• C: Unidentified neurons projecting into structures outside of the optic lobes especially the ventral lateral protocerebrum. (brembs.net)
  • Exposure to sulfoxaflor led to sparse increases in neuronal apoptosis, localized primarily in the optic lobes, however there was no effect of imidacloprid. (frontiersin.org)
  • The latter included relatively larger optic lobes containing ommatidia in which six (of the eight) retinula cells elongated the entire length of each ommatidia. (neiu.edu)
  • Alternatively, they might be homologous to a structure found in insect brains called the lateral horn, which sits between the optic lobes and the mushroom bodies. (eurekalert.org)
  • These studies favored the view that pheromone compounds are processed within specific antennal lobe glomeruli following a specialized labeled-line system. (jneurosci.org)
  • We show that while queen mandibular pheromone is processed by l-ALT (lateral antennal lobe tract) neurons and brood pheromone is mainly processed by m-ALT (median antennal lobe tract) neurons, worker pheromones induce redundant activity in both pathways. (jneurosci.org)
  • In the locust, olfactory information is sent from peripheral olfactory organs to the antennal lobe (AL) and is then carried as the oscillatory output of a synchronized population of projection neurons (PNs) ( Wehr and Laurent, 1996 ) to two higher olfactory centers. (jneurosci.org)
  • In insects whose derived life styles preclude the detection of airborne odorants, there is a loss of the antennal lobes and attenuation or loss of the calyces. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Antennal lobe loss and calycal regression also typify taxa with short nonfeeding adults, in which olfaction is redundant. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Mushroom bodies are not ubiquitous: the most basal living insects, the wingless Archaeognatha, possess glomerular antennal lobes but lack mushroom bodies, suggesting that the ability to process airborne odorants preceded the acquisition of mushroom bodies. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In Drosophila melanogaster , or the fruit fly, odour information is first passed from sensory neurons on their antennae and mouthparts to olfactory projection neurons in the antennal lobe, a first processing center similar to our olfactory bulb. (researchpod.org)
  • Here, we focused our attention on the mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) of the γ-lobes that act as downstream synaptic partners of the MB γ-Kenyon cells (KCs) to ask how the output of the MB γ-lobe is shaped by olfactory associative conditioning, distinguishing this from non-associative stimulus exposure effects, and without the influence of downstream modulation. (nih.gov)
  • A: 4 PPM 2 DANs per hemisphere marked with blue circles, three clusters of Kenyon cell bodies per hemisphere marked with white arrows. (brembs.net)
  • Strong fluorescence of cell bodies of the Kenyon cells projecting into the Mushroom bodies is visible. (brembs.net)
  • Kenyon cells providing dendrites to the calyces supply a pedunculus and lobes divided into subdivisions supplying outputs to other brain areas. (elsevierpure.com)
  • From there, information is transduced to so-called Kenyon cells in the mushroom bodies. (researchpod.org)
  • Decades of research have revealed that in the insect brain, odours evoke activity in small groups of Kenyon cells of the mushroom body. (researchpod.org)
  • The mushroom body intrinsic Kenyon cells are believed to store the memory in the synaptic connection to mushroom body output neurons. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • Furthermore, analysis of Kenyon cell innervations within functionally specialized compartments of the γ lobe revealed no compartment-specific Kenyon cell subtypes. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • In a second step structural plasticity of Kenyon cells was assessed using the same type of morphological analysis for all three major Kenyon cell classes of the γ-, α'/β'-, and α/β-type by exposing flies to different feeding conditions that were proven to affect Kenyon cell connectivity to extrinsic neurons involved in memory formation. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • It seems likely that in the case of food intake mushroom body extrinsic neurons undergo adaptive changes, while Kenyon cells do not change morphologically. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • The cerebral ganglia of all mantises that we examined had highly complex mushroom bodies with dense concentrations of Kenyon cells atop robust calyces. (neiu.edu)
  • Gregg Roman, an associate professor of biology and biochemistry at UH, and Shixing Zhang, his postdoctoral associate, describe their findings in a paper titled "Presynaptic Inhibition of Gamma Lobe Neurons Is Required for Olfactory Learning in Drosophila," appearing Nov. 27 in Current Biology, a scientific bimonthly journal published by Cell Press. (uh.edu)
  • Drosophila CHCHD2 ( dCHCHD2 ) knockout flies exhibit PD-like phenotypes in an age-dependent manner, which include dysfunction in motor ability, DA neuron loss, increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial cristae degeneration 2 . (nature.com)
  • Mutation in the Drosophila retained/dead ringer ( retn ) gene leads to female behavioral defects and alters a limited set of neurons in the CNS. (sdbonline.org)
  • With the focus on dopaminergic neurons, I conducted two experiments with two different driver lines to see how the naive gustatory behavior in Drosophila larvae is affected. (brembs.net)
  • Drosophila type II neuroblasts (NBs), like mammalian neural stem cells, deposit neurons through intermediate neural progenitors (INPs) that can each produce a series of neurons. (biologists.com)
  • The trace of the olfactory associative memory could successfully be localized to the Drosophila mushroom bodies, a central arthropod brain structure. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • Turrel O, Rabah Y, Plaçais PY, Goguel V, Preat T. (2020) Drosophila Middle-Term Memory: Amnesiac is Required for PKA Activation in the Mushroom Bodies, a Function Modulated by Neprilysin 1. (espci.fr)
  • A GABAergic feedback shapes dopaminergic input on the Drosophila mushroom body to promote appetitive long-term memory. (espci.fr)
  • Dunce phosphodiesterase acts as a checkpoint for drosophila long-term memory in a pair of serotonergic neurons. (espci.fr)
  • Upregulated energy metabolism in the Drosophila mushroom body is the trigger for long-term memory. (espci.fr)
  • Two independent mushroom body output circuits retrieve the six discrete components of Drosophila aversive memory. (espci.fr)
  • Mushroom body output neurons encode valence and guide memory-based action selection in Drosophila. (espci.fr)
  • Two pairs of mushroom body efferent neurons are required for appetitive long-term memory retrieval in Drosophila. (espci.fr)
  • Using optophysiological recordings of projection neurons, we compared the responses of these two pathways to 27 known honey bee pheromonal compounds emitted by the brood, the workers, and the queen. (jneurosci.org)
  • We characterized an olfactory-processing pathway, comprised of inhibitory projection neurons (iPNs) that target the LH exclusively, at morphological, functional and behavioral levels. (elifesciences.org)
  • found that a subset of neurons called inhibitory projection neurons processes information about whether the odor is attractive or repulsive, and that a second subset of these neurons process information about the intensity of the odor. (elifesciences.org)
  • In most insects with olfactory glomeruli, each side of the brain possesses a mushroom body equipped with calyces supplied by olfactory projection neurons. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 40 water-responsive dopaminergic neurons that innervate a restricted zone of the mushroom body γ lobe. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Naive water-seeking behavior in thirsty flies did not require water taste but relied on another subset of water-responsive dopaminergic neurons that target the mushroom body β' lobe. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Arranged in pairs, each mushroom body consists of a column-like portion, called the lobe, capped by a dome-like structure, called the calyx, where neurons that relay information sent from the animal's sensory organs converge. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Mushroom bodies of another basal taxon, the Odonata, possess a remnant calyx that may reflect the visual ecology of this group. (elsevierpure.com)
  • By contrast, silencing of one collar region of the mushroom body calyx did not alter behavior in the learning assay in comparison to control treatment. (uni-konstanz.de)
  • The mushroom bodies are higher-order structures of arthropod brains that integrate incoming sensory information with positive or negative experiences, such as rewards or punishments. (researchpod.org)
  • One of the study's crucial findings was that neural connections link the reniform bodies to centers called mushroom bodies, iconic structures of arthropod brains that are required for olfactory learning and memory. (eurekalert.org)
  • A more evolutionarily "modern" group of crustaceans called Reptantia, which includes many lobsters and crabs, do indeed appear to have brain centers that don't look at all like the insect mushroom body. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The research, published in the open-access journal eLife , challenges a widely held belief in the scientific community that these brain structures -- called "mushroom bodies" -- are conspicuously absent from crustacean brains. (sciencedaily.com)
  • That mushroom bodies persist in brains of secondarily anosmic insects suggests that they play roles in higher functions other than olfaction. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In insects, this process is localized to the mushroom body (MB), the circuitry of which facilitates the coincident detection of sensory stimuli and punishing or rewarding cues and, downstream, the execution of appropriate learned behaviors. (nih.gov)
  • The significance of using fruit flies is that while their brain structure is much simpler with far fewer neurons, the mushroom body is analogous to the perirhinal cortex in humans, which serves the same function of sensory integration and learning. (uh.edu)
  • Mushroom bodies in the brain have been shown to be the central processing units where sensory input converges. (sciencedaily.com)
  • For instance, in the human brain, odour information is detected by sensory neurons in the nose and transmitted to a first processing center, the olfactory bulb of the brain. (researchpod.org)
  • Mushroom bodies have been associated with complex sensory processing in arthropods. (neiu.edu)
  • Elaborated mushroom bodies and central complexes have been associated both with complex sensory processing and complex control of motor behaviors in arthropods (analogous to the roles played by the basal ganglia in vertebrates). (neiu.edu)
  • These motor neurons integrated descending cephalic input with peripheral sensory input and directed the resulting output to the limbs. (neiu.edu)
  • In 2016, an Argentinian group discovered that, in crabs, what are now known as reniform bodies act as secondary centers for learning and memory. (eurekalert.org)
  • Each thoracic ganglion housed four groups of motor neurons located in the anterior-lateral and posterior-lateral quadrants of each ganglia. (neiu.edu)
  • The next more proximal optic lobe ganglion, the lamina, was densely packed with lamina monopolar cells whose axons projected through the first optic chiasm to the next more proximal ganglion called the medulla. (neiu.edu)
  • Both insects and crustaceans possess mushroom-shaped brain structures known in insects to be required for learning, memory and possibly negotiating complex, three-dimensional environments, according to the study, led by University of Arizona neuroscientist Nicholas Strausfeld. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The mushroom body is an incredibly ancient, fundamental brain structure," said Strausfeld, Regents Professor of neuroscience and director of the University of Arizona's Center for Insect Science. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The mushroom bodies contain networks where interesting associations are being made that give rise to memory," Strausfeld said. (sciencedaily.com)
  • We know of several proteins that are necessary for the establishment of learning and memory in fruit flies," Strausfeld said, "and if you use antibodies that detect those proteins across insect species, the mushroom bodies light up every time. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The fact that we were now able to demonstrate that the reniform body is also connected to the mushroom body and provides information to it, suggests that olfactory processing may take place in the context of already established visual memories," said Strausfeld, Regents Professor of neuroscience and director of the Center for Insect Science at the University of Arizona. (eurekalert.org)
  • While this MBON did not undergo non-associative modulation, the reverse was true across the remainder of the γ-lobe, where general odor-evoked adaptation was observed, but no conditioned odor-specific modulation. (nih.gov)
  • Training the flies to associate an odor with an electric shock changed how these cells responded to odors by developing a modification in gamma lobe neuron activity, known as a memory trace," he said. (uh.edu)
  • Thus, the gamma lobe neurons responded more strongly to the trained odor than to the untrained odor. (uh.edu)
  • The further up you go, the better the neurons and circuits are able to encode and extract important information. (researchpod.org)
  • instead, it appears that another mechanism, feedback inhibition from the giant GABAergic neuron, serves this function. (jneurosci.org)
  • focused on a population of interneurons in the LH [LHIs, a subtype of LH neurons (LHNs)] that extends processes to the MB and appears to be GABAergic. (jneurosci.org)
  • Here we mapped neurons derived from specific type II NB lineages and found that sibling INPs produced a morphologically similar but temporally regulated series of distinct neuron types. (biologists.com)
  • Using a variety of imaging techniques, the team traced connections made by neurons in the reniform body and discovered that it contains a number of distinct, interacting subsections. (eurekalert.org)
  • Distinct dopamine neurons mediate reward signals for short- and long-term memories. (espci.fr)
  • Neural defects of retn mutant cells include mushroom body ß-lobe fusion and pathfinding errors by photoreceptor and subesophageal neurons. (sdbonline.org)
  • Therefore, inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters from these neurons through the actions of the G(o) protein is key to forming the memory trace and associative memories. (uh.edu)
  • The neurons project into the lobula plate and the medulla. (brembs.net)
  • In turn, the medulla projected to an unusual, multilayered lobula complex at the base of the optic lobe. (neiu.edu)
  • Sensitive tissue-staining techniques further enabled visualization of mushroom bodies' intricate architecture. (sciencedaily.com)
  • We found that these particular nerve cells - the gamma lobe neurons of the mushroom bodies in the insect brain - are activated by odors. (uh.edu)
  • Interestingly, we found that training caused the gamma lobe neurons to be more weakly activated by odors that were not paired with an electric shock, while the odors paired with electric shock maintained a strong activation of these neurons. (uh.edu)
  • Moreover, functional imaging disclosed a LH region tuned to repulsive odors comprised exclusively of third-order neurons. (elifesciences.org)
  • In addition, the center of the protocerebrum housed an elaborated central body complex with efferents displaying ACh-like immunoreactivity. (neiu.edu)
  • In the current paper, the group provides evidence that neuro-anatomical features that define mushroom bodies -- at one time thought to be an evolutionary feature proprietary to insects -- are present across crustaceans, a group that includes more than 50,000 species. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Brain analysis of crustaceans has revealed that while the mushroom bodies found in crustaceans appear more diverse than those of insects, their defining neuroanatomical and molecular elements are all there. (sciencedaily.com)
  • This information is passed to neurons that supply thousands of intersecting nerve fibers in the lobes that are essential for computing and storing memories. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The research team discovered a region of the mantis shrimp brain they called the reniform ("kidney-shaped") body. (eurekalert.org)
  • Mantis shrimp seem to be able to process all of the different channels of information with the participation of the reniform body, a region of the animal's brain found in the eye stalks that support its two protruding eyes. (eurekalert.org)
  • Mantis shrimp most likely use these subsections of the reniform body to process different types of color information coming in and organize it in a way that makes sense to the rest of the brain," said lead author Thoen. (eurekalert.org)
  • The discovery of the reniform body, however, is not limited to mantis shrimp. (eurekalert.org)
  • In addition to mantis shrimp, malacostracans include crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill and other less familiar species that together account for about 40,000 living species and a great diversity of body forms. (eurekalert.org)
  • Roman says removing the activity of this protein only within the gamma lobe neurons resulted in a loss of the memory trace and, thus, poor learning. (uh.edu)
  • One center, the mushroom body (MB), has been studied extensively and is thought to be a site for olfactory learning ( Davis, 2011 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • We compared learning performance of bees in which either the central complex or mushroom bodies had been transiently inactivated by microinjection of the reversible anesthetic procaine. (uni-konstanz.de)
  • We discussed how mushroom bodies and the central complex both contribute to aversive visual learning with an operant component. (uni-konstanz.de)
  • These water learning neurons are different from those that are critical for conveying the reinforcing effects of sugar. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Yet relatively little is known of the structure and function of LH neurons (LHNs), making it difficult to evaluate these ideas. (jneurosci.org)
  • Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by selective loss of midbrain DA neurons. (nature.com)
  • Moreover, the beneficial effects of dR ameliorated the α-synuclein accumulation, DA neuron loss and elevated brain lipid peroxidation caused by dCHCHD2 loss. (nature.com)
  • Amnesiac is required in the adult mushroom body for memory formation. (espci.fr)
  • Bees with silenced central complex neurons did not leave the shock-paired light field in the middle trials of training, even after a few seconds of being shocked. (uni-konstanz.de)
  • This disease involves multiple organ systems throughout the body, especially the heart, lungs, skin, and kidneys in addition to the central nervous system (CNS). (medscape.com)
  • Both type II NBs and INPs exhibit age-dependent expression of various transcription factors, potentially specifying an array of diverse neurons by combinatorial temporal patterning. (biologists.com)