• The facial nerve is composed of approximately 10,000 neurons, 7,000 of which are myelinated and innervate the nerves of facial expression. (medscape.com)
  • In 1987, Jenny and Saper performed an extensive study of the proximal facial nerve organizations in a primate model and found evidence that in monkeys, upper facial movement is relatively preserved in upper motor neuron injury, because these motor neurons receive relatively little direct cortical input. (medscape.com)
  • Some nerves that we usually think of as purely afferent or sensory, such as the optic nerve for vision, and the vestibulocochlear nerve, for hearing and balance, also have a small component of efferent motor neurons that can modify the function of the end organ by altering transmission at the receptor site. (veteriankey.com)
  • Some of the primarily motor cranial nerves probably have general proprioceptive sensory neurons as well. (veteriankey.com)
  • While the general somatic efferent (GSE) fibers (alpha and gamma motor neurons of the anterior horn) continue in the spinal nerve trunks to innervate skeletal muscle fibers and muscle spindles, almost all of the GVE fibers leave the spinal nerve trunks to enter sympathetic ganglia via a thin arm, the white ramus (Figs-1, 2, and 3). (blogspot.com)
  • What are Postganglionic neurons? (easynotecards.com)
  • The parasympathetic division has craniosacral 'outflow', meaning that the neurons begin at the cranial nerves (specifically the oculomotor nerve , facial nerve , glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve ) and sacral (S2-S4) spinal cord. (cloudfront.net)
  • These sensory neurons carry the information to the brain and spinal cord, enabling the perception of the external environment. (intuitivetogether.com)
  • It is the largest ganglion outside of the calvarium containing sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory neurons. (ochsnerjournal.org)
  • The preganglionic parasympathetic neurons course through the skull as the nervus intermedius, the geniculate nucleus, the greater petrosal nerve, and the Vidian nerve before synapsing within the SPG. (ochsnerjournal.org)
  • The postganglionic neurons provide secretomotor innervation to the lacrimal, nasal, palatine, and pharyngeal glands. (ochsnerjournal.org)
  • The nervous system is a highly specialized network whose principal components are nerves called neurons . (wikidoc.org)
  • The neuronal cell bodies of a nerve's axons are in the brain, the spinal cord, or ganglia, but the nerves run only in the peripheral nervous system. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Some of the fibers from nerve cells within the ganglia return to the spinal nerve trunk via a gray ramus. (blogspot.com)
  • Each of these additional ganglia is connected to a spinal nerve by a single gray ramus. (blogspot.com)
  • Similarly, a variable number of ganglia (four to eight) below L2 send gray rami to all of the spinal nerves below this level. (blogspot.com)
  • X Vagus nerve (mixed) contains motor fibers which start from nucleus ambiguus, parasympathetic (preganglionic) fibers form dorsal nucleus and sensory fibers from superior and inferior ganglia in jugular foramen. (medmuv.com)
  • Preganglionic sympathetic innervation of the liver originates from the T7-T12 thoracic nerves, while the postganglionic sympathetic innervation from visceral nerves originates from the celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia. (e-cmh.org)
  • On the other hand, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes all the nerves and ganglia located outside the CNS. (intuitivetogether.com)
  • The third (vagal) population has a more extensive origin, from the neural folds caudal to the otocyst, i.e. prorhombomere C. These cells will contribute to the ganglia of the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves, with the non-neuronal vagal crest cells migrating into pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6, some of them continuing into the heart to contribute to the division of the cardiac outflow tract. (clinicalgate.com)
  • The neural crest also gives rise to the parasympathetic ganglia and parasympathetic postganglionic nerves in the head and neck. (clinicalgate.com)
  • To innervate these muscles, the facial nerve courses across the region that eventually becomes the middle ear. (medscape.com)
  • the inferior alveolar nerves innervate the lower teeth and gingivae. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The anterior superior alveolar nerves, branches of the infraorbital nerve (from CN V2), run in canals in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus and innervate the upper incisors, canines, premolars, and often part of the first molar. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The posterior superior alveolar nerves (also from CN V2) innervate the rest of the upper molars. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Innervate" means to supply an organ or tissue with nerves. (ashp.org)
  • The 12 cranial nerves of the dog emerge from or enter the brain through foramina of the skull to innervate structures of the head and body. (veteriankey.com)
  • What does the lesser petrosal nerve innervate? (tracks-movie.com)
  • it forms part of a chain of nerves that innervate the lacrimal gland. (tracks-movie.com)
  • General visceral efferent fibers include preganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor fibers, which innervate lacrimal and seromucous glands in the nasal cavity and palate via the greater superficial petrosal nerve and sublingual and submandibular glands via the chorda tympani nerve. (darkskiesfilm.com)
  • Autonomic nerve fibers innervate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands. (blogspot.com)
  • Here, the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the chorda tympani synapse with postganglionic fibers which go on to innervate the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. (wikidoc.org)
  • The auricular branch of the vagus nerve is a sensory nerve emerging from the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve, joined by branches from the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and facial nerves, and innervating the lower part of the tympanic membrane and the floor of the external auditory canal. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The somatic and visceral afferent fibers of the oropharynx are supplied by a plexus derived from the vagus, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. (darkskiesfilm.com)
  • Autonomic nervous system, showing splanchnic nerves in middle, and the vagus nerve as 'X' in blue. (cloudfront.net)
  • The vagus nerve is composed of both motor and sensory fibers, and has a more extensive course and distribution than any of the other cranial nerves, since it passes through the neck and thorax to the abdomen. (medmuv.com)
  • Parasympathetic innervation (vagus nerve) stems from the medulla oblongata. (e-cmh.org)
  • Which of the following muscles are supplied by the vagus nerve (X)? (basichumanneuroanatomy.com)
  • The cranial nerve innervation of some ventral neck muscles and the trapezius muscle to the scapula can be understood only in the context of their phylogenetic history beginning as the gill arch levator muscles of fish ( Romer & Parsons, 1986 ). (veteriankey.com)
  • The inferior alveolar nerve is responsible for sensory innervation to the gingivae on the lower jaw. (tracks-movie.com)
  • Special visceral efferent fibers (SVE) are the efferent nerve fibers that provide motor innervation to the muscles of the pharyngeal arches in humans, and the branchial arches in fish. (darkskiesfilm.com)
  • GVE fibers provide motor (parasympathetic) innervation to the viscera. (darkskiesfilm.com)
  • Presynaptic parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular ganglion , providing secretomotor innervation to two salivary glands: the submandibular gland and sublingual gland . (wikidoc.org)
  • a neuron carrying nerve impulses to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) from the periphery (other parts of the body). (ashp.org)
  • a neuron carrying nerve impulses toward an effector organ. (ashp.org)
  • a mass of neuron bodies (nerves). (ashp.org)
  • The fibres that synapse with a ganglionic neuron send postganglionic fibres that return to spinal nerve via the grey rami, so called because they are darker and thinner, being composed of largely unmyelinated fibres. (derangedphysiology.com)
  • the preganglionic neuron must first synapse onto a postganglionic neuron before innervating the target organ. (cloudfront.net)
  • The preganglionic, or first, neuron will begin at the 'outflow' and will synapse at the postganglionic, or second, neuron's cell body. (cloudfront.net)
  • The postganglionic neuron will then synapse at the target organ. (cloudfront.net)
  • In contrast, the autonomic nervous system utilizes a two-neuron pathway, with a preganglionic neuron originating from the CNS and a postganglionic neuron connecting to the target organ. (intuitivetogether.com)
  • Skeletal muscle contracts in response to electrical impulses that are conducted along motor nerve fibres originating in the brain or the spinal cord . (britannica.com)
  • The motor nerve fibres reach the muscle fibres at sites called motor end plates, which are located roughly in the middle of each muscle fibre and store vesicles of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (this meeting of nerve and muscle fibres is known as the neuromuscular junction ). (britannica.com)
  • Tonic pupil results from damage to the ciliary ganglion or postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibres. (dermnetnz.org)
  • These channels are responsible for the upstroke phase of the action potential in nerve fibres. (greek.doctor)
  • This phenomenon is called use-dependence , meaning that the anaesthetic effect is increased in more active nerve fibres. (greek.doctor)
  • The blood flow to the anterior 2/3 of the brain is controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves that travel with the trigeminal nerves. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
  • 4 The pathway begins with stimulation of the SSN from afferent trigeminal nerves, which in turn causes parasympathetic activation of meningeal vessels, nasopharyngeal mucosa, and lacrimal glands. (ochsnerjournal.org)
  • The Myomonitor is an ULF-TENS that acts to stimulate both the facial and trigeminal nerves and the Sphenopalatine Ganglion that its on the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
  • It also carries post-ganglionic parasympathetic axons to the lacrimal gland. (wikipedia.org)
  • The terminal branches of the zygomatic nerve contain sensory axons. (wikipedia.org)
  • The zygomatic nerve also carries postganglionic parasympathetic axons. (wikipedia.org)
  • The components of the eighth cranial nerve (CN VIII) carrying axons that convey information regarding sound and balance between the spiral ganglion in the inner ear and the cochlear nuclei in the brainstem. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The preganglionic parasympathetic axons of this nerve synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion. (tracks-movie.com)
  • Axons enter the pons to form the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve, which courses caudally through the medulla to the level of the first cervical spinal cord segment. (darkskiesfilm.com)
  • The axons of these GVE fibers travel through the anterior horn and exit the cord in the anterior root before entering the spinal nerve. (blogspot.com)
  • They work by blocking potassium-selective channels in the nerve membrane, thereby prolonging the electrical impulse in the nerve terminal and increasing the amount of acetylcholine released. (britannica.com)
  • Acetylcholine works on three different receptors that merit attention in nerve agent poisonings. (statpearls.com)
  • Atropine is an antimuscarinic that works through competitive inhibition of postganglionic acetylcholine receptors and direct vagolytic action, which leads to parasympathetic inhibition of the acetylcholine receptors in smooth muscle. (statpearls.com)
  • Moreover, parasympathetic nerve-secreted acetylcholine (Ach) inhibits expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and IL-6 through activation of Src kinase by acting on the α7AChR of KCs, thus suppressing lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatitis [ 7 ]. (e-cmh.org)
  • Cranial nerves IV (trochlear nerve) and III (oculomotor nerve) originate from the midbrain. (proprofs.com)
  • The trochlear nerve controls the superior oblique muscle, which helps with eye movement, while the oculomotor nerve controls several eye muscles responsible for eye movement, pupil constriction, and focusing. (proprofs.com)
  • Among the options given, the only cranial nerve that exits from this location is the third cranial nerve, also known as the oculomotor nerve. (proprofs.com)
  • A somatic motor nerve originating in the abducens nucleus in the pons. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Although the ANS is also known as the visceral nervous system and although most of its fibers carry non-somatic information to the CNS, many authors still consider it only connected with the motor side. (cloudfront.net)
  • The lesser petrosal nerve will distribute its parasympathetic post-ganglionic (GVE) fibers to the parotid gland via the intraparotid plexus (or parotid plexus), the branches from the facial nerve in the parotid gland. (tracks-movie.com)
  • Although general visceral afferent fibers are part of the ANS, they are not classified as part of the sympathetic or parasympathetic system. (darkskiesfilm.com)
  • Discharges from the facial motor area are carried through fascicles of the corticobulbar tract to the internal capsule, then through the upper midbrain to the lower brainstem, where they synapse in the pontine facial nerve nucleus. (medscape.com)
  • They travel from the ganglion to the zygomatic nerve, and then to the lacrimal nerve through a communicating branch. (wikipedia.org)
  • The geniculate ganglion, nervus intermedius, and greater petrosal nerve are visible by the fifth week. (medscape.com)
  • After exiting the skull base, the lesser petrosal nerve synapses in the otic ganglion and the postsynaptic fibers travel with the auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve to supply parasympathetic control to the parotid gland. (tracks-movie.com)
  • After leaving the geniculate ganglion, the greater petrosal nerve continues forward toward the cheek. (tracks-movie.com)
  • Each of the twelve thoracic and first two lumbar nerves is in contact with a paravertebral ganglion via a white and gray ramus. (blogspot.com)
  • The superior cervical ganglion sends to the first four cervical nerves, the smaller middle cervical ganglion supplies the next two, and the large inferior cervical ganglion projects a gray ramus to the seventh and eighth cervical nerves. (blogspot.com)
  • The fibers of the chorda tympani travel with the lingual nerve to the submandibular ganglion . (wikidoc.org)
  • Distribution of the maxillary and mandibular nerves, and the submaxillary ganglion. (wikidoc.org)
  • The sensory fibers arise from the cells of the jugular ganglion and ganglion nodosum of the nerve, and, when traced into the medulla oblongata mostly end by arborizing around the cells of the inferior part of a nucleus which lies beneath the ala cinerea in the lower part of the rhomboid fossa. (medmuv.com)
  • The SPG's also have somatosensory nerves from the Trigeminal Nervous system and Sympathetic fiber that come from the Cervical Sympathetic Ganglion Chain including fibers originating in the Stellate Ganglion. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
  • They are basically modified squirt guns that deliver liquid anesthetic over the mucosa covering the medial wall of the Pterygpopaltine Fossa which houses the Sphenopalatine Ganglion as well as the Maxillary Nerve a major sensory division of the Trigeminal Nerve. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
  • Ionophoresis will increase the amount of anesthetic delivered to the ganglion and to the trigeminal nerve. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
  • The SPG, also known as the pterygopalatine ganglion or Meckel ganglion, is an extracranial parasympathetic ganglion that lies in an inverted pyramidal space called the pterygopalatine fossa. (ochsnerjournal.org)
  • Head and neck sensory nerves course through the SPG and coalesce to form its pterygopalatine branches that, along with the maxillary nerve, terminate at the trigeminal ganglion. (ochsnerjournal.org)
  • The postganglionic sympathetic pathway arises from the superior cervical ganglion and courses through the calvarium as the deep petrosal nerve. (ochsnerjournal.org)
  • However, these visceral sensory nerves often colocalize within sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. (darkskiesfilm.com)
  • The chorda tympani is a nerve that branches from the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) inside the facial canal , just before the facial nerve exits the skull via the stylomastoid foramen . (wikidoc.org)
  • Chorda tympani is a branch of the facial nerve (the seventh cranial nerve) that serves the taste buds in the front of the tongue , runs through the middle ear , and carries taste messages to the brain. (wikidoc.org)
  • The chorda tympani is part of one of three cranial nerves that are involved in taste. (wikidoc.org)
  • The chorda tympani appears to exert a particularly strong inhibitory influence on other taste nerves, as well as on pain fibers in the tongue. (wikidoc.org)
  • When the chorda tympani is damaged, its inhibitory function is disrupted, leading to less inhibited activity in the other nerves. (wikidoc.org)
  • Rather than leave the skull with the facial nerve, the chorda tympani travels through the middle ear , where it runs from posterior to anterior across the tympanic membrane . (wikidoc.org)
  • Special sensory (taste) fibers also extend from the chorda tympani to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue via the lingual nerve. (wikidoc.org)
  • A sympathetic nerve to the heart that carries impulses that speed the heart rate. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • A nerve that conducts impulses toward the brain or spinal cord. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Smooth muscle , which is found primarily in the internal body organs and undergoes involuntary, often rhythmic contractions that are not dependent on outside nerve impulses, generally shows a broad sensitivity to drugs relative to striated muscle. (britannica.com)
  • The nerve fibers which comprise the sympathetic system originate in the inter-mediolateral horn (lamina VII) of the gray matter in all twelve thoracic and the first two lumbar segments of the spinal cord. (blogspot.com)
  • Nerves exit the brain and travel through the brainstem and down the spinal cord in the neck area, exiting just inside the chest at the level of the second thoracic vertebra as shown in blue in the illustration. (vin.com)
  • The first spinal nerve of fish is large and serves gill and opercular structures that are destined to be incorporated into the skull. (veteriankey.com)
  • Three thousand of the nerve fibers are somatosensory and secretomotor and make up the nervus intermedius. (medscape.com)
  • Long after the present numbering scheme was adopted, an additional, accessory olfactory nerve, the nervus terminalis, was recognized as a vomeronasal component of the olfactory system and was sometimes given the numeral designation of cranial nerve "0. (veteriankey.com)
  • The nervus intermedius is the sensory and parasympathetic division of the facial nerve. (tracks-movie.com)
  • Cranial nerve V, also known as the trigeminal nerve, originates from the pons, which is a part of the brainstem. (proprofs.com)
  • The parasympathetic pathway originates in the superior salivatory nucleus (SSN) of the pons. (ochsnerjournal.org)
  • The inner ear consists of the cochlea, the vestibular labyrinth, and the vestibulocochlear nerve. (mskneurology.no)
  • It is probable that most of the cranial nerves were once associated with a pattern of head segmentation, not unlike dorsal and ventral segmental spinal nerves. (veteriankey.com)
  • The first userâstarting any treatment of the of-for management decisionproduction of NO by the part of their dorsal nerve of the penis penetrateRENAL INSUFFICIENCY AND hepatic impairment: In patients with renal insufficiency. (hoerthoert.at)
  • The pontine facial nerve nucleus is divided into an upper and a lower half, bilaterally. (medscape.com)
  • The nucleus of the lesser petrosal nerve is the inferior salivatory nucleus. (tracks-movie.com)
  • Single-cell recordings provided the first strong evidence for mammalian electrical synapses in the __________ nucleus of cranial nerve __________, the __________ nucleus, and the __________ __________ nucleus. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • The zygomatic nerve is a branch of the maxillary nerve (itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)). It arises in the pterygopalatine fossa and enters the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure before dividing into its two terminal branches: the zygomaticotemporal nerve and zygomaticofacial nerve. (wikipedia.org)
  • The former courses ventrally into the first branchial arch and terminates near a branch of the trigeminal nerve that eventually becomes the lingual nerve. (medscape.com)
  • The nerves of the scalp, face, and side of neck. (wikipedia.org)
  • The pathways of the facial nerve are variable, and knowledge of the key intratemporal and extratemporal landmarks is essential for accurate physical diagnosis and safe and effective surgical intervention in the head and neck. (medscape.com)
  • Cranial nerves are a set of nerves that emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for controlling various functions of the head and neck. (proprofs.com)
  • The nerves then form the cervical sympathetic trunk, a bundle of nerves that travels back up the neck, this time outside the spinal cord, to the vicinity of the middle ear. (vin.com)
  • From the lacrimal nerve, they enter the lacrimal gland and provide secretomotor supply. (wikipedia.org)
  • Define the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and its divisions, the parasympathetic and sympathetic autonomic nervous systems (PANS and SANS, respectively). (ashp.org)
  • An older simplification of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems as 'excitatory' and 'inhibitory' was overturned due to the many exceptions found. (cloudfront.net)
  • The regulation of liver function and homeostasis are wellknown to be controlled by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. (e-cmh.org)
  • A 2020 study suggests Ross syndrome is an α-synucleinopathy after detecting the accumulation of α-Syn in autonomic nerve endings. (dermnetnz.org)
  • If the autonomic nerve fibers to an effector organ are cut, the organ may continue to function, but will lack the capability of adjusting to changing conditions. (blogspot.com)
  • If the autonomic nerve fibers to the heart are cut, the heart will continue to beat and pump blood normally, but its ability to increase cardiac output under stress will be seriously limited. (blogspot.com)
  • GSE fibers carry motor signals to skeletal muscles derived from embryonic somites. (darkskiesfilm.com)
  • The taste system involves a complicated feedback loop, with each nerve acting to inhibit the signals of other nerves. (wikidoc.org)
  • Conversely, vagal nerve signals promote liver regeneration by inhibiting apoptosis and exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects [ 2 ]. (e-cmh.org)
  • Damaged nerves may send signals to the bladder at the wrong time or send no signals at all, leading to bladder control problems. (healthybladderclub.com)
  • By blocking them will there be no depolarization, so nociceptive nerve signals won't be carried to the brain. (greek.doctor)
  • Cranial nerves 9, 10, and 11 originate from the Medulla. (proprofs.com)
  • Bladder incontinence is twice as common in women because pregnancy, childbirth and menopause can affect pelvic muscle strength and damage nerves that control the bladder. (healthybladderclub.com)
  • With its broad nerve supply and interconnections with the trigeminal and facial nerves, the SPG has been implicated as a contributor to a variety of headache and facial pain disorders. (ochsnerjournal.org)
  • This is an important feature, enabling those effector organs which are innervated only by spinal nerves (cutaneous and skeletal muscle blood vessels, sweat glands, and pilomotor smooth muscle) to receive sympathetic input. (blogspot.com)
  • The nerve carrying the tiny nerve fibers that provide sympathetic control to the eye have a long path and the damage may have occurred anywhere along it. (vin.com)
  • Each segment of the nerve pathway is vulnerable to different types of damage so that knowing which segment is involved gives us a good idea of what caused the damage. (vin.com)