdworldonline.com)
The researchers will use this dataset as a control for their next set of studies that aim to see how these neurons respond when there are changes in the visual system, such as while learning a new visual task or following recovery from ocular occlusion. (rdworldonline.com)
We also investigate lateral interactions in the Ipc neurons in response to multiple stimuli within the visual field. (wustl.edu)

Two distinct classes of RVM neurons, "ON-cells" and "OFF-cells," exert net pronociceptive and anti-nociceptive effects, respectively. (eneuro.org)

Neurogenesis is the mechanism whereby neurons are developed within the nervous system. (news-medical.net)
Once the nervous system is fully formed, neurogenesis only occurs due to stimuli. (news-medical.net)
The ability of the nervous system to form new neurons is due to plasticity, which is important in both memory and learning. (news-medical.net)

Neuron 25 , 515-532 (2000). (lu.se)

The inferior colliculus receives direct, monosynaptic projections from the superior olivary complex, the contralateral dorsal acoustic stria, some classes of stellate neurons of the VCN, as well as from the different nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. (wikipedia.org)

Vestibulospinal neurons are an ancient vertebrate cell type that integrates sensed instability to guide balance. (eneuro.org)

Here, we present NeuronBridge, a web application for easily and rapidly finding putative morphological matches between large datasets of neurons imaged using different modalities. (janelia.org)

Spindles are generated by interactions between thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) neurons and thalamo-cortical relay neurons. (frontiersin.org)

whereas, the PNS consists of every other nerve in our body that receives a stimulus to transmit to the brain. (hightimes.com)

Anatomy85

Organisms14

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs54

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment24

Psychiatry and Psychology43

Phenomena and Processes46

Disciplines and Occupations3

Information Science1

Health Care2

Inputs23

GABAergic7

Neuronal8

Sensory7

Primary visual6

Single neuron1

Pyramidal neurons2

Inhibition4

Postsynaptic6

Glutamate6

Responses9

Balanced excitatory and inhibitory1

Cortical neurons2

Individual neurons3

Thalamocortical3

Receptive1

Cortex15

Hippocampus1

Glial cells1

GABA1

Encode1

Impulses5

Recordings2

Stimulation1

Given stimulus1

Action potentials2

Integrate1

Contrast5

Auditory1

Selectivity2

Hippocampal1

Inhibitory circuits2

20011

Embryonic1

Cholinergic1

Types of nerve cells1

Exhibit2

Characterization2

Signals2

Populations1

Emit1

Neural activity1

Tonic1

Electrophysiological1

Subtype1

Synapses1

Spike1

Reveal1

Found7

Systematically1

Silico2

Functional5

Assumption1

Consistent1

Visual5

Distinct1

Nervous system3

20001

Dorsal1

Vertebrate1

Morphological1

Interactions1

Nerve1