• Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) -- Trends in plasmid-mediated resistance to penicillin and tetracycline, 1988-1995 Figure_15 . (cdc.gov)
  • Most plasmid-mediated resistance is to penicillin and tetracycline. (pediagenosis.com)
  • In the 1940s effective treatment with penicillin became available, but by the 1970s resistant strains predominated. (wikipedia.org)
  • N. gonorrhoeae has a high affinity for horizontal gene transfer, and as a result, the existence of any strain resistant to a given drug could spread easily across strains. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, certain strains of N. gonorrhoeae can be resistant to antibiotics that are normally used to treat it. (wikipedia.org)
  • A programme-specific quality assurance programme is conducted annually and a series of reference strains pertinent to the regional patterns of resistance were made available. (health.gov.au)
  • We collected draft genome sequence data and associated metadata data on 76 N. gonorrhoeae strains from around the globe and searched for known determinants of antibiotics resistance within the strains. (peerj.com)
  • Strains with resistance phenotypes to more recent antibiotics ( azithromycin and cefixime ) were mostly found in two of the five population subgroups. (peerj.com)
  • Over the past decade, strains of N gonorrhoeae have been reported to develop high levels of resistance against several antimicrobial agents previously used for treatment of gonorrhoea. (bmj.com)
  • whilst chromosomally mediated penicillin-resistant strains increased dramatically from 0 to 16 from 1984 to 2004. (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore, the resistance mechanism of erythromycin (EM)-resistant strains was analysed. (bvsalud.org)
  • Objectives: This study assessed feasibility of using the Xpert CT/NG test to identify prevalent Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhea (NG) infections among STD clinic attendees and their sexual partners and tested for antimicrobial resistance for N. gonorrhea. (bvsalud.org)
  • There are many similarities between the infections caused by N. gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) . (pediagenosis.com)
  • The limit of the nested real-time PCR detection was 500 copies/reaction and there was no cross-reaction with Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Human papillomavirus, Herpes simplex virus, Candida albicans and Ureaplasma parvum, but the 23S rRNA assay cross-reacted with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. (bvsalud.org)
  • Comparing genetic markers and phenotypes for AMR, we identified 2 N. gonorrhoeae lineages with different antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and 3 clusters with elevated MICs for ceftriaxone, varying mutations in the penA allele, and different epidemiologic characteristics. (cdc.gov)
  • Abstract:This paper reviews the susceptibility profiles of Neisseria gonorrhoeae over a 20-year period in the Pretoria region. (bvsalud.org)
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the bacterium that causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, has developed antibiotic resistance to many antibiotics. (wikipedia.org)
  • The WHO has sought to establish a global surveillance network to monitor antibiotic resistance in the gonococcus - the Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (GASP). (health.gov.au)
  • As a result of antibiotic resistance, there are now limited options for treating patients. (peerj.com)
  • Gonococci develop their antibiotic resistance through plasmidmediated and chromosomal mechanisms. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Resistance to penicillin has developed through two mechanisms: chromosomally mediated resistance (CMRNG) and penicillinase-mediated resistance (PPNG). (wikipedia.org)
  • Overuse of penicillin contributed to Neisseria gonorrhoeae developing high resistance to penicillin through two main mechanisms: chromosomally mediated resistance (CMRNG) and penicillinase-mediated resistance (PPNG). (wikipedia.org)
  • Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) were present in all centres. (health.gov.au)
  • citation needed] Fluoroquinolones were a useful next-line treatment until resistance was achieved through efflux pumps and mutations to the gyrA gene, which encodes DNA gyrase. (wikipedia.org)
  • The penB gene encodes the porins for N. gonorrhoeae and when this gene undergoes mutations, there is a decrease in permeability of the cell wall to hydrophilic antibiotics like penicillin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ceftriaxone resistance has been linked to mutations in the penA gene, which has been reported in several continents, including North America and Europe ( 3 - 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • We focused on N. gonorrhoeae with mutations in the penA allele, which contribute to reduced susceptibility to ceftriaxone. (cdc.gov)
  • Chromosomally mediated resistance is more general and involves mutations that alter cell wall permeability or the affinity of binding proteins to antibiotics. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Sanger sequencing is the standard method for detecting drug resistance-associated mutations. (bvsalud.org)
  • The spread of the penicillinase resistance was much faster compared to the chromosomal-mediated resistance mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Knowledge of local N gonorrhoeae susceptibilities to various antimicrobials is important for establishing a rational treatment strategy in each region. (bmj.com)
  • There are three general mechanisms that may allow bacteria to become resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics: inability to access/target penicillin-binding protein (PBP) enzyme inhibition of binding to PBP via modification of the enzyme hydrolysis/inactivation of the antibiotic by beta-lactamases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Efflux pumps mediate resistance to a variety of compounds including antibiotics, detergents, and dyes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Isolates of N gonorrhoeae from male urethritis patients attending four urological clinics in Hyogo and Osaka prefectures in Japan were collected during 2002. (bmj.com)
  • We investigated MICs of N gonorrhoeae isolated from men with urethritis in an urban area of Japan to establish a rational treatment strategy appropriate to the area. (bmj.com)
  • N eisseria gonorrhoeae remains one of the most common sexually transmitted pathogens in developing and developed countries. (bmj.com)
  • Fluoroquinolone resistance correlated significantly with MICs for penicillin G but not tetracycline. (bmj.com)
  • Furthermore, resistance to fluoroquinolone has become another emerging clinical challenge. (bvsalud.org)
  • The main objective of this study was to establish a nested real-time PCR method for the simultaneous detection of 23S rRNA and parC genotypes in relation to the macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, ceftriaxone resistance has been reported in many countries and frequently in East and Southeast Asia, probably because of poor antimicrobial stewardship ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Ceftriaxone and spectinomycin demonstrated lower MICs and so are recommended for N gonorrhoeae . (bmj.com)
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the causative agent of gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection (STI) of major importance. (peerj.com)
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae , a Gram-negative bacterium, causes gonorrhea, the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STIs), causing more than 106 million cases per year globally ( World Health Organization (WHO), 2012 ). (peerj.com)
  • The penA gene encodes an alternative penicillin-binding protein, PBP-2. (wikipedia.org)
  • When N. gonorrhoeae encodes penA, the new PBP-2 that is synthesized is no longer recognized by the beta-lactams rendering the bacterium resistant. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alpit is a combination product consisting of a penicillin-class antibacterial, piperacillin, and a β-lactamase inhibitor, tazobactam, indicated for the treatment of patients with moderate to severe infections caused by susceptible isolates of the designated bacteria in the conditions listed below. (sdrugs.com)
  • however, the emergence of gonococcal isolates with reduced susceptibility or resistance to fluoroquinolones has been a significant concern in several countries, including Japan. (bmj.com)
  • Trends concerning resistance have varied from country to country and also between areas in a given country. (bmj.com)
  • AMR evolution should be considered in the context of the genetic structure of the N. gonorrhoeae population. (peerj.com)
  • In addition, we assessed the genetic similarity of N. gonorrhoeae in England, Europe, and the United States to determine the extent to which international travel might influence the spread of AMR in N. gonorrhoeae . (cdc.gov)
  • The proportion of tetracycline resistant Neiserria gonorrhoeae (TRNG) in most of the remaining centres was less than 10 per cent. (health.gov.au)
  • More recent studies have also suggested high rates of recombination within the Neisseria genus ( Didelot & Maiden, 2010 ). (peerj.com)
  • The World Health Organization Western Pacific Region Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (WHO WPR GASP) is a multicentric long term programme of continuous surveillance of the antibiotic susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae . (health.gov.au)
  • To clarify the spread of AMR in N. gonorrhoeae and the population groups most at risk, surveillance programs and research studies often link phenotypic susceptibility data with data on the epidemiologic characteristics of cases ( 6 , 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Such a GASP network is useful not only for the individual contributing countries and the Regions, but also has wider application as an indicator of emerging global resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae . (health.gov.au)
  • Susceptibilities of N gonorrhoeae should be monitored periodically by region. (bmj.com)
  • Resistance to the penicillins was again widespread, and chromosomally mediated resistance was a significant factor. (health.gov.au)
  • Our results indicate N. gonorrhoeae with reduced antimicrobial susceptibility emerged independently and multiple times in different sexual networks in England, through new mutation or recombination events and by importation. (cdc.gov)
  • Monitoring and control for AMR in N. gonorrhoeae should cover the entire population affected, rather than focusing on specific risk groups or locations. (cdc.gov)
  • However, few N. gonorrhoeae WGS studies have been conducted in England, and none include representative geographic coverage over time ( 10 - 13 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The cell wall of N. gonorrhoeae contains porins which are holes within the cell wall in which some molecules are able to diffuse into or out of the cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • We sequenced 1,277 isolates with associated epidemiologic and antimicrobial susceptibility data collected during 2013-2016 to investigate N. gonorrhoeae genomic variability in England. (cdc.gov)
  • Subspecies differentiation and aminoglycoside and macrolide resistance of the isolates were determined by GenoType NTM-DR test. (bvsalud.org)
  • citation needed] The mtr (multiple transferable resistance) gene encodes for an efflux pump. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chromosomally mediated resistance occurred through step-wise changes over many years. (wikipedia.org)