Viruses with internal genes of H9N2, hemagglutinin, and neuraminidase acquired from wild birds constitute the zoonotic H5N1, H7N9, and H10N8 viruses ( 1 - 3 ) and can lead to severe influenza. (cdc.gov)
Their hemagglutinin genes share a 99.1% similarity, and the neuraminidase genes share a 98.7% similarity. (cdc.gov)
To date, 18 hemagglutinin (H1-H18) and 11 neuraminidase (N1-N11) subtypes have been identified ( 3 , 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
Influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) can act as a receptor-binding protein, a role commonly attributed to hemagglutinin (HA). (cdc.gov)
The viruses attach to the host cells through hemagglutinin, which specifically combines with neuraminic acid receptors in the host cells. (medscape.com)
Infection11
Human infection with avian influenza A(H3N8) virus is uncommon but can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome. (cdc.gov)
Previous within-host influenza models did not explicitly consider SIPs and largely ignore the potential effects of coinfection during virus infection. (bvsalud.org)
While the model without spatial structure fails to reproduce key aspects of within-host influenza virus dynamics, we found that the model implicitly considering the spatial structure of the infection process makes predictions that are consistent with biological observations, highlighting the crucial role that spatial structure plays during an influenza infection. (bvsalud.org)
This model predicts two phases of viral growth prior to the viral peak: a first phase driven by fully infectious particles at the initiation of infection followed by a second phase largely driven by coinfections of fully infectious particles and SIPs. (bvsalud.org)
The virus is responsible for a highly transmissible respiratory tract infection in mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, rats, and occasionally marmosets, with infection passing through both air and direct contact routes. (wikipedia.org)
Inbred and outbred mouse and rat strains have very different susceptibility to Sendai virus infection. (wikipedia.org)
It was shown that resistance to the lethal effects of Sendai virus in mice is genetically controlled and expressed through control of viral replication within the first 72 hours of infection. (wikipedia.org)
METHODS: We analyzed AI virus infection reports among animals and humans submitted to animal and public health authorities from January 2013 to June 2022 and compared them with reports from January 2005 to December 2012. (cdc.gov)
Respiratory epithelium appears to be the major site of virus binding and subsequent infection. (medscape.com)
The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994. (unt.edu)
Measles virus infection in rhesus macaques: altered immune responses and comparison of the virulence of six different strains. (unt.edu)
Infectious4
We investigated the virus replication kinetics by measuring viral matrix protein segment RNA in culture supernatants using real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR and 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID 50 ) assay for infectious virus titers (Figure 1). (cdc.gov)
These particles, called semi-infectious particles (SIPs), can induce virion production through complementation when multiple SIPs are present in an infected cell. (bvsalud.org)
In addition to identifying dextromethorphan as a potential influenza treatment option, our study illustrates the feasibility of a bioinformatics-driven rational approach for repurposing approved drugs against infectious diseases. (frontiersin.org)
The virus is infectious for many cancer cell lines (see below), and has oncolytic properties demonstrated in animal models and in naturally-occurring cancers in animals. (wikipedia.org)
H5N16
The viruses used in this study were H9N2/Y280, pH1N1, avH3N8/MP16, novel H3N8, and H5N1/483 ( Appendix Table 1). (cdc.gov)
In bronchial tissues, pH1N1 virus had a higher level of viral RNA than did avH3N8, novel H3N8, and H5N1, whereas levels of viral RNA of H9N2 virus were higher than those of avH3N8 and H5N1 virus ( Figure 1 , panels A, C). The viral RNA levels of avH3N8, novel H3N8, and H5N1 virus were similar. (cdc.gov)
The viral RNA level of H5N1 virus was the highest among all the tested strains in human lung tissues, followed by H9N2 ( Figure 1 , panels B, D). Viral RNA levels of novel H3N8 and pH1N1 viruses were higher than those of avH3N8 virus. (cdc.gov)
Increased or renewed reports of AI viruses, especially high pathogenicity H5N8 and H5N1 in birds and H5N1, H5N8, and H5N6 in humans globally, have established the need for a comprehensive review of current global AI virus surveillance data to assess the pandemic risk of AI viruses. (cdc.gov)
H7N9 (1568/2000, 78.40%) and H5N1 (254/2000, 12.70%) viruses accounted for the most human infections. (cdc.gov)
Bender C, Hall H, Huang J, Klimov A, Subbarao K. Characterization of the surface proteins of influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated from humans in 1997-1998. (unt.edu)
H3N23
Those novel avian H3N8 viruses are antigenically distant from contemporary human influenza A(H3N2) viruses, and little cross-reactive immunity to these chicken H3N8 viruses exists in the human population ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
In influenza A(H3N2) viruses, three NA amino acid residues have previously been associated with NA-mediated hemagglutination: T148, D151, and more recently, H150. (cdc.gov)
Using the A/Puerto Rico/8/34 backbone, we generated a comprehensive panel of recombinant A(H3N2) viruses that have different NAs but shared an HA that displays poor binding to red blood cells (RBCs). (cdc.gov)
Infections14
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) with reassortments between AIVs from domestic poultry and wild birds sporadically cross species barriers, leading to human infections. (cdc.gov)
In 2022, two human infections with novel influenza A(H3N8) viruses were reported in Henan and Hunan Province, China ( 4 , 5 ). (cdc.gov)
Although primary prevention approach for influenza infections is vaccination, vaccine efficacy is incomplete and uptake rates are variable in the population. (medicalresearch.com)
Genetic defects in a human protein known as IFITM3 are linked to hospitalization and death upon influenza virus infections. (medicalresearch.com)
IFITM3 is an immune system protein that can inhibit virus entry into cells and it is produced as an early response to virus infections. (medicalresearch.com)
Since March 2013, human infections with a previously undescribed H7N9 virus were observed, which also circulates in domestic birds without causing severe disease ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
Two classes of approved drugs against influenza A virus infections have been available for years: adamantane-based M2 ion channel blockers, which prevent acidification of the endosome and therefore release of the viral particles into the cytosol ( 10 ), and neuraminidase inhibitors, which prevent the release of newly formed viral particles from infected cells ( 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
Sendai virus is used as a backbone for vaccine development against Mycobacterium tuberculosis that causes tuberculosis, against HIV-1 that causes AIDS and against other viruses, including those that cause severe respiratory infections in children. (wikipedia.org)
Epizootic infections of mice are usually associated with a high mortality rate, while enzootic disease patterns suggest that the virus is latent and can be cleared over the course of a year. (wikipedia.org)
The virus is immunosuppressive and may predispose to secondary bacterial infections. (wikipedia.org)
The most recent global analysis of official reports of animal outbreaks and human infections with all reportable AI viruses was published almost a decade ago. (cdc.gov)
Between January 2013 and June 2022, 17/194 (8.8%) World Health Organization (WHO) Member States reported 2000 human AI virus infections of 10 virus subtypes. (cdc.gov)
Seasonality patterns of animal outbreaks and human infections with AI viruses were very similar, occurred year-round, and peaked during November through May. (cdc.gov)
Chimpanzees, macaques, squirrels, owls, and rhesus monkeys have been asymptomatically infected with HPIV-3 or HPIV-4, and only marmosets have developed symptomatic upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) with HPIV-3 and Sendai virus. (medscape.com)
Epidemics2
Thus, antiviral drugs are an essential component of pandemic response scenarios and play an important role in reducing disease severity during seasonal influenza epidemics. (frontiersin.org)
Genetic variability of hepatitis E virus within and between three epidemics in India. (unt.edu)
Subtypes5
The high genetic variability of influenza A viruses poses a continual challenge to seasonal and pandemic vaccine development, leaving antiviral drugs as the first line of defense against antigenically different strains or new subtypes. (frontiersin.org)
Based on the antigenic properties of these viral glycoproteins, influenza A viruses are classified into different subtypes. (frontiersin.org)
With the exception of bat-associated subtypes ( 4 ), all influenza A virus subtypes can be found in wild aquatic birds, which are their natural reservoir. (frontiersin.org)
RESULTS: From 2013 to 2022, 52.2% (95/182) of World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Member Countries identified 34 AI virus subtypes during 21,249 outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
A total of 10 high pathogenicity AI and 6 low pathogenicity AI virus subtypes were reported to the WOAH for the first time during 2013-2022. (cdc.gov)
Viral1
Influenza A virus (IAV) populations harbor large subpopulations of defective-interfering particles characterized by internally deleted viral genomes. (bvsalud.org)
20222
The novel H3N8 virus was isolated from chickens and is genetically closely related to the virus causing zoonotic human disease in China (A/Henan/4-10CNIC/2022/H3N8) ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
BACKGROUND: Avian influenza (AI) virus detections occurred frequently in 2022 and continue to pose a health, economic, and food security risk. (cdc.gov)
Human Parainf1
The latter include Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (HRSV), Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) and Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIV). (wikipedia.org)
Vaccines2
Although studies have assessed parental vaccine hesitancy in different localities and estimated vaccine refusals nationally, there is little recent US national data on the prevalence of hesitancy about routine childhood vaccines and national hesitancy rates for influenza vaccine have never been assessed. (medicalresearch.com)
Even though the production of influenza vaccines is well established, and the regulatory process allows for rapid strain update or exchange, it takes 4-6 months until a vaccine against a newly emerging subtype is available in sufficient quantities ( 2 , 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
Zanamivir1
Prior studies have shown that antivirals like oseltamivir and inhaled zanamivir can reduce the risk influenza illness in those exposed. (medicalresearch.com)
Vaccination2
For vaccination purpose the Sendai virus-based constructs could be delivered in a form of nasal drops, which may be beneficial in inducing a mucosal immune response. (wikipedia.org)
As a result of vaccination against HPIV1 a significant boost in virus-specific neutralizing antibodies was observed. (wikipedia.org)
Vivo3
Comparative replication competence of zoonotic-like influenza A(H3N8) viruses isolated from chicken and other human and avian viruses in ex vivo cultures of human bronchus and lung tissue. (cdc.gov)
The present invention provides methods of achieving directed evolution of viruses by in vivo screening or "panning" to identify viruses comprising scrambled AAV capsids having characteristics of interest, e.g., tropism profile and/or neutralization profile (e.g., ability to evade neutralizing antibodies). (justia.com)
The invention relates to methods for directed evolution and in vivo panning of adeno-associated virus vectors as well as optimized AAV capsids and virus vectors comprising the same. (justia.com)
Parainfluenza2
Murine respirovirus, formerly Sendai virus (SeV) and previously also known as murine parainfluenza virus type 1 or hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ), is an enveloped, 150-200 nm-diameter, negative sense, single-stranded RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae. (wikipedia.org)
Parainfluenza viruses (PIVs) are paramyxoviruses of the order Mononegavirales, the family Paramyxoviridae, and the subfamily Paramyxovirinae. (medscape.com)
Characterization2
NA-binding was observed when a virus preparation contained approximately 10% of NA variants with either T148I or T439R, highlighting the benefit of using deep sequencing in virus characterization. (cdc.gov)
Hands on experience in techniques involving recombinant DNA technology such as preparation of plasmid DNA, transformation of bacteria by plasmid DNA, characterization of plasmids, cloning of DNA fragments into vectors, vaccinia virus, hybridization and electrophoretic procedures. (sprayprotectgo.com)
HPIV3
HPIV is closely related to Hendra virus, Nipah virus, and metapneumoviruses. (medscape.com)
HPIV-3 is second only to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) as a cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants and young children. (medscape.com)
HPIV transmission occurs via direct inoculation of contagious secretions from the hands or via large-particle aerosols into the eyes and nose. (medscape.com)
Replication2
In explant cultures of the human bronchus and lung, novel H3N8 virus showed limited replication efficiency in bronchial and lung tissue but had a higher replication than avian H3N8 virus in lung tissue. (cdc.gov)
We performed titration in cells that support the replication of the influenza A viruses rather than in all DF-1 cells, because pH1N1 virus did not replicate in DF-1 cells. (cdc.gov)
Birds1
Newcastle disease virus is a rubulavirus that infects poultry, penguins, and other birds and has been responsible for conjunctivitis in bird handlers and laboratory workers. (medscape.com)
Strains1
The novel H3N8 virus failed to propagate in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells but could be propagated in eggs and titrated in chicken embryo fibroblasts (DF-1), whereas the other strains could be propagated and titrated in MDCK cells. (cdc.gov)
Genetic1
SeV has several features that are important in a vector for a successful vaccine: the virus does not integrate into the host genome, it does not undergo genetic recombination, it replicates only in the cytoplasm without DNA intermediates or a nuclear phase and it is does not cause any disease in humans or domestic animals. (wikipedia.org)
Humans2
From these animals the virus can spread to domestic poultry or directly to humans and other mammalian hosts ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
It typically infects rodents and it is not pathogenic for humans or domestic animals Sendai virus (SeV) is a member of the genus Respirovirus. (wikipedia.org)
Sendai2
The virus was isolated in the city of Sendai in Japan in the early 1950s. (wikipedia.org)
In Japan intranasal Sendai virus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine was created and tested in a mouse model. (wikipedia.org)
Genome2
Influenza is an ribonucleic acid virus with a genome that comprises eight segments. (bvsalud.org)
Influenza A viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and have a segmented negative-sense RNA genome ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
Poultry2
Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the novel H3N8 viruses were triple reassortments containing the Eurasian avian H3 gene of wild-bird origin, the North American avian N8 gene derived from the wild bird AIV, and G57 genotype H9N2 internal genes from AIVs found in poultry in China ( 6 , 7 ). (cdc.gov)
H3N8 viruses that are genetically similar to the zoonotic H3N8 viruses reported in China ( 4 , 5 ) have been isolated in poultry markets in Hong Kong, China ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
Disease2
The avH3N8 virus was isolated from wild bird droppings in Mai Po, Hong Kong, and is genetically unrelated to the virus causing zoonotic disease in China. (cdc.gov)
Preventing people who have been exposed to someone with influenza from developing the disease is an important way to prevent its rapid spread, reduce the disruption to peoples' lives and, in some cases, reducing the risk of serious illness or even death. (medicalresearch.com)
Dose1
The BLOCKSTONE study was designed to assess the efficacy of postexposure prophylaxis with a single oral dose of baloxavir for the preventing influenza in household contacts. (medicalresearch.com)
Insights1
Overall, our findings advance the understanding of NA antibody response and provide important insights into the development of a broadly protective influenza vaccine. (bvsalud.org)
Polymerase2
The virus is using its own RNA polymerase. (wikipedia.org)
Blydt-Hansen T, Subbarao K, Quennec P, McDonald J. Recovery of respiratory syncytial virus from stethoscopes by conventional culture and polymerase chain reaction. (unt.edu)
Study1
In this study, we aimed to investigate the diversity and complexity of the internally deleted IAV genomes within a panel of plaque-purified avian influenza viruses selected for their enhanced interferon-inducing phenotypes. (bvsalud.org)
Important1
Influenza A viruses are one of the most important respiratory pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
Cell1
Substitutions at 148 and 151 arise from virus propagation in laboratory cell cultures, whereas changes at 150 occurred during virus evolution in the human host. (cdc.gov)
Animal1
A multivariable regression analysis was used to evaluate associations between variables of interest and reported AI virus animal outbreaks. (cdc.gov)