Plasmacytoid dendritic celMetastasisTumorsLeukemiaLesionsDendritic-cellLymphoid cellsMutationMalignant neoplasmAntigensChronicLymphomasRemissionMalignanciesProteinsSquamousHematodermicExtramedullaryEpithelialClassificationBlood and bone marrowBone MarrowTumor cellsHematopoietic Stem Cell TransMelanomaDifferentiationCancerProliferationCarcinomaLesionBPDCNResidualPhenotypePediatricGeneNeoplasticEndothelialOccurLymph nodesOccurs
Plasmacytoid dendritic cel4
- FLORENCE, November 13th, 2020 - The Menarini Group, a privately held Italian pharmaceutical and diagnostics company, announced today that the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) has adopted a positive opinion on the approval of ELZONRIS (tagraxofusp) as monotherapy for the first-line treatment of adult patients with blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN), an aggressive hematologic malignancy with dismal outcomes. (menarini.es)
- CD123 is a cell surface target expressed on a wide range of malignancies including blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN), certain myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) including chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) and myelofibrosis (MF), acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (and potentially enriched in certain AML subsets), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). (menarini.es)
- Skin involvement by blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm. (medscape.com)
- Background: Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare hematological malignancy with an aggressive clinical course. (elsevierpure.com)
Metastasis1
- Lymphoma cells are reported to over-express chemokine receptors that favors leukocyte infiltration, promotes tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and metastasis. (aacrjournals.org)
Tumors10
- Lymphoma is a group of blood and lymph tumors that develop from lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). (wikipedia.org)
- In addition, CD123+ cells have been detected in the tumor microenvironment of several solid tumors as well as in certain autoimmune disorders including cutaneous lupus and scleroderma. (menarini.es)
- GISTs (Gastrointestinal stromal tumors) are most common mesenchymal neoplasms of gastrointestinal tract. (scirp.org)
- Morphologically, GISTs vary from cellular spindle cell tumors (70% - 80%) to epithelioid (20% - 30%) or mixed. (scirp.org)
- Carcinoma of cervix is classified as per the WHO classification into primary tumors which are predominantly epithelial tumors, mesenchymal tumors and tumor like lesions, mixed epithelial stromal tumors, melanocytic, germ cell, and lymphoid tumors. (cytojournal.com)
- Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in various morphological forms needs to be separated from other epithelial tumors for treatment modality selection. (cytojournal.com)
- The first (Type I) pathway leads to borderline tumors, which can develop into low-grade serous, mucinous, endometrioid, and clear cell carcinomas. (hindawi.com)
- However, others believe it is unlikely that CICs are precursors and have instead proposed that ovarian epithelial tumors develop from müllerian-type epithelium lining paraovarian and paratubal cysts (the so-called secondary müllerian system) [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
- At the same time, autoimmune inflammation of the gastric mucosa, in addition to the formation of atrophy and an increase in the risk of stomach cancer, carries additional risks, both in relation to neoplasms (neuroendocrine tumors) and in relation to the deficiency of a number of micronutrients with the involvement of other organs and systems. (encyclopedia.pub)
- The most common malignant neoplasms of childhood are the leukemias, central nervous system tumors, and the lymphomas 2 . (bvsalud.org)
Leukemia15
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain High-Throughput Sequencing in Pediatric B-Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Is the Clonality of the Disease at Diagnosis Related to Its Prognosis? (frontiersin.org)
- High-throughput sequencing (HTS) of the immunoglobulin heavy chain ( IgH ) locus is a recent very efficient technique to monitor minimal residual disease of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). (frontiersin.org)
- B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) is the most common pediatric neoplasm ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Occasionally, an extramedullary neoplasm composed from myelocytic precursor cells occurs in patients without evidence of leukemia. (nel.edu)
- CD123 has also been reported on multiple myeloma (MM), acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), hairy cell leukemia (HCL), Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), and certain Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL). (menarini.es)
- Bovine leukemia virus (BLV), a deltaretrovirus, causes B-cell leukemia/lymphoma in cattle and is prevalent in herds globally. (cdc.gov)
- Bovine leukosis (B-cell leukemia/lymphoma), first described in 1871 in Lithuania, was believed to be an infectious disease because it spread through herds of cattle. (cdc.gov)
- and myeloid cells are seen in stem cell leukemia/lymphoma (SCLL), which is also known as 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome (EMS). (medscape.com)
- Stem cell leukemia/lymphoma (SCLL), which is also known as the 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome (EMS), is characterized in its typical form by the occurrence, either simultaneously or sequentially, of a bcr/abl-negative myeloproliferative disorder and a lymphoma, usually a precursor T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. (medscape.com)
- Among the leukemias, the most prevalent type is acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), which is characterized by accumulation of immature lymphoid cells in the bone marrow 2,3 and accounts for roughly 80% of all cases of leukemia in childhood. (bvsalud.org)
- Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which accounts for 15-20% of all leukemias in childhood, belongs to a heterogeneous group of hematopoietic malignancies of monoclonal origin, which result from the malignant transformation of a stem cell. (bvsalud.org)
- 3. Zugmaier G, Locatelli F. Application of Mathematical Logic for Immunophenotyping of B-Cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (BCP-ALL). (esmed.org)
- Some people with PDGFRA -associated chronic eosinophilic leukemia have an increased number of other types of white blood cells, such as neutrophils or mast cells. (medlineplus.gov)
- Occasionally, people with PDGFRA -associated chronic eosinophilic leukemia develop other blood cell cancers, such as acute myeloid leukemia or B-cell or T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia or lymphoblastic lymphoma. (medlineplus.gov)
- When the FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion gene mutation or point mutations in the PDGFRA gene occur in blood cell precursors, the growth of eosinophils (and occasionally other blood cells, such as neutrophils and mast cells) is poorly controlled, leading to PDGFRA -associated chronic eosinophilic leukemia. (medlineplus.gov)
Lesions6
- If the pathway of differentiation is not followed, characteristic lesions result, and such lesions are regarded as the formal histogenetic precursors of melanoma. (nih.gov)
- The lack of proven screening tools for early detection and the high mortality of ovarian serous carcinoma (OSC), particularly high grade, have focused attention on identifying putative precursor lesions with distinct morphological and molecular characteristics. (hindawi.com)
- A lack of effective screening tools for early detection of ovarian cancer in high-risk and general populations has led to increased interest in the identification of precursor lesions defined by both morphological and molecular changes that could be the target of not only early detection but prevention efforts. (hindawi.com)
- A biopsy should be performed for any lesion suspected of being a cutaneous neoplasm to rule out basal cell carcinoma and other dermal lesions. (medscape.com)
- Most patients with BPDCN have skin lesions and simultaneous involvement of the peripheral blood, bone marrow, and lymph nodes.Methods: A search of PubMed and Medline was conducted for English-written articles relating to BPDCN, CD4+CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm, and blastic natural killer cell lymphoma. (elsevierpure.com)
- myeloid precursor lesions. (neogenomics.com)
Dendritic-cell3
- Historically, mature histiocytic and dendritic cell (HDC) neoplasms have been considered mature lymphoid neoplasms, since these often involve lymphoid tissue. (wikipedia.org)
- The BPDCN cell of origin is the plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) precursor. (menarini.es)
- The diagnosis of BPDCN is based on the characteristic cytology and immunophenotype of malignant cells coexpressing CD4, CD56, CD123, blood dendritic cell antigens 2 and 4, and CD2AP markers. (elsevierpure.com)
Lymphoid cells2
- Thus, neoplasms that arise from precursor lymphoid cells are distinguished from those that arise from mature lymphoid cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Introduction: Malignant lymphomas are heterogeneous group of neoplasm comprising of proliferating lymphoid cells or their precursors. (aacrjournals.org)
Mutation2
- A higher specific hazard of relapse was independently associated with postinduction MRD level ≥10(-4) and unfavorable genetic characteristics (ie, MLL gene rearrangement or focal IKZF1 gene deletion in BCP-ALL and no NOTCH1/FBXW7 mutation and/or N/K-RAS mutation and/or PTEN gene alteration in T-cell ALL). (unige.ch)
- The somatic mutation occurs initially in a single cell, which continues to grow and divide, producing a group of cells with the same mutation (a clonal population). (medlineplus.gov)
Malignant neoplasm5
- Melanoma is malignant neoplasm of melanocytes and their precursor cells. (journalcra.com)
- A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. (lookformedical.com)
- A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. (lookformedical.com)
- A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (lookformedical.com)
- Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. (lookformedical.com)
Antigens2
- CAR-expression on T or NK cells allows them to specifically target cancer cells via recognition of tumor associated antigens. (nature.com)
- The addition of separate adapter molecules (AMs) specific for tumor antigens and CAR-immune cells targeting these AMs allows a more precise and temporally limited therapy. (nature.com)
Chronic1
- chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (curehunter.com)
Lymphomas7
- Advances in tumor cell biology have led to the ability to subclassify NHL via the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of lymphomas (see below). (medscape.com)
- The peripheral T- and NK-cell lymphomas classified by the WHO have many subclasses (see below). (medscape.com)
- In some non-Hodgkin lymphomas, an increased amount of protein produced by the lymphoma cells causes the blood to become so thick that plasmapheresis is performed to remove the protein. (wikipedia.org)
- Most mature lymphoid neoplasms comprise the non-Hodgkin lymphomas. (wikipedia.org)
- A wide variety of lymphomas are in this class, and the causes, the types of cells involved, and the prognoses vary by type. (wikipedia.org)
- Lymphomas are cancers that involve white blood cells, and can be divided depending on the type of cell involved, either B-lymphocytes or T-lymphocytes. (rarediseases.org)
- Mantle cell lymphoma belongs to a group of diseases known as non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, which are related malignancies (cancers) that affect the lymphatic system. (rarediseases.org)
Remission4
- The study was performed in 423 younger adults with Philadelphia chromosome-negative ALL in first remission (265 B-cell precursor [BCP] and 158 T-cell ALL), with cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) as the primary end point. (unige.ch)
- Following that, patients may be eligible for a stem cell transplant, and/or an extended course of immunotherapy that is meant to prolong cancer remission. (rarediseases.org)
- Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, particularly when performed during the first remission, may produce durable remissions in selected adults. (elsevierpure.com)
- Treatment typically includes combination chemotherapy to achieve remission, intrathecal and systemic chemotherapy and/or corticosteroids for CNS prophylaxis, and sometimes cerebral irradiation for intracerebral leukemic infiltration, consolidation chemotherapy with or without stem cell transplantation, and maintenance chemotherapy for up to 3 years to avoid relapse. (msdmanuals.com)
Malignancies6
- In the past, the rarity of non-B-cell malignancies and their similar morphologic findings, coupled with the unavailability of cell markers, made it impossible to establish definitive classifications of subtypes of non-B-cell NHL. (medscape.com)
- The unavailability of this information is demonstrated in previous classification systems, including the Lukes-Collins, Kiel, and Working Formulation systems, which did not identify subclasses of NK/T-cell malignancies. (medscape.com)
- [ 3 ] Previous terms for NK-cell malignancies and other forms of non-B-cell NHL included lethal midline granuloma, angiocentric lymphoma, malignant granuloma, malignant midline reticulosis, and polymorphic reticulosis. (medscape.com)
- Three new hematology cancer protocols including Precursor and Mature Lymphoid Malignancies, Myeloid and Mixed / Ambiguous Neoplasms, and Plasma Cell Malignancies. (cap.org)
- The presence of the characteristic chromosomal translocation always involving the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 ( FGFR1 ) gene at chromosome 8p11 in both the myeloid and lymphoid malignancies suggests bilineage differentiation from an affected pluripotent stem cell. (medscape.com)
- It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA . (lookformedical.com)
Proteins1
- Lymph accumulates in the tiny spaces between tissue cells and contains proteins, fats, and certain white blood cells known as lymphocytes. (rarediseases.org)
Squamous4
- Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) are the first and second most common types of skin cancer, respectively. (medscape.com)
- Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common skin cancer and one of the most common cancers overall in the United States. (medscape.com)
- A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. (lookformedical.com)
- The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements. (lookformedical.com)
Hematodermic3
- previous names included blastic NK cell lymphoma and agranular CD4+/CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm. (menarini.es)
- Previous terms for this disorder have included CD4+CD56+ hematodermic tumor (HDT) and blastic natural killer (NK) cell lymphoma. (medscape.com)
- Methods: A search of PubMed and Medline was conducted for English-written articles relating to BPDCN, CD4 + CD56 + hematodermic neoplasm, and blastic natural killer cell lymphoma. (elsevierpure.com)
Extramedullary1
- This report highlights the diagnostic difficulty in extramedullary precursor lymphoid neoplasm. (bvsalud.org)
Epithelial2
- Most of the cervical epithelial neoplasms and their precursors occur at the squamocolumnar junction or within the transformation zone. (cytojournal.com)
- It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. (lookformedical.com)
Classification4
- This classification divides NHL into two groups: those of B-cell origin and those of T-cell/natural killer (NK)-cell origin. (medscape.com)
- The WHO modification of the REAL classification of NHL is based on morphology and cell lineage. (medscape.com)
- These include: Immunophenotyping Flow cytometry Fluorescence in situ hybridization testing According to the World Health Organization (WHO), lymphoma classification should reflect in which lymphocyte population the neoplasm arises. (wikipedia.org)
- The 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of lymphoid neoplasms incorporates genetic data, clinical features, cell morphology, and immunophenotype, all of which have important implications for disease prognosis and management. (msdmanuals.com)
Blood and bone marrow1
- A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. (curehunter.com)
Bone Marrow2
- Four existing hematology cancer protocols will be retired: Bone Marrow, Hodgkin Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Plasma Cell. (cap.org)
- Lymphatic tissues also include the thymus, a relatively small organ behind the breastbone that is thought to play an important role in the immune system until puberty, as well as the bone marrow, which is the spongy tissue inside the cavities of bones that manufactures blood cells. (rarediseases.org)
Tumor cells3
- A major limitation of adoptive immunotherapy is the availability of T cells specific for both terminally differentiated tumor cells and their clonogenic precursors. (johnshopkins.edu)
- A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane. (lookformedical.com)
- A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells. (lookformedical.com)
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Trans1
- Continuous efforts have been made in Japan to investigate the role of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for infants with KMT2A-r ALL, but improvement in outcome was modest. (nih.gov)
Melanoma3
- If melanoma is to develop via a precursor lesion, however, the nevus with melanocytic dysplasia is that precursor. (nih.gov)
- The resultant primary melanoma itself does not follow a pathway of inexorable expansion of a population of melanoma cells in space and time. (nih.gov)
- This lesional step is characterized by the appearance of a new population of cells within the melanoma, not an expansion of the cells forming the pre-existing radial growth phase. (nih.gov)
Differentiation6
- Within the B-cell and T-cell categories, two subdivisions are recognized: precursor neoplasms, which correspond to the earliest stages of differentiation, and more mature differentiated neoplasms. (medscape.com)
- Such a developmental flaw is termed aberrant differentiation, and the resultant precursor lesion is designated melanocytic dysplasia. (nih.gov)
- Myeloid-related precursor neoplasms derive from precursor cells that have at least one form of myeloid differentiation. (medscape.com)
- Explore our series of recombinant neural factors to support the culture and differentiation of nerve cells. (acrobiosystems.com)
- Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Notch signaling are important regulators of breast cancer stem cells (CSCs), which drive the malignant phenotype through self-renewal, differentiation, and development of therapeutic resistance. (tmu.edu.tw)
- Abnormal proliferation, clonal expansion, aberrant differentiation, and diminished apoptosis (programmed cell death) lead to replacement of normal blood elements with malignant cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Cancer14
- CXCR4 binding efficacy and toxicity studies were performed on CXCR4 expressing cancer cell-lines. (aacrjournals.org)
- The purpose of this study is to elucidate the association between PM 2.5 and oral neoplasm, including oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD) and oral cancer (OC), taking into account the geographical heterogeneity. (aaqr.org)
- Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, which is a form of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. (rarediseases.org)
- The first-line treatment typically includes chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy, which is a combination of medications that destroy the cancer cells. (rarediseases.org)
- The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
- Tissue-specific detargeting by miRNAs has been demonstrated to be a potent strategy to restrict adenoviral replication to cancer cells. (oncotarget.com)
- Noticeably, mice treated with Ad-L5-8miR148aT showed an attenuation of adenoviral-induced hepatotoxicity but retained full lytic activity in cancer cells and exhibited robust antitumoral responses in patient-derived xenografts. (oncotarget.com)
- Oncolytic adenoviruses hold great promise for cancer treatment since they can replicate and destroy cancer cells. (oncotarget.com)
- The relationship between p53 and Mdm2 has been shown to be vital to the normal functioning of the human cell, and also has other implications in cancer. (shu.edu)
- Normally, potentially malignant cells are continuously eliminated by the immune system, but cancer cells can accumulate certain mutations, which allow them to escape these mechanisms [ 2 ]. (nature.com)
- Cancer immunotherapies aim to support or boost the patient's immune system to enable the effective clearance of cancer cells. (nature.com)
- Ectopic expression/short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of ILK, pharmacological inhibition of ILK with the small molecule T315, Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence, and luciferase reporter assays were used to evaluate the regulation of IL-6-driven Notch1 activation by ILK in IL-6-producing triple-negative breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, SUM-159) and in MCF-7 and MCF-7 IL-6 cells. (tmu.edu.tw)
- It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer. (lookformedical.com)
- Childhood cancer corresponds to a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of atypical cells, which may occur anywhere in the body 1 . (bvsalud.org)
Proliferation3
- Malignant transformation and uncontrolled proliferation of an abnormally differentiated, long-lived hematopoietic progenitor cell results in a high circulating number of blasts, replacement of normal marrow by malignant cells, and the potential for leukemic infiltration of the central nervous system (CNS) and testes. (msdmanuals.com)
- These signaling pathways control many important cellular processes, such as cell growth and division (proliferation) and cell survival. (medlineplus.gov)
- As a result, the signaling pathways are constantly turned on (constitutively activated), which increases the proliferation and survival of cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Carcinoma3
- Actinic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma are easily excised and have a very good prognosis, while cSCC has a poor prognosis, especially if it invades the lymph nodes and adjacent vital structures. (medscape.com)
- of those, approximately 80% were basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and 20% were cSCC. (medscape.com)
- An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. (lookformedical.com)
Lesion1
- [ 3 ] A biopsy should be performed for any lesion suspected of being a cutaneous neoplasm. (medscape.com)
BPDCN3
- BPDCN, formerly blastic NK-cell lymphoma, is an aggressive hematologic malignancy, often with cutaneous manifestations, with historically poor outcomes. (menarini.es)
- Results: BPDCN is derived from precursor plasmacytoid dendritic cells. (elsevierpure.com)
- Multiple chromosomal abnormalities and gene mutations previously reported in patients with myeloid and selected lymphoid neoplasms were identified in approximately 60% of patients with BPDCN. (elsevierpure.com)
Residual1
- In this new context, we aimed to reassess the value of conventional risk factors with regard to new genetic alterations and early response to therapy, as assessed by immunoglobulin/T-cell receptor minimal residual disease (MRD) levels. (unige.ch)
Phenotype1
- These neoplasms can manifest with a myeloid, erythroid, or platelet precursor phenotype, or a combination thereof 5 . (bvsalud.org)
Pediatric2
- Although BPDC neoplasm occurs more frequently in the elderly, the tumor may occur in patients of any age, including pediatric patients. (medscape.com)
- Extraneural recurrence of an intracranial nongerminomatous germ cell tumor to cervical lymph nodes in a pediatric patient: Case report. (uc.edu)
Gene4
- However, unlike other oncogenic retroviruses, deltaretroviruses have an additional region, tax (trans-activating region of the X gene), which has regulatory functions and is oncogenic to host cells. (cdc.gov)
- Most CAR-T cell-based gene therapy products that are under clinical evaluation consist of autologous enriched T cells, whereas CAR-NK cell-based approaches can be generated from allogeneic donors. (nature.com)
- Genetic rearrangements and point mutations affecting the PDGFRA gene are somatic mutations, which are mutations acquired during a person's lifetime that are present only in certain cells. (medlineplus.gov)
- The PDGFRA gene provides instructions for making a receptor protein that is found in the cell membrane of certain cell types. (medlineplus.gov)
Neoplastic1
- Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. (lookformedical.com)
Endothelial2
- Five main cell cluster groups (medulla, cortex, endothelial, stroma, and immune) make up the mouse adrenal gland during fetal development. (knaw.nl)
- Angiosarcomas are composed of a malignant population of endothelial-type cells forming complex anastomosing channels. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Occur1
- The precise pathogenetic events leading to the development of ALL are still unknown, but evidence supports the hypothesis of driver mutations followed by secondary events, that can occur in subclones of the original leukemic cell following different evolution patterns ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
Lymph nodes1
- Transfer of a neoplasm from its primary site to lymph nodes or to distant parts of the body by way of the lymphatic system. (lookformedical.com)
Occurs1
- Malignant transformation usually occurs at the pluripotent stem cell level, although it sometimes involves a committed stem cell with more limited capacity for self-renewal. (msdmanuals.com)