Neurite outgrowth and synapse formation neural cell adhesion molecules. Medical search. Frequent questions

Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), also called CD56, is a homophilic binding glycoprotein expressed on the surface of neurons, glia and skeletal muscle. (wikipedia.org)
Later in development, NCAM1 (CD56) expression is found on various differentiated tissues and is a major CAM mediating adhesion among neurons and between neurons and muscle. (wikipedia.org)
Michael Gordon Gordon Lab Web Page Our brains are composed of billions of neurons, wired together in neural circuits that process information from the environment and produce behaviours. (ubc.ca)
In the motor, somatosensory, and visual cortex, many pyramidal neurons in layer V exhibited undulating apical dendrites that did not reach layer I. The hippocampus of L1 mutant mice was smaller than normal, with fewer pyramidal and granule cells. (jneurosci.org)
L1 has been localized to growth cones and processes of postmitotic developing neurons, where it mediates cell adhesion, neurite outgrowth, and axon bundling. (jneurosci.org)
Cell bodies of most neurons are clustered in ganglia in the head or tail ( NeuroFIG 1 ). (wormatlas.org)
The neurons communicate through approximately 6400 chemical synapses, 900 gap junctions, and 1500 neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). (wormatlas.org)
If the neurons are radially symmetrical, each cell has a three-letter name followed by L (left), R (right), D (dorsal), or V (ventral). (wormatlas.org)
Most of the neurons are components of the various head sensilla with associated sheath and socket cells. (wormatlas.org)
Recent studies have demonstrated that in addition to the PNS, endothelial cells in the CNS produce semaphorin 3G, which directly acts on neuropilin-2/PlexinA4 in neurons to regulate synaptic structure and plasticity [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In particular, it is unknown whether cerebral arteriolar smooth mural cell-secreted proteins act directly on neurons and accelerate neuron maturation at transcriptomic level, neuronal survival, and circuit development. (biomedcentral.com)
The overarching hypothesis is that cadherin adhesion molecules specify the code that enables the premotor brainstem breathing circuits to innervate the phrenic motor neurons that control the primary breathing muscle, the diaphragm. (elifesciences.org)
Known as Dbx1-derived interneurons and phrenic motor neurons, these cell populations reside in different parts of the body and perform distinct roles. (elifesciences.org)
Electrical activity recorded from these cells showed that phrenic motor neurons lacking cadherins could not receive the signals required to activate the breathing muscles. (elifesciences.org)
Enriched monolayer precursor cell cultures from micro-dissected adult mouse dentate gyrus yield functional granule cell-like neurons. (mdc-berlin.de)
All these events are primarily regulated by an array of regulatory proteins that are present on the cell surface, such as ion channels, receptors and adhesion molecules which sense the different chemical signaling cues and allow the neurons to respond accordingly [ 8-10 ]. (silverchair.com)
Amyloid-beta precursor protein ( APP ) is an integral membrane protein expressed in many tissues and concentrated in the synapses of neurons . (handwiki.org)

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor alpha (GFRα) members have been widely connected to the mechanisms contributing to cell growth, differentiation, cell migration and tissue maturation. (medsci.org)
The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factors (GDNFs), a family of neurotrophic factors, were initially thought to be able to regulate the growth, survival, and differentiation of neural-derived cell types. (medsci.org)
Based on whether it cooperates with the second receptor RET, GFRα has also been widely linked to the mechanisms that contribute to cell growth, differentiation and migration and tissue maturation. (medsci.org)
Lab research: Control of neuronal cell death and differentiation during embryonic neurogenesis and regeneration. (ubc.ca)
The role of NCAM in neural differentiation and synaptic plasticity is presumed to depend on the modulation of intracellular signal transduction cascades. (uni-freiburg.de)
Kitano, H. A simple model of neurogenesis and cell differentiation based on evolutionary large-scale chaos. (panmental.de)
Assembly and disassembly of microtubules (MTs) is critical for neurite outgrowth and differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we report that Gβγ, an important component of the GPCR pathway, is critical for NGF-induced neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
In further support of a role of Gβγ-MT interaction in neuronal differentiation, it was observed that overexpression of Gβγ in PC12 cells induced neurite outgrowth in the absence of added NGF. (biomedcentral.com)
Altogether, our results demonstrate that βγ subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins play a critical role in neurite outgrowth and differentiation by interacting with MTs and modulating MT rearrangement. (biomedcentral.com)
Over the years, pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells have been used as a model to study neuronal differentiation because they respond to nerve growth factor (NGF) and exhibit a typical phenotype of neuronal cells sending out neurites [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
discuss how microRNA124 and microRNA21-5p regulate migration, proliferation and differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. (silverchair.com)
Role of extracellular RNA-carrying vesicles in cell differentiation and reprogramming. (unicyte.ch)
In particular, stem cells are highly sensitive to extracellular signals that play a critical role in mainten- ance of stem cell characteristics, differentiation, and interplay with somatic cells. (unicyte.ch)
Several other environmental factors including oxy- gen concentration and mechanical, metabolic, and bio- chemical conditions have been shown relevant in cell differentiation and have been reviewed extensively (Fig. 1) [3]. (unicyte.ch)

Li Q, Cao Z, Zhao S. The Emerging Portrait of Glial Cell Line-derived Neurotrophic Factor Family Receptor Alpha (GFRα) in Cancers. (medsci.org)
Molecular mechanisms underlying the dystroglycan-mediated targeting and polarization of proteins in glial cells. (ubc.ca)
To understand the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of glial tumors in vivo, an established Drosophila melanogaster model of glioma was used based on overexpression in larval glial cells of an active human EGFR and of the PI3K homolog Pi3K92E /Dp110. (sdbonline.org)

CD56 has been detected on other lymphoid cells, including gamma delta (γδ) Τ cells and activated CD8+ T cells, as well as on dendritic cells. (wikipedia.org)
In multicellular organisms, and more particularly in animals with a well-developed immune system, phagocytosis is mostly performed by specialized, professional phagocytes: macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and neutrophils. (frontiersin.org)
However, negative mediators of experience-dependent dendritic outgrowth that are activity regulated at the transcriptional level are less well understood. (jneurosci.org)
In contrast, dendritic MTs, bundled instead by MAP2, have a mixed orientation, with their plus ends facing either the dendritic tips or the cell body. (biomedcentral.com)
VLDLR requires RasGRF1/CaMKII to alter dendritic spine formation. (cusabio.com)

Neuronal outgrowth is a complex process in which two distinct domains emerge from the cell body: a long, thin axon that transmits signals, and multiple shorter dendrites, which are specialized primarily for receiving signals. (biomedcentral.com)

NCAM has been implicated as having a role in cell-cell adhesion, neurite outgrowth, synaptic plasticity, and learning and memory. (wikipedia.org)
The different domains of NCAM have been shown to have different roles, with the Ig domains being involved in homophilic binding to NCAM, and the FNIII domains being involved signalling leading to neurite outgrowth. (wikipedia.org)
Homophilic binding occurs between NCAM molecules on opposing surfaces (trans-) and NCAM molecules on the same surface (cis-)1. (wikipedia.org)
Current models suggest trans- homophilic binding occurs between two NCAM molecules binding antiparallel between all five Ig domains or just IgI and IgII. (wikipedia.org)
Both cis- and trans- NCAM homophilic binding have been shown to be important in NCAM "activation" leading to neurite outgrowth. (wikipedia.org)
The two most notable are: the VASE (VAriable domain Spliced Exon) exon which is thought to correlate with an inhibition of the neurite outgrowth promoting properties of NCAM. (wikipedia.org)
NCAM exhibits glycoforms as it can be posttranslationally modified by the addition of polysialic acid (PSA) to the fifth Ig domain, which is thought to abrogate its homophilic binding properties and can lead to reduced cell adhesion important in cell migration and invasion. (wikipedia.org)
Removal of PSA from NCAM by the enzyme endoneuraminidase (EndoN) has been shown to abolish long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). The neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM1 appears on early embryonic cells and is important in the formation of cell collectives and their boundaries at sites of morphogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
NCAM is thought to signal to induce neurite outgrowth via the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and act upon the p59Fyn signaling pathway. (wikipedia.org)
NCAM protein expression was measured in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells that were cultivated in serum-free media and treated with 0, 10, or 20 µM tianeptine for 6, 24, or 72 hours. (psychiatryinvestigation.org)
NCAM is present naturally in the brains of every single living human on this planet and plays a role in neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis, to neural mechanisms linked to cognitive functioning. (nootralize.com)
Parcerisas A, Ortega-Gascó A, Pujadas L, Soriano E . The Hidden Side of NCAM Family: NCAM2, a Key Cytoskeleton Organization Molecule Regulating Multiple Neural Functions. (neurotree.org)
The neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM, is a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily and is involved in a variety of cellular processes of importance for the formation and maintenance of the nervous system. (uni-freiburg.de)
NCAM based signaling complexes can initiate downstream intracellular signals by at least two mechanisms: (1) activation of FGFR and (2) formation of intracellular signaling complexes by direct interaction with cytoplasmic interaction partners such as Fyn and FAK. (uni-freiburg.de)

Remodeling of the cytoskeleton during neurite outgrowth. (ubc.ca)
Parcerisas A, Ortega-Gascó A, Hernaiz-Llorens M, Odena MA, Ulloa F, de Oliveira E, Bosch M, Pujadas L, Soriano E . New Partners Identified by Mass Spectrometry Assay Reveal Functions of NCAM2 in Neural Cytoskeleton Organization. (neurotree.org)
Although previous studies have identified different chemotropic and adhesion molecules that influence axonal development, the molecular mechanism by which these signals control the cytoskeleton remains poorly understood. (biologists.com)

Plant Cell Wall Proteins: A Large Body of Data, but What about Runaways? (mdpi.com)
Combining immunopurification and subsequent analytical mass spectrometry, hundreds of proteins, including synaptic vesicle proteins, components of the presynaptic fusion and retrieval machinery, proteins involved in intracellular and extracellular signaling and a large variety of adhesion molecules, were identified. (mdpi.com)
This Review addresses single-molecule force spectroscopy experiments conducted on proteins with a known role in mechanosensing and mechanotransduction in eukaryotic cells. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
With the advent, development and refining of single-molecule nanomechanical techniques that enable the conformational dynamics of individual proteins under the effect of a calibrated force to be probed, we have begun to acquire a comprehensive knowledge of the diverse physicochemical principles that regulate the elasticity of single proteins. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Intercellular communication between vascular and nerve cells mediated by diffusible proteins has recently emerged as a critical intrinsic program for neural development. (biomedcentral.com)
However, since previous studies mostly focused either on developing PNS or on adult CNS synaptic plasticity, the direct effect of vascular cell-secreted proteins on neuritogenesis in the very early stage of neuronal development is not well characterized. (biomedcentral.com)
Can you explain the structure of CADM3 and its interactions with other proteins or ligands in neural adhesion processes? (creativebiomart.net)
To do so, the team focused on cadherins, a group of proteins which allow cells to attach to one another. (elifesciences.org)
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) as well as heterotrimeric G proteins are also involved in regulating neurite outgrowth. (biomedcentral.com)
Apfel R, Lottspeich F, Hoppe J, Behl C, Durr G, Bogdahn U. Purification and analysis of growth regulating proteins secreted by a human melanoma cell line. (2medicalcare.com)

In cell adhesion, CD56 contributes to cell-cell adhesion or cell-matrix adhesion during embryonic development. (wikipedia.org)

Overall, phagocytosis is considered a beneficial phenomenon, since it eliminates dead cells and induces an anti-inflammatory response. (frontiersin.org)
Evidence suggests that nerve growth factor (NGF) induces neurite outgrowth from PC12 cells by activating the receptor tyrosine kinase, TrkA. (biomedcentral.com)
Ectopic expression of TRPV2-GFP in F11 cell induces more primary and secondary neurites, confirming its role in neurite initiation, extension and branching events. (silverchair.com)

11 According to the network hypothesis, depression results from an abnormality of information processing within neural networks, and antidepressant drugs improve the plasticity of neuronal connectivity. (psychiatryinvestigation.org)
These findings are relevant to understand the sprouting of new neurites, neuroregeneration and neuronal plasticity at the cellular, subcellular and molecular levels. (silverchair.com)
A paper recently published by eLife on forebrain cortical synaptic plasticity reports that retinoic acid (RA) alters synaptopodin-dependent metaplasticity in mouse dentate granule cells (Lenz et al. (preprints.org)

Both molecules support neurite outgrowth from several neuronal cell types when presented as uniform substrates. (researchgate.net)

L1 is a transmembrane adhesion molecule with extracellular immunoglobulin and fibronection III-like domains ( Schachner, 1991 ). (jneurosci.org)
Additionally, it was revealed that the most relevant genes are involved in biological processes related to signal transduction, positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoters, chemical synaptic transmission, response to drugs, ion transmembrane transport, nervous system development, cell adhesion, and neuron migration. (biomedcentral.com)

Lab research: Molecular mechanisms underlying synapse formation, maintenance and elimination. (ubc.ca)
Lab research: Molecular mechanisms of neuronal outgrowth, guidance and directed growth. (ubc.ca)
However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate force-induced functionalities across a wide range of scales, encompassing the cell, tissue or organ levels, are not well understood in comparison. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Common mechanisms of recognition, engulfment, and degradation of the different types of cargo are assumed, but very little is known about the shared and specific molecules involved in the phagocytosis of each target by microglia. (frontiersin.org)
While much is known about biochemical signaling, many of the mechanisms that drive cell outcome in response to biophysical influences remain to be uncovered. (5dok.org)
We illustrate where such mechanisms of pattern formation arise in biological systems from cellular to tissue scales, with an emphasis on morphogenesis. (mpi-cbg.de)
Our goal is to convey a picture of pattern formation that draws attention to the principles rather than solely to specific molecular mechanisms. (mpi-cbg.de)

Combined omics analyses of donor VSMC secretomes and recipient neuron transcriptomes revealed that overlapping pathways of extracellular matrix receptor signaling and adhesion molecule integrin binding mediate VSMC-dependent neuronal development. (biomedcentral.com)
However, the possible connection between these pathways and how they might ultimately converge to regulate the assembly and organization of MTs during neurite outgrowth is not well understood. (biomedcentral.com)

Because we have shown earlier that prenylation and subsequent methylation/demethylation of γ subunits are required for the Gβγ-MTs interaction in vitro , small-molecule inhibitors (L-28 and L-23) targeting prenylated methylated protein methyl esterase (PMPMEase) were tested in the current study. (biomedcentral.com)

Normal cells that stain positively for CD56 include NK cells, activated T cells, the brain and cerebellum, and neuroendocrine tissues. (wikipedia.org)
The cells embedded in the rolled-up architectures spontaneously form cellular 3D constructs with the intrinsic morphologies and functions of living tissues. (ntt-review.jp)
Mechanochemical Principles of Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Cells and Tissues. (mpi-cbg.de)
Patterns are ubiquitous in living systems and underlie the dynamic organization of cells, tissues, and embryos. (mpi-cbg.de)
Therefore, we propose that damage to and subsequent release of mtDNA elicits a protective signalling response that enhances nDNA repair in cells and tissues, suggesting that mtDNA is a genotoxic stress sentinel. (regenerativemedicine.net)

The GDNF family ligands (GFLs) function through a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-(GPI) anchored coreceptor, GDNF family receptor alpha (GFRα), and rearranged during transfection (RET), a well-known receptor tyrosine kinase involved in kidney development, spermatogonial stem cell maintenance, and the development and maintenance of the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems [ 1 , 2 ]. (medsci.org)
Roles for Eph receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in the formation of topographic patterns of axonal connectivity have been well established in vertebrate visual systems. (sdbonline.org)

Institute for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Max von Laue Str. (mdpi.com)
However, protein levels of components of cell membranes, vesicles and synapses, RNA modulation, and cellular structures (including tau and tubulin filaments) are markedly altered from the age of 75. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Phagocytosis of invading microorganisms by immune cells was first discovered by the father of cellular immunology Ilya Metchnikoff in 1882, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize. (frontiersin.org)
We found that these inhibitors disrupted Gβγ and ΜΤ organization and affected cellular morphology and neurite outgrowth. (biomedcentral.com)
However, cellular clearance of autophagic cargoes appears inhibited upstream of autophagosome formation. (sdbonline.org)
The master kinase LKB1 is a key regulator of several cellular processes, including cell proliferation, cell polarity and cellular metabolism. (sdbonline.org)
Mitochondria, a powerhouse of the cell, are rich in a large number of enzymes, which not only participate in cellular oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis, but also regulate intracellular calcium ions and reactive oxygen species to maintain cellular homeostasis. (biomedcentral.com)

Ooyen, A. v., Pelt, J. v. and Corner, M. A. Implications of activity dependent neurite outgrowth for neuronal morphology and network development. (panmental.de)

Studded through the membrane, these molecules are also often involved in forming connections from one cell to another that allow them to communicate. (elifesciences.org)
Localization of phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase IIgamma in kidney to a membrane trafficking compartment within specialized cells of the nephron. (neurotree.org)
Growing evidence suggests that transcriptional regulators and secreted RNA molecules encapsulated within membrane vesicles modify the phenotype of target cells. (unicyte.ch)
Membrane vesicles, actively released by cells, represent a mechanism of intercellular communication that is conserved evolutionarily and involves the transfer of molecules able to induce epigenetic changes in recipient cells. (unicyte.ch)
Cells can communicate via physical interactions, in- cluding membrane bridge formation, such as tunneling nanotubes and cytonemes, and/or through the release of soluble factors [1-3]. (unicyte.ch)

Thus, the role of GFRα is more complicated than originally assumed, and it is necessary to revisit and review the role played by this versatile molecule in tumors. (medsci.org)
Role of cell adhesion molecules at the synapse. (ubc.ca)
Recent data, however, has shown that unchallenged microglia phagocytose apoptotic cells during development and in adult neurogenic niches, suggesting an overlooked role in brain remodeling throughout the normal lifespan. (frontiersin.org)
We have therefore investigated the role of matrix stiffness in Notch signaling in breast cancer cells. (5dok.org)
The role of adhesion molecules in multiple sclerosis: biology, pathogenesis and therapeutic implications. (2medicalcare.com)
The understanding of molecules and their role in neurite initiation and/or extension is not only helpful to prevent different neurodegenerative diseases but also can be important in neuronal damage repair. (silverchair.com)
In this work, we explored the role of transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 (TRPV2), a non-selective cation channel in the context of neurite functions. (silverchair.com)
This role explains T-cell dysfunction and tumor risk. (preprints.org)
These observations reveal a conserved role for Eph kinases as determinants of topographic map formation in vertebrates and invertebrates (Dearborn, 2002). (sdbonline.org)

T cell homing to tumors detected by 3D-coordinated positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. (mdc-berlin.de)

Cells sense and respond to the mechanics of their substrate - be it the extracellular matrix, neighboring cells or artificial matrix in cell culture. (5dok.org)

Microtubules (MTs) form dense parallel arrays in axons and dendrites that are required for the growth and maintenance of these neurites [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

However, whether the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) secretome regulates the connectivity of neural circuits remains unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
These data indicate that human FOXP2 exerts a greater neurogenic effect, which is perhaps significant for the construction of the brain, including neural circuits involved in language processing. (comparative-cognition-and-behavior-reviews.org)
The establishment of neural circuits depends on the ability of axonal growth cones to sense their surrounding environment en route to their target. (biologists.com)
The neural circuits which control breathing are established in the womb, ready to switch on with the first gulp of air. (elifesciences.org)
in particular, it is still unclear exactly how the two main types of nerve cells which form respiratory circuits start to 'talk' to each other. (elifesciences.org)

D. At a slightly more medial level, multiple labial neuron and support cell nuclei become visible anterior to the NR around the anterior bulb, whereas more lateral ganglion nuclei are visible posterior to the NR. Magnification, 600x. (wormatlas.org)
We confirm that functional TRPV2 is endogenously present in F11 cell line, a model system mimicking peripheral neuron. (silverchair.com)

While many signals are known to drive neuronal outgrowth, it is the assembly and disassembly of cytoskeletal structures embodied within neurite extension and growth cone formation that are essential for establishing appropriate synaptic connections and signal transmission. (biomedcentral.com)
In F11 cells, TRPV2 localizes in specific subcellular regions enriched with filamentous actin, such as in growth cone, filopodia, lamellipodia and in neurites. (silverchair.com)

When neural crest cells stop making N-CAM and N-cadherin, and start displaying integrin receptors, cells separate and migrate. (wikipedia.org)

displays a reduced size of the corticospinal tract and decreased axonal association with nonmyelinating Schwann cells. (jneurosci.org)
In addition, microglia phagocytoses brain-specific cargo, such as axonal and myelin debris in spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis, amyloid-β deposits in Alzheimer's disease, and supernumerary synapses in postnatal development. (frontiersin.org)

Lab research: Gap Junctions in Neural Development and Disease. (ubc.ca)

This signaling pathway is a highly conserved cell-to-cell communication system that regulates cell fate in development and disease. (5dok.org)
We propose an opportunity to target the cancer cell/microenvironment interface instead of the Notch pathway itself in the development of cancer therapies. (5dok.org)
Eph/ephrin signaling is a cell-to-cell communication pathway, which regulates cell migration and proliferation. (5dok.org)

Furthermore, we found that human arterial VSMCs promote neuronal development in multiple ways, including expanding the time window for nascent neurite initiation, increasing neuronal density, and promoting synchronized firing, whereas human umbilical vein VSMCs lack this capability. (biomedcentral.com)
Neurite initiation, termed neuritogenesis, is the foremost event of neuronal morphogenesis [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Kandel, E. R. The Molecular Biology of Memory Storage: A Dialogue Between Genes and Synapses. (panmental.de)
In Methods in cell biology , 84: 807-842, 2008. (panmental.de)
Cell biology of phagocytosis has been mainly established on bone marrow-derived tissue macrophages. (frontiersin.org)
When this connection was made, it launched a whole new field," says Isidore Rigoutsos, Ph.D., professor of pathology, anatomy, and cell biology and director of the Computational Medicine Center at Thomas Jefferson University. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
The relevance of these phenomena in stem cell biology and tissue repair is discussed. (unicyte.ch)

For this purpose, WIN 55,212-2 was injected in pregnant wistar rats from gestation day 5 to 20 and a detailed analysis of the levels of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as well as of the signaling molecules extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and alpha-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (alpha-CaMKII) was carried out in adult offspring. (researchgate.net)

On the cover: Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neuroepithelial-like stem cells stained for actin (green) and DNA (blue). (5dok.org)

Depression is considered to be caused by structural changes in molecules such as monoamines in the brain, and antidepressants function by counteracting these molecular changes. (psychiatryinvestigation.org)
Here, we showed that the secretomes obtained from primary mouse cerebral vascular SMCs, a human brain SMC cell line, and a human aorta SMC cell line promote neuronal early morphogenesis, functional maturation, and survival in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
Validation experiments with stressors were performed in human neuroblastoma cells, where ATM localized only to cytoplasm, similar to brain. (preprints.org)

These vesicles can transfer signals capable of altering cell function and/or reprogramming targeted cells. (unicyte.ch)
Cell-secreted vesicles have emerged as an integral com- ponent of intercellular exchange of information (Fig. 1). (unicyte.ch)
This concept is based on the observation that vesicles may transfer different types of signals between cells [7, 8]. (unicyte.ch)

Suppression of experimental allergic neuritis by an antibody to the intracellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1. (2medicalcare.com)
Inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by an antibody to the intercellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1. (2medicalcare.com)

Using biologically relevant elastic substrates to study cell function in vitro has proven beneficial, as the in vivo microenvironment usually is much softer than rigid plastic dishes. (5dok.org)
This substitution is adjacent to the beta secretase cleavage site and results in a 40% reduction in the formation of amyloid beta in vitro. (handwiki.org)

Similarly, reprogramming of somatic cells involves a complex interaction among intracellular and extracellular signals leading to epigenetic remodeling [6]. (unicyte.ch)

We propose a method for rapid and easy formation of microscopic 3D graphene structures by using origami-inspired self-rolling bilayer films [4]. (ntt-review.jp)
Particularly, yolk sac-derived macrophages including microglia may possibly have different tasks since they are confronted with different target structures, mainly apoptotic cells during developmental tissue remodeling, while bone marrow-derived macrophages have a higher chance to be confronted with pathogens, mainly during defense against invading microbes. (frontiersin.org)
Thousands of copies of the circular mtDNA are present in most cell types that are packaged by TFAM into higher-order structures called nucleoids1. (regenerativemedicine.net)

it associates with fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and stimulates tyrosine kinase activity of receptor to induce neurite outgrowth. (wikipedia.org)

In the cerebellar cortex, tenascin-C mRNA in Golgi epithelial cells was down-regulated 3 days after the lesion and returned to control values 80 days after the lesion. (researchgate.net)
Tenascin-R mRNA was expressed by distinct neural cell types in the unlesioned olivocerebellar system. (researchgate.net)

Trans-well assay evaluating migration of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells after MicroRNA124 and microRNA21-5p overexpression. (silverchair.com)

When offered as a sharp boundary with a permissive substrate, however, both molecules prevent neurite elongation. (researchgate.net)
We used conjugated polymers to develop a novel neural stem cell culture substrate with anchored growth factors to promote cell self-renewal. (5dok.org)

Bayas A, Hummel V, Kallmann BA, Karch C, Toyka KV, Rieckmann P. Human cerebral endothelial cells are a potential source for bioactive BDNF. (2medicalcare.com)

Isolation and characterization of an oligodendrocyte precursor-derived B-cell epitope in multiple sclerosis. (2medicalcare.com)
[6] APP is best known as the precursor molecule whose proteolysis generates amyloid beta (Aβ), a polypeptide containing 37 to 49 amino acid residues, whose amyloid fibrillar form is the primary component of amyloid plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. (handwiki.org)

see Muscle System - GLR Cells ), which are associated only with the somatic nervous system. (wormatlas.org)
To investigate whether tenascin-C and tenascin-R may play important functional roles in the lesioned central nervous system, we have analysed their expression in the olivocerebellar system of the adult rat after 3-acetylpyridine-induced degeneration of nerve cells in the inferior olivary nucleus. (researchgate.net)

Activation of AMPK by low energy supply and phosphorylation of LKB1 results in an inhibition of mTOR , thus decreasing energy-consuming processes, in particular translation and, thus, cell growth. (sdbonline.org)

Regeneration of neurites, especially in the peripheral tissue, has immense importance in the context of different neuronal disorders. (silverchair.com)

Longitudinal nerve tracts travel along the body at ventral, subventral, lateral, subdorsal, and dorsal positions and connect cell bodies to major neuropils. (wormatlas.org)

The pCREB level in cells treated with 20 µM tianeptine increased in time-dependent manner. (psychiatryinvestigation.org)
TRPV2-mediated neuritogenesis is dependent on wildtype TRPV2 as cells expressing TRPV2 mutants reveal no neuritogenesis. (silverchair.com)
In cultured primary fibroblasts and cancer cells, the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin causes mtDNA damage and release, which leads to cGAS STING dependent ISG activation. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Vílchez-Acosta A, Manso Y, Cárdenas A, Elias-Tersa A, Martínez-Losa M, Pascual M , Álvarez-Dolado M, Nairn AC, Borrell V , Soriano E . Specific contribution of Reelin expressed by Cajal-Retzius cells or GABAergic interneurons to cortical lamination. (neurotree.org)

The fate of the cell is deter- mined by coordinated and dynamic interactions among a number of factors, acting in a defined microenviron- ment. (unicyte.ch)

Anatomy55

Organisms16

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs103

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Phenomena and Processes50

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Neurons17

Differentiation15

Glial3

Dendritic5

Axon1

NCAM14

Cytoskeleton3

Proteins10

Embryonic1

Induces3

Plasticity3

Neuronal cell1

Transmembrane2

Mechanisms7

Pathways2

Small-molecule1

Tissues5

Receptor tyrosi2

Cellular7

Morphology1

Membrane5

Role9

Tumors1

Extracellular matrix1

Microtubules1

Circuits5

Neuron2

Growth cone2

Integrin1

Axonal2

Junctions1

Pathway3

Initiation2

Biology5

Neurotrophic1

Actin1

Brain3

Vesicles3

Antibody2

Vitro2

Intracellular and extracellular1

Structures3

Tyrosine1

MRNA2

Overexpression1

Substrate2

BDNF1

Precursor2

Nervous system2

Processes1

Regeneration1

Nerve1

Dependent3

Cortical1

Interactions1